- Email: [email protected]
Behaviour of soils underlying pavements under the triaxial repeated-loading test apparatus
16~
To expand the marine terminal in the Port of Albany, New Yerk, USA, site reclamation of an existirg slope into the Hudson River was undertaken. Rehabilitation of the site required a sheet pile wall, lightweight fill, and tie backs to concrete dead men. The lightweight fill specified was a rotary kiln-produced expanded slate er shale aggregate.
835258 ~ T C ~ Y - S C A L E WALLS SUPPORTING Anderson, W F; Can Geotech J,
835255 RESerVOIR AND DAM SEEPAGE AND ANTI-S~EPAGE MEASURES AT HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATIONS IN KARST AREAS OF SOUTH WEST CHINA ChemgJie, Z; Sht~ong~ X Bull llt Assoc Engng Geol, N24, Dec 1981, I~i-87 (Paper to Symposit~ on Engineering Geological Problems of Construction on Soluble Rocks, latanbul~ 14-18 Sept 1981)
ANCH(~ED RETAINING WITH SURFACE LOADING H; Pormiah, D A Aug 1982, P213-224
Model tests were carried out to examine the behaviour of the soil-wall-amaher system of an anchered retaining wall which supports a sand backfill subjected to surface loading. Two series of tests were performed: one with a umlform load applied over the whole backfill surface, the other with a strip load applied parallel to the wall at varying distances. Wall movement, earth l~ess~es, anchor loads, wall base reaction a~d backfill surface subsidence were monitered. Backfill subsidence was four~ to be considerable.
835254 FOUNDATION PERFORMANCE OF MAT-SIrPPORTED JACKUP RIGS IN SOFT CLAYS Young, A G; House, H F; Turner, R D J Pet Technol, V34, NI2, Dec 1982, P2958-2966 Mat-suPlx~ted Jackup rigs often experience mat penetrations approaching the thickness of the mat in soft soil areas. Data obtained with an electronic bottom senser show that actual mat penetrations differ from divers' observations because of a soil mound that forms near the mat's edge. The paper compares the mat penetration data with various bearing capacity l~Ocedures and strength data to help assess which procedure gives "the most accurate prediction. The paper describes geologic features and soil properties that may influence the foundation perfc~mance of these rigs. The paper concl~les by recca~nending types of geophysical and geotechnical studies to be performed to evaluate the expected foundation perfermance of mat-supported rigs more thoroughly. Auth.
TESTS ON BACKFILL Hamma, T Vlg, N3,
835259 CKRI~IFUGE MGDEL TESTS ON SCREENING ~ C T
OF
PILES ~EHIND A VERTICAL WALL Kim~ra, T; Saitmh, K; Yoshikawa, H Soils Found, V22, N3, Sept 1982, P47-56 Centrifuge model tests were carried out to evaluate the screening effect of reinforcement piles in sar~ backfills behind a vertical wall. Two types of model wall were used: a thin flexible steel plate and a nx~re rigid perspex plate. The screening effect observed was found to be considerably areal]er than that reported by other workers, and was larger fer smaller diameter piles. Wall flexibility was four~ not to significautly affect the screening effect.
835260 INFLUENCE OF SEEPAGE FLOW ON EARTH PRESSURE AGAINST RETAINING WAIl Ichlhsra, M; Mats~tzawa, H; K a y , M Soils F O t ~ , V22, N2, June 1982, P15-28 Model earth Im~essure tests were perfm-med under the condition that rainfall seeped into the backfill, ran slowly t h r o ~ it ar~ then drained into a filter between the retaining wall and backfill. It was f o t ~ that the active earth l~esst~e on the wall increased due to seepage flow, amd this infltlence became mere im.'omotmeed as the slope of the backfill surface increased. The results show agreement with a mathematical method prevlously developed by the authors. The results were also compared with the method of Terzaghi amd Peck.
The karst-geological problems of constructing hydroelectric power stations ar~ reservoirs on carbonate rocks are examined using as examples the karst seepage of reservoir and dam sites for nine typical hydroelectric power stations in southwest China. Anti-seepage measures used in these cases include: c~rtain grouting, grOttO gro~tirg, grouted cut-off walls, blankets, cofferdams and closure wells.
Earth retaining structures Base courses and pavements 835256 CALCULATIONS OF RETAINING WALL PRESSURES Cole, K Ground Engng, VI6, N2, March 1983, P35,41
See a l s o : 835270, 83528~
835261 Presents farmulae to calculate retaining wall l~esst~es for the case of a retaining wall with vertical faces with level ground surfaces on both sides of the wall. These fc~mulae are regarded as a 'cerrection note' to the Code of Practice on Falsework BS 5 ~ 5 which is based on the revision of a 1951 Code of Practice, CP2 Earth Retaining Structures. 835257 ANCHORED BULEHEADS WITH SLOPING DREDGE LINES Schroeder, W L; R~,~llac, P J Geotech Engng Div ASCE, VI09, NGT6, June 1983, I~45-851 Tests were conducted to determine the effect of a sloping dredge line on passive earth resistance in front of a bulkhead arzl bending m~ments in sheet piling. Results are interpreted relative to mmment reduction procedures in current use. Auth.
BITUMINOUS STABILIZATION OF FINE SANDS: CONSTHUCTION OF THE BAIOMORI-GASHUA ROAD, NIGERIA Harris, V A P; Hitch, L S; Jowett, J M Inst Civ Engr Prec, V74, May 1983, P277-300 Bitumen has long been used to produce road base material in regions of cohesionless soils, poor in aggregate sources. This paper describes the investigatlom leading to l~elroductiom trials of a bituminous stabilized base. Successful road construction followed, using a sand-bitumen base with excellent load bearing properties, in the v~ fine aeolian sands of the Chad fcl~nation, NcQ.-t~hern Nigeria. After the first five years in service, the road condition has r~ma~:~-d satisfactory.
835262 SOIL STUDIES FOR HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION IN ARID ZONES Khan, I H Emgr~ Geol, VIg, NI, Dec 1982, I~7-62
162A
Geotechnical tests and chemical analyses were carried out on a large number of samples of dune sand collected from 4 different sites in the Sahara Desert. It is concluded that greater use of this local material could be made in highway construction in desert areas, and that cement-stabilized sand should prove an adequate sub-base fer highways.
835263
BEHAVlOUR OF SOILS UNDERLYING PAV~'NTS UNDER THE TRIAXIAL REPEATED-LOADING TEST APPARATUS Paute, J L Bull Liaison Lab Ponts Chaussees, N12~, MarchApril 1983, P101-11~ The principal properties of untreated well graded ~ e g a t e s are rawiewed and illustrated by the results of various studies. A triaxial test apparatus is described and the results of triaxial repeated-loading tests show that the observed soil bahavlotTr reqUires a ~ s i s in terms of effective stresses. Partially saturated soils must therefore be ~reviously consolidated tunder controlled suction. Reversible and permanent d e f ~ t i o n s are shown to be related to the initial state of the soil.
Geological factors of importance in surface structures See: 835209, 835227
Comminution of Rocks 835267 TO RIP OR NOT TO RIP Adam, B 0 Coal Min Process, V20, N2, Feb 1983, F22-25 In the choice of whether to rip or blast rock economic factc~s must be taken into account. These include total volume to be ripped and type of rock. Physical characteristics of rock that favour ripping include: fractures and faults, weathering, crystalline and brittle rmture, high degree of stratification, large grain size, large moisture content and low compressive strength.
Cutting
835264
STHUCTURAL DESIGN OF UNTREATED ~ E S Bickard, R; Zwimgelstein, R Bull Liaison Lab Fonts Chaussees, N124, MsrchApril 1983, PI15-122 For a given natural soil ar~ a given subgrade a relationship can be established between the thickness of the subgrade and the bearing cal~ acity at its upper st~ace. Examples are given for untreated granular st~grades. These relationships allow comparison of the effects of the increase in bearing capacity IrOduced by different materials, determination of the thickhess of ~ubgrade necessary to achieve a given bearing capacity, er the ability to define the depths of drainage in an ~mderlylng soil.
835268 SOME FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE USE OF DISC Chq'i~S IN HARD-ROCK EXCAVATION Howarth, D F; Re.borough, F F J S Aft Inst Min Metall, V82, ~ll, Nov 1982, P309-315 Laboratory experiments on the perfc~Nmance of disc cutters in Jointed rock have shown that the spatial and geometrical configuration of Jointed rock masses needs to be considered in the design of mechanized rock excavating systems. Forces required to excavate Jointed rock are up to 50 per cent lower than far similar intact rock. Experiments on groove-deepening by discs have shc~-n it to be a mare efficient operation than pick cutting.
835265 TREAZ~NT OF SOILS WITH AIR-SLAE~ LIME AND CEMENTS: METHODOLOGY OF LABGRATGHT S~2UDIES Puiatti, D; Pulg, J; Schaeffner, M Bttll Liaison Lab Fonts Chaussees, NI2~, March-
April 1983, m23-142 The authors propose a method of laboratory study covering three aspects of soil treatment: (i) studies of soil identification in the light of suitability for treatment, (2) stt~Ides of identification of different treatment Iroducts falling into the general category of alr-slaked lime and cement, and (3) studies of the f~malation of mixtures of soil and treatment product. 835266 LONGITUDINAL CRACEING IN ROADS (IN FRENCH) Rcdriguez, A R Rev Fr Geotech, NIg, May 1982, i~I-60 The causes of longitudinel cracking in roads are considered: capillary water r~m~ments, climate influence, re~c~ki~g of roads, and bad compaction Irocedures. A qualitative relationship between water content arg w ~ k s protection conditions urzler different climatic cozzLitions has been obtained from tests on experimental embankments and roads. Labc~atc~V tests have led to a quantitative relationship between ground expansion and compaction degree. A finite element model has been used in c~ier to determine stress states under ddffe~ent conditions of volumetric deformation.
Hardness, abrasion and wear 835269 CONTROLS OF SIZE AND SHAPE OF NATURAL ARMOURSTONE Dibb, T E; Hughes, D W; Poole, A B Q J Engng Geol, V16, N1, 1983, P31-42 Modifications to the size and shape of primary ar~stone blocks, for use in rubble breakwaters, may occur during transportation and, more i m p ~ n t l y , after placing in the breakwater. Factcrs affecting this degradation in the breakwater environment are wave climate, location of the blocks in the breakwater, and abrasion of the blocks. An expression describing the l~ogression of rounding is tested using results from laboratory experiments.
Rock and Soil Improvement Techniques 835270 VERTICAL DRAINS CC~PRESS TIME SCALE Civ Emgng, London, April 1983, P31-32 At the Marsh Mills intercharge of the A38 beir~ constructed in the UK, it was considered necessary to accelerate settlement of the ground prior to construction in order to increase soll strength. Vertical band drains were chosen to do this.
To expand the marine terminal in the Port of Albany, New Yerk, USA, site reclamation of an existirg slope into the Hudson River was undertaken. Rehabilitation of the site required a sheet pile wall, lightweight fill, and tie backs to concrete dead men. The lightweight fill specified was a rotary kiln-produced expanded slate er shale aggregate.
835258 ~ T C ~ Y - S C A L E WALLS SUPPORTING Anderson, W F; Can Geotech J,
835255 RESerVOIR AND DAM SEEPAGE AND ANTI-S~EPAGE MEASURES AT HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATIONS IN KARST AREAS OF SOUTH WEST CHINA ChemgJie, Z; Sht~ong~ X Bull llt Assoc Engng Geol, N24, Dec 1981, I~i-87 (Paper to Symposit~ on Engineering Geological Problems of Construction on Soluble Rocks, latanbul~ 14-18 Sept 1981)
ANCH(~ED RETAINING WITH SURFACE LOADING H; Pormiah, D A Aug 1982, P213-224
Model tests were carried out to examine the behaviour of the soil-wall-amaher system of an anchered retaining wall which supports a sand backfill subjected to surface loading. Two series of tests were performed: one with a umlform load applied over the whole backfill surface, the other with a strip load applied parallel to the wall at varying distances. Wall movement, earth l~ess~es, anchor loads, wall base reaction a~d backfill surface subsidence were monitered. Backfill subsidence was four~ to be considerable.
835254 FOUNDATION PERFORMANCE OF MAT-SIrPPORTED JACKUP RIGS IN SOFT CLAYS Young, A G; House, H F; Turner, R D J Pet Technol, V34, NI2, Dec 1982, P2958-2966 Mat-suPlx~ted Jackup rigs often experience mat penetrations approaching the thickness of the mat in soft soil areas. Data obtained with an electronic bottom senser show that actual mat penetrations differ from divers' observations because of a soil mound that forms near the mat's edge. The paper compares the mat penetration data with various bearing capacity l~Ocedures and strength data to help assess which procedure gives "the most accurate prediction. The paper describes geologic features and soil properties that may influence the foundation perfc~mance of these rigs. The paper concl~les by recca~nending types of geophysical and geotechnical studies to be performed to evaluate the expected foundation perfermance of mat-supported rigs more thoroughly. Auth.
TESTS ON BACKFILL Hamma, T Vlg, N3,
835259 CKRI~IFUGE MGDEL TESTS ON SCREENING ~ C T
OF
PILES ~EHIND A VERTICAL WALL Kim~ra, T; Saitmh, K; Yoshikawa, H Soils Found, V22, N3, Sept 1982, P47-56 Centrifuge model tests were carried out to evaluate the screening effect of reinforcement piles in sar~ backfills behind a vertical wall. Two types of model wall were used: a thin flexible steel plate and a nx~re rigid perspex plate. The screening effect observed was found to be considerably areal]er than that reported by other workers, and was larger fer smaller diameter piles. Wall flexibility was four~ not to significautly affect the screening effect.
835260 INFLUENCE OF SEEPAGE FLOW ON EARTH PRESSURE AGAINST RETAINING WAIl Ichlhsra, M; Mats~tzawa, H; K a y , M Soils F O t ~ , V22, N2, June 1982, P15-28 Model earth Im~essure tests were perfm-med under the condition that rainfall seeped into the backfill, ran slowly t h r o ~ it ar~ then drained into a filter between the retaining wall and backfill. It was f o t ~ that the active earth l~esst~e on the wall increased due to seepage flow, amd this infltlence became mere im.'omotmeed as the slope of the backfill surface increased. The results show agreement with a mathematical method prevlously developed by the authors. The results were also compared with the method of Terzaghi amd Peck.
The karst-geological problems of constructing hydroelectric power stations ar~ reservoirs on carbonate rocks are examined using as examples the karst seepage of reservoir and dam sites for nine typical hydroelectric power stations in southwest China. Anti-seepage measures used in these cases include: c~rtain grouting, grOttO gro~tirg, grouted cut-off walls, blankets, cofferdams and closure wells.
Earth retaining structures Base courses and pavements 835256 CALCULATIONS OF RETAINING WALL PRESSURES Cole, K Ground Engng, VI6, N2, March 1983, P35,41
See a l s o : 835270, 83528~
835261 Presents farmulae to calculate retaining wall l~esst~es for the case of a retaining wall with vertical faces with level ground surfaces on both sides of the wall. These fc~mulae are regarded as a 'cerrection note' to the Code of Practice on Falsework BS 5 ~ 5 which is based on the revision of a 1951 Code of Practice, CP2 Earth Retaining Structures. 835257 ANCHORED BULEHEADS WITH SLOPING DREDGE LINES Schroeder, W L; R~,~llac, P J Geotech Engng Div ASCE, VI09, NGT6, June 1983, I~45-851 Tests were conducted to determine the effect of a sloping dredge line on passive earth resistance in front of a bulkhead arzl bending m~ments in sheet piling. Results are interpreted relative to mmment reduction procedures in current use. Auth.
BITUMINOUS STABILIZATION OF FINE SANDS: CONSTHUCTION OF THE BAIOMORI-GASHUA ROAD, NIGERIA Harris, V A P; Hitch, L S; Jowett, J M Inst Civ Engr Prec, V74, May 1983, P277-300 Bitumen has long been used to produce road base material in regions of cohesionless soils, poor in aggregate sources. This paper describes the investigatlom leading to l~elroductiom trials of a bituminous stabilized base. Successful road construction followed, using a sand-bitumen base with excellent load bearing properties, in the v~ fine aeolian sands of the Chad fcl~nation, NcQ.-t~hern Nigeria. After the first five years in service, the road condition has r~ma~:~-d satisfactory.
835262 SOIL STUDIES FOR HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION IN ARID ZONES Khan, I H Emgr~ Geol, VIg, NI, Dec 1982, I~7-62
162A
Geotechnical tests and chemical analyses were carried out on a large number of samples of dune sand collected from 4 different sites in the Sahara Desert. It is concluded that greater use of this local material could be made in highway construction in desert areas, and that cement-stabilized sand should prove an adequate sub-base fer highways.
835263
BEHAVlOUR OF SOILS UNDERLYING PAV~'NTS UNDER THE TRIAXIAL REPEATED-LOADING TEST APPARATUS Paute, J L Bull Liaison Lab Ponts Chaussees, N12~, MarchApril 1983, P101-11~ The principal properties of untreated well graded ~ e g a t e s are rawiewed and illustrated by the results of various studies. A triaxial test apparatus is described and the results of triaxial repeated-loading tests show that the observed soil bahavlotTr reqUires a ~ s i s in terms of effective stresses. Partially saturated soils must therefore be ~reviously consolidated tunder controlled suction. Reversible and permanent d e f ~ t i o n s are shown to be related to the initial state of the soil.
Geological factors of importance in surface structures See: 835209, 835227
Comminution of Rocks 835267 TO RIP OR NOT TO RIP Adam, B 0 Coal Min Process, V20, N2, Feb 1983, F22-25 In the choice of whether to rip or blast rock economic factc~s must be taken into account. These include total volume to be ripped and type of rock. Physical characteristics of rock that favour ripping include: fractures and faults, weathering, crystalline and brittle rmture, high degree of stratification, large grain size, large moisture content and low compressive strength.
Cutting
835264
STHUCTURAL DESIGN OF UNTREATED ~ E S Bickard, R; Zwimgelstein, R Bull Liaison Lab Fonts Chaussees, N124, MsrchApril 1983, PI15-122 For a given natural soil ar~ a given subgrade a relationship can be established between the thickness of the subgrade and the bearing cal~ acity at its upper st~ace. Examples are given for untreated granular st~grades. These relationships allow comparison of the effects of the increase in bearing capacity IrOduced by different materials, determination of the thickhess of ~ubgrade necessary to achieve a given bearing capacity, er the ability to define the depths of drainage in an ~mderlylng soil.
835268 SOME FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE USE OF DISC Chq'i~S IN HARD-ROCK EXCAVATION Howarth, D F; Re.borough, F F J S Aft Inst Min Metall, V82, ~ll, Nov 1982, P309-315 Laboratory experiments on the perfc~Nmance of disc cutters in Jointed rock have shown that the spatial and geometrical configuration of Jointed rock masses needs to be considered in the design of mechanized rock excavating systems. Forces required to excavate Jointed rock are up to 50 per cent lower than far similar intact rock. Experiments on groove-deepening by discs have shc~-n it to be a mare efficient operation than pick cutting.
835265 TREAZ~NT OF SOILS WITH AIR-SLAE~ LIME AND CEMENTS: METHODOLOGY OF LABGRATGHT S~2UDIES Puiatti, D; Pulg, J; Schaeffner, M Bttll Liaison Lab Fonts Chaussees, NI2~, March-
April 1983, m23-142 The authors propose a method of laboratory study covering three aspects of soil treatment: (i) studies of soil identification in the light of suitability for treatment, (2) stt~Ides of identification of different treatment Iroducts falling into the general category of alr-slaked lime and cement, and (3) studies of the f~malation of mixtures of soil and treatment product. 835266 LONGITUDINAL CRACEING IN ROADS (IN FRENCH) Rcdriguez, A R Rev Fr Geotech, NIg, May 1982, i~I-60 The causes of longitudinel cracking in roads are considered: capillary water r~m~ments, climate influence, re~c~ki~g of roads, and bad compaction Irocedures. A qualitative relationship between water content arg w ~ k s protection conditions urzler different climatic cozzLitions has been obtained from tests on experimental embankments and roads. Labc~atc~V tests have led to a quantitative relationship between ground expansion and compaction degree. A finite element model has been used in c~ier to determine stress states under ddffe~ent conditions of volumetric deformation.
Hardness, abrasion and wear 835269 CONTROLS OF SIZE AND SHAPE OF NATURAL ARMOURSTONE Dibb, T E; Hughes, D W; Poole, A B Q J Engng Geol, V16, N1, 1983, P31-42 Modifications to the size and shape of primary ar~stone blocks, for use in rubble breakwaters, may occur during transportation and, more i m p ~ n t l y , after placing in the breakwater. Factcrs affecting this degradation in the breakwater environment are wave climate, location of the blocks in the breakwater, and abrasion of the blocks. An expression describing the l~ogression of rounding is tested using results from laboratory experiments.
Rock and Soil Improvement Techniques 835270 VERTICAL DRAINS CC~PRESS TIME SCALE Civ Emgng, London, April 1983, P31-32 At the Marsh Mills intercharge of the A38 beir~ constructed in the UK, it was considered necessary to accelerate settlement of the ground prior to construction in order to increase soll strength. Vertical band drains were chosen to do this.