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Binge eating status influences pre-diet weight change and test meal intake in obese individuals
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T.H. Moran / Appetite 51 (2010) 350–412
A breakfast with a-lactalbumin, gelatin, or gelatin + TRP lowers energy intake compared with a breakfast with casein, soy, whey, or whey-GMP M. VELDHORST ∗ , M. WESTERTERP-PLANTENGA. Maastricht University, TIFN, Maastricht, Netherlands
Maternal obesity levels at weaning are influenced by the pups’ strain: Insights from a cross-fostering study in oletf rats A. WELLER 1,∗ , M. SCHROEDER 1 , L. SHBIRO 1 , T.H. MORAN 2 . 1 BarIlan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel 2 Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
Background: Dietary protein plays a role in body weight regulation, partly due to its effects on satiety. Objective: To compare the effects of casein-, soy-, whey, whey without glycomacropeptide(GMP)-, a-lac-gelatin, or gelatin with tryptophan (TRP) (added to the level present in a-lac)-protein breakfasts in two concentrations on subsequent satiety and energy intake (EI). Design: 24 healthy subjects (mean + S.E.M. BMI: 24.8 + 0.5 kg/m2 ; age: 25 + 2 years) received a subject-specific standardized breakfast; a custard with either casein, soy, whey, whey-GMP, a-lac, gelatin, or gelatin + TRP as protein source with either 10/55/35 (normal) or 25/55/20 (high) En% protein/carbohydrate/fat in a randomized, single-blind design. The sensitive time-point for lunch, determined in advance, was after 180 min; subjects were offered an ad lib lunch. Appetite profile (visual analogue scale, VAS) and EI were determined. Results: At the level of 10 En% and 25 En% from protein, EI at lunch was ∼20% lower after an a-lac or gelatin (+TRP) breakfast (2.5 + 0.2 MJ) compared with after a casein, soy, or whey-GMP breakfast (3.2 + 0.3 MJ, p < 0.05). Appetite ratings at 180 min differed 15–25 mm (∼40%) on a 100 mm VAS (p < 0.05). Differences in EI were a function of differences in appetite ratings (R2 = 0.4, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Different proteins a-lac, gelatin, gelatin + TRP) that are 30–50% more satiating than other proteins (casein, soy, whey, whey-GMP) induce a related 17–24% reduction of subsequent energy intake. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2008.04.253
The OLETF rat is a model of hyperphagia-induced obesity. OLETF pups are heavier than their LETO controls at birth and are hyperphagic throughout lactation. We used cross-fostering to assess the influence of pups’ genotype on dams’ obesity levels at the time of weaning. Dams’ body weight was measured from first pregnancy day until weaning every fifth day and intake was assessed daily. Pups were switched between or within strains or left untouched on postnatal day 1. At the end of the third postnatal week, a nursing test was performed. At weaning, the dams were sacrificed and blood plasma and three different fat pads were collected and weighed. Results: LETO dams appear not to be influenced by the strain of the pups, and presented similar physiological parameters at the time of weaning, when raising pups of both strains. In contrast, OLETF females were strongly influenced by the pups’ strain: raising “genetically lean” offspring induced them to accumulate greater amounts of fat, and to present increased body weight and leptin levels, despite normal intake levels during lactation. Both OLETF and LETO dams presented equal nursing duration when raising pups from the opposite strain: significantly longer than that observed in the LETO controls, but significantly shorter than usually observed in the OLETF strain. Thus, it seems that the strong interaction observed between the mother and her offspring is necessary in order for the OLETF dam to present reduced obesity levels at the time of weaning. Acknowledgment: Support by NIH/NIDDK—RO1 DK57609. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2008.04.255
Leptin signaling in midbrain dopamine neurons regulates (HYPER) activity depending on negative energy balance L.A.W. VERHAGEN ∗ , M.C.M. LUIJENDIJK, R.A.H. ADAN. Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands Excessive physical activity and reduced food consumption are commonly described as symptoms of anorexia nervosa. Hyperactivity in anorectic patients has been associated with low plasma leptin levels. The adiposity hormone, leptin, targets several areas of the brain including the hypothalamus and hindbrain. Recent data identified leptin receptors on dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in rats. Dopamine neurons in these regions are key components of feeding and locomotor activity. Activitybased anorexia (ABA) is considered as an animal model for AN. The ABA model consists of scheduled feeding (1–1.5 h food access at the beginning of the dark phase) in combination with voluntary wheel running, which results in severe body weight loss and increased physical (hyper)activity. It is known that leptin reduces hyperactivity and food intake when rats are exposed to the ABA model. In this study, we investigate the involvement of the VTA during (hyper)activity and feeding regulation during ABA. VTA leptin injections significantly reduced running wheel activity in comparison with vehicle injections. Food intake and body temperature remained unchanged. These data show that the VTA plays an important role in (hyper)activity during negative energy balance, but is not involved in the regulation of body temperature. In addition, it supports a role of the VTA in the connection of hyperactivity and energy balance. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2008.04.254
Binge eating status influences pre-diet weight change and test meal intake in obese individuals M. WELTSCH 1,2,∗ , M. BALDINGER 1,2 , S. ROER 1 , R. RUBIN 1 , S.A. HASHIM 1 , A. GELIEBTER 1,2 . 1 NY Obesity Research Center, St. Luke’s Roosevelt Hospital, Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry, New York, USA 2 Columbia University, New York, USA Our aim was to test the influence of binge eating status eight changes and test meal intake prior to the start of a liquid formula diet program. Body weight in 58 obese S’s (11 M, 47 F; BMI = 38.5 ± 8.0) was measured at an initial consultation (day 1) and again 1 day prior to starting a liquid formula diet (day 2; mean interval 19.9 days ± 19.8 S.D.). From the Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns (QEWP-R), 24 participants were classified as binge eaters (BE) and 34 as not (NB). On day 2, participants consumed a nutritionally complete liquid test meal (Boost 1:1 water, 0.5 kcal/g) by straw from a concealed container until extremely full. Baseline weight on day 1 did not differ, t = 0.64, p = 0.95, between BE (108.2 kg ± 20.3) and NB (107.7 kg ± 30.7) ANOVA indicated that BE participants lost weight (−0.6 ± 1.7 kg;) by day 2, while the NB participants gained weight (+0.7 ± 5.8 kg;), with significant differences by group in weight change per day (p = 0.039). Test meal intake was greater for BE (755 kcal ± 401, than NB (702 kcal ± 384; F = 6.1, p = 0.02). Weight change and test meal intake were unrelated (r = 0.048, p = 0.722). Weight gain in the NB group may be attributable to a ‘last supper’ phenomenon prior to caloric deprivation (Eldredge, Agras, & Arnow, 1994), and weight loss in the BE group to reduced binge eating prior to starting a treatment program. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2008.04.256
T.H. Moran / Appetite 51 (2010) 350–412
A breakfast with a-lactalbumin, gelatin, or gelatin + TRP lowers energy intake compared with a breakfast with casein, soy, whey, or whey-GMP M. VELDHORST ∗ , M. WESTERTERP-PLANTENGA. Maastricht University, TIFN, Maastricht, Netherlands
Maternal obesity levels at weaning are influenced by the pups’ strain: Insights from a cross-fostering study in oletf rats A. WELLER 1,∗ , M. SCHROEDER 1 , L. SHBIRO 1 , T.H. MORAN 2 . 1 BarIlan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel 2 Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
Background: Dietary protein plays a role in body weight regulation, partly due to its effects on satiety. Objective: To compare the effects of casein-, soy-, whey, whey without glycomacropeptide(GMP)-, a-lac-gelatin, or gelatin with tryptophan (TRP) (added to the level present in a-lac)-protein breakfasts in two concentrations on subsequent satiety and energy intake (EI). Design: 24 healthy subjects (mean + S.E.M. BMI: 24.8 + 0.5 kg/m2 ; age: 25 + 2 years) received a subject-specific standardized breakfast; a custard with either casein, soy, whey, whey-GMP, a-lac, gelatin, or gelatin + TRP as protein source with either 10/55/35 (normal) or 25/55/20 (high) En% protein/carbohydrate/fat in a randomized, single-blind design. The sensitive time-point for lunch, determined in advance, was after 180 min; subjects were offered an ad lib lunch. Appetite profile (visual analogue scale, VAS) and EI were determined. Results: At the level of 10 En% and 25 En% from protein, EI at lunch was ∼20% lower after an a-lac or gelatin (+TRP) breakfast (2.5 + 0.2 MJ) compared with after a casein, soy, or whey-GMP breakfast (3.2 + 0.3 MJ, p < 0.05). Appetite ratings at 180 min differed 15–25 mm (∼40%) on a 100 mm VAS (p < 0.05). Differences in EI were a function of differences in appetite ratings (R2 = 0.4, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Different proteins a-lac, gelatin, gelatin + TRP) that are 30–50% more satiating than other proteins (casein, soy, whey, whey-GMP) induce a related 17–24% reduction of subsequent energy intake. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2008.04.253
The OLETF rat is a model of hyperphagia-induced obesity. OLETF pups are heavier than their LETO controls at birth and are hyperphagic throughout lactation. We used cross-fostering to assess the influence of pups’ genotype on dams’ obesity levels at the time of weaning. Dams’ body weight was measured from first pregnancy day until weaning every fifth day and intake was assessed daily. Pups were switched between or within strains or left untouched on postnatal day 1. At the end of the third postnatal week, a nursing test was performed. At weaning, the dams were sacrificed and blood plasma and three different fat pads were collected and weighed. Results: LETO dams appear not to be influenced by the strain of the pups, and presented similar physiological parameters at the time of weaning, when raising pups of both strains. In contrast, OLETF females were strongly influenced by the pups’ strain: raising “genetically lean” offspring induced them to accumulate greater amounts of fat, and to present increased body weight and leptin levels, despite normal intake levels during lactation. Both OLETF and LETO dams presented equal nursing duration when raising pups from the opposite strain: significantly longer than that observed in the LETO controls, but significantly shorter than usually observed in the OLETF strain. Thus, it seems that the strong interaction observed between the mother and her offspring is necessary in order for the OLETF dam to present reduced obesity levels at the time of weaning. Acknowledgment: Support by NIH/NIDDK—RO1 DK57609. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2008.04.255
Leptin signaling in midbrain dopamine neurons regulates (HYPER) activity depending on negative energy balance L.A.W. VERHAGEN ∗ , M.C.M. LUIJENDIJK, R.A.H. ADAN. Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands Excessive physical activity and reduced food consumption are commonly described as symptoms of anorexia nervosa. Hyperactivity in anorectic patients has been associated with low plasma leptin levels. The adiposity hormone, leptin, targets several areas of the brain including the hypothalamus and hindbrain. Recent data identified leptin receptors on dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in rats. Dopamine neurons in these regions are key components of feeding and locomotor activity. Activitybased anorexia (ABA) is considered as an animal model for AN. The ABA model consists of scheduled feeding (1–1.5 h food access at the beginning of the dark phase) in combination with voluntary wheel running, which results in severe body weight loss and increased physical (hyper)activity. It is known that leptin reduces hyperactivity and food intake when rats are exposed to the ABA model. In this study, we investigate the involvement of the VTA during (hyper)activity and feeding regulation during ABA. VTA leptin injections significantly reduced running wheel activity in comparison with vehicle injections. Food intake and body temperature remained unchanged. These data show that the VTA plays an important role in (hyper)activity during negative energy balance, but is not involved in the regulation of body temperature. In addition, it supports a role of the VTA in the connection of hyperactivity and energy balance. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2008.04.254
Binge eating status influences pre-diet weight change and test meal intake in obese individuals M. WELTSCH 1,2,∗ , M. BALDINGER 1,2 , S. ROER 1 , R. RUBIN 1 , S.A. HASHIM 1 , A. GELIEBTER 1,2 . 1 NY Obesity Research Center, St. Luke’s Roosevelt Hospital, Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry, New York, USA 2 Columbia University, New York, USA Our aim was to test the influence of binge eating status eight changes and test meal intake prior to the start of a liquid formula diet program. Body weight in 58 obese S’s (11 M, 47 F; BMI = 38.5 ± 8.0) was measured at an initial consultation (day 1) and again 1 day prior to starting a liquid formula diet (day 2; mean interval 19.9 days ± 19.8 S.D.). From the Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns (QEWP-R), 24 participants were classified as binge eaters (BE) and 34 as not (NB). On day 2, participants consumed a nutritionally complete liquid test meal (Boost 1:1 water, 0.5 kcal/g) by straw from a concealed container until extremely full. Baseline weight on day 1 did not differ, t = 0.64, p = 0.95, between BE (108.2 kg ± 20.3) and NB (107.7 kg ± 30.7) ANOVA indicated that BE participants lost weight (−0.6 ± 1.7 kg;) by day 2, while the NB participants gained weight (+0.7 ± 5.8 kg;), with significant differences by group in weight change per day (p = 0.039). Test meal intake was greater for BE (755 kcal ± 401, than NB (702 kcal ± 384; F = 6.1, p = 0.02). Weight change and test meal intake were unrelated (r = 0.048, p = 0.722). Weight gain in the NB group may be attributable to a ‘last supper’ phenomenon prior to caloric deprivation (Eldredge, Agras, & Arnow, 1994), and weight loss in the BE group to reduced binge eating prior to starting a treatment program. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2008.04.256