- Email: [email protected]
Biodiesel Production and Investigation of Fuel Properties
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Materials Today: Proceedings 17 (2019) 186–190
www.materialstoday.com/proceedings
ICAMEES2018
BIODIESEL PRODUCTION AND INVESTIGATION OF FUEL PROPERTIES 1, 2 3
Arun S.B.1, R.Suresh 2, Yatish K.V.3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Karnataka, India Department of Chemistry, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumakuru, Karnataka, India. Email: [email protected], 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected],
Contact: 1 9731104711, 2 9448656519, 3 9844470065 Abstract Alternative fuel is currently an important issue all over the world due to efforts on reducing global warning which is contributed by the combustion of petroleum or petrol diesel. Biodiesel is typically produced by a reaction of a vegetable oil or animal fat with an alcohol such as methanol or ethanol in the presence of a catalyst to yield mono-alkyl esters and glycerin, which is eventually removed. Here in this research, the blends obtained from the combination of different proportions of bio-diesel from Simarouba Glauca, Yellow Oleander and Diary scum have been analysed for physiochemical properties. The study was done in order to know the feasibility of the oil as a bio-diesel. The physiochemical properties assessed includes viscosity, specific gravity, flash point, fire point, calorific value, cloud point, pour point, and carbon residue and ash content. The results revealed a very significant difference between the properties of bio-diesel and petroleum diesel. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Advanced Materials, Energy & Environmental Sustainability, ICAMEES2018
Keywords: Simarouba Glauca; Yellow Oleander; Diary scum; Flash point; Viscosity; Specific gravity; Biodiesel
I.
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays excessive use of fossil fuels is depleting the resources rapidly due to increasing population and industrialization all around the world. It is important to search an alternate low-cost fuel for every day usage which can replace excessive usage of Fossil fuels. Biodiesel is a domestically produced, renewable fuel that can be manufactured from vegetable oils, recycled restaurant grease, or animal fats. Though the physical properties of Biodiesel are similar to that of petroleum diesel, it is a cleaner-burning alternative when compared with petroleum diesel. Use of biodiesel in place of petroleum diesel in vehicles can reduce emissions[1] 2214-7853 © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Advanced Materials, Energy & Environmental Sustainability, ICAMEES2018
S.B. Arun et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 17 (2019) 186–190
187
Biodiesel is non-toxic, Biodegradable, produced from renewable sources and contributes a minimal amount of net greenhouse Gases, such as CO2, SO2 and NO emissions to the atmosphere. There has been great awareness in the area of the development of biodiesel especially in the developing countries in the recent time. Significant research activities have been performed for its production and development. Simarouba Glauca belongs to the family Simaroubaceae Quasia. It had also been known as Paradise tree, LaxmiTaru, Acetuno a multipurpose tree that can grow well under a wide range of hostile ecological condition. Its origin is native to North America, now found in different regions of India. Its seed contains about 40% kernel and kernel content 50-55% oil [2]. Annual production of milk in India is 150 million tonnes per year. Thousands of large dairies are engaged in handling this milk across the country .In large dairies while cleaning the equipment, the residual butter and related fats which are washed and get collected in effluent treatment plant as dairy scum Diary Scum is less dense floating solid mass usually formed by a mixture fat, lipids proteins packing materials etc.[3] This scum is collected in tanks by skimming. Most of the dairies dispose this scum in solid waste disposal site or by incinerating. Waste scum was collected from effluent area and scum oil is extracted from it. Scum oil transesterified to produce SOME, which have fuel properties similar petroleum diesel. Transesterification process is the reaction of triglyceride (fat/oil) with an alcohol to form esters and glycerol. A Triglyceride has glycerine. II.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A. Materials Simarouba Glauca, Yellow Oleander, Dairy Scum were used in production of Biodiesel. The extraction of oil from Simarouba Glauca and Yellow Oleander was done by Mechanical expeller. B. Transesterification The transesterification of Dairy Scum, Simarouba Glauca and Yellow Oleander oil with methanol was carried out in a 1000ml three-neck round bottom flask equipped with a water-cooled condenser, a magnetic stirrer and a thermometer. 500ml of oil is taken in round bottom flask maintained at 60oC and continuously stirred using magnetic stirrer for 2 hours. After transesterification, the mixture is allowed to settle in separating funnel for one day After settling of products into different layers, biodiesel and catalyst is separated. III.
PREPARATION OF MIXED BIODIESEL
After production of Simarouba Glauca, Yellow Oleander and Dairy Scum Biodiesel, these Biodiesel are mixed in different proportions to get a mixed Biodiesel (SYD, YSD& DYS) as shown in Table 1. TABLE 1. PROPORTIONS OF VARIOUS BIODIESEL USED Proportions (wt/wt) Mixed Biodiesel SYD YSD DSY 50% Simarouba Glauca Yellow Oleander Diary Scum 25% Yellow Oleander Simarouba Glauca Simarouba Glauca 25% Diary Scum Diary Scum Yellow Oleander SYD=Simarouba Glauca, Yellow Oleander, Diary Scum Biodiesel, YSD= Yellow Oleander, Simarouba Glauca, Diary Scum Biodiesel, DSY= Diary Scum, Simarouba Glauca, Yellow Oleander Biodiesel.
188
S.B. Arun et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 17 (2019) 186–190
The properties of SYD, YSD and DSY at ASTM standards are shown in Table 2. IV.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. Fuel Properties TABLE 2. COMPARISON OF FUEL PROPERTIES OF SYD, YSD, AND DSY AT ASTM STANDARDS Properties Standard Biodiesel Experimental Values Range SYD YSD DSY Kinematic Viscosity (Cst) at 40°C Flash Point Density(Kg/m3) Calorific Value (MJ/Kg) Cloud Point oC Pour Point oC Ash % wt/wt Carbon Residue %wt/wt
1.
ASTM D445 ASTM D93 ASTM D4052 IS: 1448 (P 6) IS:1448 (P 10) IS: 1448 (P 10) IS: 1448 (P 4) IS: 1448 (P 8)
1.9-6.0
5.48
5.81
5.35
>130 870-900
175 864
160 886
195 890
>37
38.41
37.89
38.94
-3 to 12
16
15
14
-15 to 10
9
7
9
0.5max
0.001
Nil
Nil
0.05max
0.04
Nil
0.06
Kinematic Viscosity:
The above graph shows that the kinematic viscosity of the mixed biodiesel increases gradually with the blends and for blend ratio of 100, kinematic viscosity is more for YSD combination of mixed biodiesel and it is less for DSY combination of mixed biodiesel.
S.B. Arun et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 17 (2019) 186–190
2.
189
Flash Point:
The above graph shows that the Flash point of the mixed biodiesel increases gradually with the blends and for blend ratio of 100, Flash point is more for DSY combination of mixed biodiesel and it is less for YSD combination of mixed biodiesel. 3.
Density:
The above graph shows that the Density of the mixed biodiesel increases gradually with the blends and for blend ratio of 100, Density is more for DSY combination of mixed biodiesel and it is less for SYD combination of mixed biodiesel.
190
IV.
S.B. Arun et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 17 (2019) 186–190
CONCLUSION
Biodiesel has become more attractive to replace the petroleum fuels. The above study shows that the fuel properties of mixed biodiesel for blend ratio B100 are very high compared to conventional diesel in compression ignition (CI) engine, therefore it is also evident that dilution or blending of biodiesel with other fuels like diesel would bring the fuel properties close to a specification range. From the above experimental results, we have found that B10 and B20 are in the specification range of CI engine. And the graphs shows that kinematic viscosity is more for YSD combination of mixed biodiesel, density and flashpoint is more for DSY combination of mixed biodiesel. V.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors thank Biodiesel I&D center, SIT, Tumkur – 572103, Karnataka, India for providing necessary experimental setup to perform this research. We also thank Bangalore Test House, KSSIDC Industrial Estate, Rajajinagar, Bangalore – 560044, India REFERENCES [1]. Sharmer, K. Umweltaspektebei Herstellung and Verwendung Von RME; RME Ministry for Agriculture: Vienna, Austria, 1993.
Hearing,
[2]. Arun S.B., R.Suresh and Yatish K.V, Relative Estimation of Various Fuel Properties of Simarouba Glauca and Mahua Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Having Different Blends With Conventional Diesel, Journal of Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols. 592-594 (2014) pp 724-728 ©(2014),Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland. [3]. P.Sivakumar, K.Anbarasu, S.Ranganathan., Biodiesel production by alkali-catalyzed Transesterification of Dairy waste Scum. Fuel, volume 90, Issue 1, pages 147-151. [4]. Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, Vol. 3(5), 99-103 May (2013), “Non-Conventional Seed Oils as Potential Feedstock for Future Biodiesel Industries: A Brief Review” by Basumatary Sanjay, Department of Chemistry, Bineswar Brahma Engineering College, Kokrajhar-783 370, Assam. [5]. Journal of Agronomy 10(4): 123-127,2011, “Growth and yield of Thevetia peruviana” by C M Aboyeji and J A Olofintoye, Department of Chemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. [6]. Gwi-Tack Jeong, Don-Hee park, “Optimization of biodiesel production from Caster oil using Response Surface Methodology”, Applied Biochemical and Biotechnology (2009). [7]. M. Zabeti, W.M.A.W. Daud, M.K. Aroua, “Optimization of the activity of CaO/Al2O3 catalyst for biodiesel production using response surface methodology,” Applied Catalysis A: General 366(1)(2009). [8]. M. Kouzu, T. Kasuno, M. Tajika, Y. Sugimoto, S. Yamanaka, J. Hidaka, “Calcium oxide as a solid base catalyst for transesterification of soybean oil and its application to biodiesel production” (2008). [9]. “Process optimization for biodiesel production from Mahua (Madhucaindica) oil using Response surface methodology”, Bioresource Technology (2006), by Shashikant vilas Ghadge, Hifjur Raheman, agricultural and food engg. Dept., IIT, Kharagpur 721 302, India. [10]. Balusamy, T. and Manrappan, R., “Performance evaluation of direct injection diesel engine with blends of Thevetia peruviana seed oil and diesel”, Journal of Science and Industrial Research, (2007).
ScienceDirect Materials Today: Proceedings 17 (2019) 186–190
www.materialstoday.com/proceedings
ICAMEES2018
BIODIESEL PRODUCTION AND INVESTIGATION OF FUEL PROPERTIES 1, 2 3
Arun S.B.1, R.Suresh 2, Yatish K.V.3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Karnataka, India Department of Chemistry, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumakuru, Karnataka, India. Email: [email protected], 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected],
Contact: 1 9731104711, 2 9448656519, 3 9844470065 Abstract Alternative fuel is currently an important issue all over the world due to efforts on reducing global warning which is contributed by the combustion of petroleum or petrol diesel. Biodiesel is typically produced by a reaction of a vegetable oil or animal fat with an alcohol such as methanol or ethanol in the presence of a catalyst to yield mono-alkyl esters and glycerin, which is eventually removed. Here in this research, the blends obtained from the combination of different proportions of bio-diesel from Simarouba Glauca, Yellow Oleander and Diary scum have been analysed for physiochemical properties. The study was done in order to know the feasibility of the oil as a bio-diesel. The physiochemical properties assessed includes viscosity, specific gravity, flash point, fire point, calorific value, cloud point, pour point, and carbon residue and ash content. The results revealed a very significant difference between the properties of bio-diesel and petroleum diesel. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Advanced Materials, Energy & Environmental Sustainability, ICAMEES2018
Keywords: Simarouba Glauca; Yellow Oleander; Diary scum; Flash point; Viscosity; Specific gravity; Biodiesel
I.
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays excessive use of fossil fuels is depleting the resources rapidly due to increasing population and industrialization all around the world. It is important to search an alternate low-cost fuel for every day usage which can replace excessive usage of Fossil fuels. Biodiesel is a domestically produced, renewable fuel that can be manufactured from vegetable oils, recycled restaurant grease, or animal fats. Though the physical properties of Biodiesel are similar to that of petroleum diesel, it is a cleaner-burning alternative when compared with petroleum diesel. Use of biodiesel in place of petroleum diesel in vehicles can reduce emissions[1] 2214-7853 © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Advanced Materials, Energy & Environmental Sustainability, ICAMEES2018
S.B. Arun et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 17 (2019) 186–190
187
Biodiesel is non-toxic, Biodegradable, produced from renewable sources and contributes a minimal amount of net greenhouse Gases, such as CO2, SO2 and NO emissions to the atmosphere. There has been great awareness in the area of the development of biodiesel especially in the developing countries in the recent time. Significant research activities have been performed for its production and development. Simarouba Glauca belongs to the family Simaroubaceae Quasia. It had also been known as Paradise tree, LaxmiTaru, Acetuno a multipurpose tree that can grow well under a wide range of hostile ecological condition. Its origin is native to North America, now found in different regions of India. Its seed contains about 40% kernel and kernel content 50-55% oil [2]. Annual production of milk in India is 150 million tonnes per year. Thousands of large dairies are engaged in handling this milk across the country .In large dairies while cleaning the equipment, the residual butter and related fats which are washed and get collected in effluent treatment plant as dairy scum Diary Scum is less dense floating solid mass usually formed by a mixture fat, lipids proteins packing materials etc.[3] This scum is collected in tanks by skimming. Most of the dairies dispose this scum in solid waste disposal site or by incinerating. Waste scum was collected from effluent area and scum oil is extracted from it. Scum oil transesterified to produce SOME, which have fuel properties similar petroleum diesel. Transesterification process is the reaction of triglyceride (fat/oil) with an alcohol to form esters and glycerol. A Triglyceride has glycerine. II.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A. Materials Simarouba Glauca, Yellow Oleander, Dairy Scum were used in production of Biodiesel. The extraction of oil from Simarouba Glauca and Yellow Oleander was done by Mechanical expeller. B. Transesterification The transesterification of Dairy Scum, Simarouba Glauca and Yellow Oleander oil with methanol was carried out in a 1000ml three-neck round bottom flask equipped with a water-cooled condenser, a magnetic stirrer and a thermometer. 500ml of oil is taken in round bottom flask maintained at 60oC and continuously stirred using magnetic stirrer for 2 hours. After transesterification, the mixture is allowed to settle in separating funnel for one day After settling of products into different layers, biodiesel and catalyst is separated. III.
PREPARATION OF MIXED BIODIESEL
After production of Simarouba Glauca, Yellow Oleander and Dairy Scum Biodiesel, these Biodiesel are mixed in different proportions to get a mixed Biodiesel (SYD, YSD& DYS) as shown in Table 1. TABLE 1. PROPORTIONS OF VARIOUS BIODIESEL USED Proportions (wt/wt) Mixed Biodiesel SYD YSD DSY 50% Simarouba Glauca Yellow Oleander Diary Scum 25% Yellow Oleander Simarouba Glauca Simarouba Glauca 25% Diary Scum Diary Scum Yellow Oleander SYD=Simarouba Glauca, Yellow Oleander, Diary Scum Biodiesel, YSD= Yellow Oleander, Simarouba Glauca, Diary Scum Biodiesel, DSY= Diary Scum, Simarouba Glauca, Yellow Oleander Biodiesel.
188
S.B. Arun et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 17 (2019) 186–190
The properties of SYD, YSD and DSY at ASTM standards are shown in Table 2. IV.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. Fuel Properties TABLE 2. COMPARISON OF FUEL PROPERTIES OF SYD, YSD, AND DSY AT ASTM STANDARDS Properties Standard Biodiesel Experimental Values Range SYD YSD DSY Kinematic Viscosity (Cst) at 40°C Flash Point Density(Kg/m3) Calorific Value (MJ/Kg) Cloud Point oC Pour Point oC Ash % wt/wt Carbon Residue %wt/wt
1.
ASTM D445 ASTM D93 ASTM D4052 IS: 1448 (P 6) IS:1448 (P 10) IS: 1448 (P 10) IS: 1448 (P 4) IS: 1448 (P 8)
1.9-6.0
5.48
5.81
5.35
>130 870-900
175 864
160 886
195 890
>37
38.41
37.89
38.94
-3 to 12
16
15
14
-15 to 10
9
7
9
0.5max
0.001
Nil
Nil
0.05max
0.04
Nil
0.06
Kinematic Viscosity:
The above graph shows that the kinematic viscosity of the mixed biodiesel increases gradually with the blends and for blend ratio of 100, kinematic viscosity is more for YSD combination of mixed biodiesel and it is less for DSY combination of mixed biodiesel.
S.B. Arun et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 17 (2019) 186–190
2.
189
Flash Point:
The above graph shows that the Flash point of the mixed biodiesel increases gradually with the blends and for blend ratio of 100, Flash point is more for DSY combination of mixed biodiesel and it is less for YSD combination of mixed biodiesel. 3.
Density:
The above graph shows that the Density of the mixed biodiesel increases gradually with the blends and for blend ratio of 100, Density is more for DSY combination of mixed biodiesel and it is less for SYD combination of mixed biodiesel.
190
IV.
S.B. Arun et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 17 (2019) 186–190
CONCLUSION
Biodiesel has become more attractive to replace the petroleum fuels. The above study shows that the fuel properties of mixed biodiesel for blend ratio B100 are very high compared to conventional diesel in compression ignition (CI) engine, therefore it is also evident that dilution or blending of biodiesel with other fuels like diesel would bring the fuel properties close to a specification range. From the above experimental results, we have found that B10 and B20 are in the specification range of CI engine. And the graphs shows that kinematic viscosity is more for YSD combination of mixed biodiesel, density and flashpoint is more for DSY combination of mixed biodiesel. V.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors thank Biodiesel I&D center, SIT, Tumkur – 572103, Karnataka, India for providing necessary experimental setup to perform this research. We also thank Bangalore Test House, KSSIDC Industrial Estate, Rajajinagar, Bangalore – 560044, India REFERENCES [1]. Sharmer, K. Umweltaspektebei Herstellung and Verwendung Von RME; RME Ministry for Agriculture: Vienna, Austria, 1993.
Hearing,
[2]. Arun S.B., R.Suresh and Yatish K.V, Relative Estimation of Various Fuel Properties of Simarouba Glauca and Mahua Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Having Different Blends With Conventional Diesel, Journal of Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols. 592-594 (2014) pp 724-728 ©(2014),Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland. [3]. P.Sivakumar, K.Anbarasu, S.Ranganathan., Biodiesel production by alkali-catalyzed Transesterification of Dairy waste Scum. Fuel, volume 90, Issue 1, pages 147-151. [4]. Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, Vol. 3(5), 99-103 May (2013), “Non-Conventional Seed Oils as Potential Feedstock for Future Biodiesel Industries: A Brief Review” by Basumatary Sanjay, Department of Chemistry, Bineswar Brahma Engineering College, Kokrajhar-783 370, Assam. [5]. Journal of Agronomy 10(4): 123-127,2011, “Growth and yield of Thevetia peruviana” by C M Aboyeji and J A Olofintoye, Department of Chemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. [6]. Gwi-Tack Jeong, Don-Hee park, “Optimization of biodiesel production from Caster oil using Response Surface Methodology”, Applied Biochemical and Biotechnology (2009). [7]. M. Zabeti, W.M.A.W. Daud, M.K. Aroua, “Optimization of the activity of CaO/Al2O3 catalyst for biodiesel production using response surface methodology,” Applied Catalysis A: General 366(1)(2009). [8]. M. Kouzu, T. Kasuno, M. Tajika, Y. Sugimoto, S. Yamanaka, J. Hidaka, “Calcium oxide as a solid base catalyst for transesterification of soybean oil and its application to biodiesel production” (2008). [9]. “Process optimization for biodiesel production from Mahua (Madhucaindica) oil using Response surface methodology”, Bioresource Technology (2006), by Shashikant vilas Ghadge, Hifjur Raheman, agricultural and food engg. Dept., IIT, Kharagpur 721 302, India. [10]. Balusamy, T. and Manrappan, R., “Performance evaluation of direct injection diesel engine with blends of Thevetia peruviana seed oil and diesel”, Journal of Science and Industrial Research, (2007).