- Email: [email protected]
Biodiesel production from waste cotton seed oil using low cost catalyst: Engine performance and emission characteristics
Accepted Manuscript Title: Biodiesel Production from Waste cotton seed oil using low cost Catalyst: Engine performance and emission characteristics Author: Duple Sinha S. Murugavelh PII: DOI: Reference:
S2213-0209(16)30059-3 http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.pisc.2016.04.038 PISC 207
To appear in: Received date: Accepted date:
2-2-2016 11-4-2016
Please cite this article as: Sinha, D., Murugavelh, S.,Biodiesel Production from Waste cotton seed oil using low cost Catalyst: Engine performance and emission characteristics, Perspectives in Science (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pisc.2016.04.038 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Biodiesel Production from Waste cotton seed oil using low cost Catalyst: Engine performance and emission characteristics Duple Sinha1, S. Murugavelh2*
India
cr
+919843983465, [email protected]
ip t
CO2 Research and Green Technologies Centre, VIT University, Vellore - 632014, Tamilnadu,
us
ABSTRACT
Production of fatty acid methyl esters from waste cotton seed oil through transesterification was reported. The GC-MS analysis of WCCO oil was studied and the major fatty acids were found to
an
be Palmitic acid (27.76%) and Linoleic acid (42.84%). The molecular weight of the oil was 881.039 g/mol. A maximum yield of 92% biodiesel was reported when the reaction temperature,
M
time, methanol/oil ratio and catalyst loading rate were 60 °C, 50 min, 12:1 and 3% (wt.%) respectively. The calcined Egg shell catalyst was prepared and characterized. Partial purification of the fatty acid methyl esters was proposed for increasing the purity of the biodiesel and better
d
engine performance. The flash point and the fire point of the biodiesel were found to be 128 °C
te
and 136 °C respectively. The Brake thermal efficiency of WCCO B10 biodiesel was 26.04% for maximum load, specific fuel consumption for diesel was 0.32 Kg/KWh at maximum load. The
Ac ce p
use of biodiesel blends showed a reduction of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions and a marginal increase in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions improved emission characteristics Keywords: WCCO, transesterification, partial purification, break thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption
------------------------------
* Corresponding author: Email- [email protected] (S. Murugavelh) Introduction Biodiesel is a mono-alkyl esters of fatty acids obtained through transesterification reaction. Homogeneous alkaline catalysts which are conventionally used possess drawback, as it is an energy intensive, produces excess amount of water, and difficult to separate (Meher et al., 2006), (Guna et al., 2009). Heterogeneous catalysts consume very less energy, produce less water and 1 Page 1 of 8
can be reused (Atadashi et al., 2013). CaO which presents in large quantity in nature is one of the mostly used as a catalyst due to its low cost, and high activity during production biodiesel (Liu et al., 2008). Waste egg shells were calcined to derived CaO which shows superior catalytic activity, alkaline property, special porous structure and used as a heterogeneous catalyst (Viriya-
ip t
empikul et al., 2010).
Biodiesel blends tested on 6- cylinder DI diesel engine reported slight reduction in Brake power
cr
and torque (Carraretto et al., 2004). The performance of a compression ignition engine supplied with biodiesel fuel ca be improved by higher compression ratio, advance injection timing and
us
high injector opening pressure (Venkatraman et al., 2011). Biodiesel blends result in significant reduction in particulate matters, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide emissions and
an
there is slightly increased in nitrogen oxide emissions (Xue et al., 2011).
In the present work, developing of a highly active CaO catalyst from egg shells on calcination, The
M
biodiesel production from waste cooking oil as a cotton seed oils were reported.
performance of a diesel engine with the waste cooking oil biodiesel fuel was evaluated and
Ac ce p
Materials
te
Materials and methods
d
emission characteristics were also studied.
In this study, readily available used cottonseeds cooking oil was provided by a restaurant in Latur city, Maharashtra. Egg shells were collected from a nearby bakery store Vellore, Tamilnadu, India. The molecular weight of the oil and characterization of used cottonseeds oil was determined by (GC-MS). Anhydrous methanol Chemical of analytical grade purchased from scientific galaxy center, Vellore, Tamilnadu was used in the transesterification reaction. Oil characterization and Catalyst preparation The oil was characterized using GCMS. The waste egg shells were cleaned thoroughly in tap water and dried in an oven at 100 °C for 12 hours. The dried egg shells were crushed into small pieces and calcined in a muffle furnace at 800 °C for 3 hours to the convert the calcium species presents in the shells into CaO particle. Then the CaO originated from the egg shells was refluxed in water at 70 °C for 4 hours and the calcined egg shells particles were taken out and
2 Page 2 of 8
dried in hot air oven at 100°C for 10 hours. The calcined egg shell catalyst product was dehydrated by drying at a temperature 500 °C for 5 hours. The catalyst prepared through calcination was subjected to scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to study the microstructure
ip t
and catalyst property. Transesterification process
cr
Waste cotton cooking oil, Methanol, and catalyst were used for the production of biodiesel. Batch reactor for the transesterification was performed in a 3- necked round bottomed flask of
us
500 ml capacity which was equipped with a reflux condenser and magnetic stirrer. A measured volume of 500 mL waste cotton cooking oil, methanol to waste cotton cooking oil molar ratios (6:1, 9:1, 12:1 or 15:1) and amount of catalysts varied from (2, 3, 4 or 5 wt.%) were added into
an
the round bottom flask and was preheated at the various temperature of about (30, 40, 50, 60 or 70 °C) which was then fixed with the mechanical stirrer, condenser and the temperature
M
measuring device. After the reaction is complete, a mixture was allowed to cool and then the solid catalyst was removed by filtration to get the product. Methyl ester and glycerol phases were
te
Engine tests
d
allowed to stabilized and then separated by using a separating funnel.
Biodiesel obtained from used cotton cooking oil was used as fuel in a CI engine. Earlier the flash
Ac ce p
point and fire point was measured by using Cleveland open cup apparatus. The engine was allowed to run with the blend made with B5, B10, and B20. The experimental setup consisted of a four stroke, single cylinder, air cooled and direct injection diesel engine connected to an electrical dynamometer. The exhaust gas analyzer and diesel smoke meter were placed in the exhaust manifold to measure the exhaust emission, such as CO and unburnt hydrocarbons (HC). At the beginning engine was operated with neat diesel fuel for addressing the reference data. The fuel blends were obtained by mixing different percentages of biodiesel with pure diesel fuel. Results and discussion Oil characterization The major fatty acids of used cottonseeds oil were found to be Palmitic acid (27.76%) and Linoleic acid (42.84%).
3 Page 3 of 8
Catalyst characterization SEM analysis Fig 1(a). shows the SEM image of the CaO catalyst of egg shells before reaction. It resembled
ip t
honey comb, porous in structure and possessed active sites. This indicated the catalyst has more surface area for reaction. Fig. 1(b). shows the SEM image of the catalyst after reaction. It had
cr
fewer voids because of the shear change during transesterification. The number of pores in the catalyst after reaction was found to be reduced, it can be attributed to the fact that the active sites
M
an
us
were utilized for transesterification reaction.
(b)
te
d
(a)
Fig. 1. SEM images of (a) and (b) egg shells as a catalyst before and after reaction respectively.
Ac ce p
Effect of reaction parameters Effect of molar ratio
The reaction was maintained at 60 °C for 50 min and 3 wt.% amount of calcined egg shell catalyst as used. Various molar ratio ranging from 6:1 to 18:1 was studied. Fig. 2a depicts the biodiesel yield with respect to different methanol to oil molar ratio. A maximum yield of 92(%) percentage was reported for 12:1 molar ratio. Subsequently it was observed that the biodiesel yield increased from 78% to 92% when methanol to oil molar ratio was stepwise increased from 6:1 to 12:1. Consequently when methanol to oil molar ratio was achieved up to 15:1, the biodiesel yield decreased to 88%. This could be because of excess amount of methanol deceased the concentration of catalyst, and also shifted in equilibrium to the backward direction, finally lower the yield of biodiesel fuel.
4 Page 4 of 8
Effect of catalyst loading The reaction was performed at 65 °C for 50 min by using 12: 1 methanol to oil molar ratio. Fig. 2b. depicts the effect of catalyst loading concentration on biodiesel fuel yield was examined. The
ip t
catalyst loading was increased gradually from 2% to 3%. Subsequently the amount of wt.% catalyst loading concentration increased with biodiesel yield increased from 86% to 92% and also recorded that highest yield of 92% was found on 3 wt. (%) amount of catalyst during
cr
transesterification process. Consequently, for 4% and 5% amount of catalyst loading a minimum of 88% and 85% respectively yield was recorded. At Higher concentration of catalyst loading,
us
the triglycerides produced more soap during the transesterification reaction than ester formation. Experiments were conducted at lower wt.% of catalyst loading concentration ranging from 0.2,
an
0.5 % but the results were insignificant.
94
93
92
M
92
90
Yield (%)
Yield (%)
88 86 84
d
82
78 76
6:1
9:1
te
80
12:1
15:1
Methanol to Oil Molar Ratio
91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Catalyst weight (%)
Ac ce p
(a) (b) Fig. 2. Effect of (a) methanol to oil molar ratio and (b) catalyst loading and on FAME yield. Engine Performance and Emission studies The engine performance and emission characteristics were performed by using air cooled Kirloskar engine. The flash point and fire point of the biodiesel was found to be 128 °C and 136 °C respectively. The engine was operated for the experimental results of the engine tests by using neat diesel, B5, B10 or B20 fuels. Fig. 3(a) depicts the break thermal efficiency at varying load for both pure diesel and biodiesel mixtures. It was examined that efficiency decreased with increase of load. It was studied that brake thermal efficiency with vary blends of biodiesel mixtures was slightly less than that of neat diesel fuel. This was due to poor air fuel mixing, higher viscosity, poor spray property, higher volatility and lower calorific value.
5 Page 5 of 8
Fig. 3(b) depicts the variation of specific fuel consumption with respect to vary loads. It was examined that the fuel consumption for the vary blends of biodiesel fuels were higher as compared to neat diesel fuel. This was due to the higher density of waste cotton cooking oil based biodiesel fuels needed more quantity of fuels for the same movement of the plunger in the
ip t
fuel injection pump. The specific fuel consumption is reciprocal to the brake thermal efficiency. Beyond certain load the engine become overheated and a resulted in a slightly specific fuel
cr
consumption for the biodiesel blends mixtures.
Fig. 4(a) depicts the hydro carbon emissions with respect to different engine loads decreased
us
with increased in the biodiesel blend fuels. It was due to the proper combustion of biodiesel blends which resulted in decreased hydro carbon emissions. The decrease in HC emission with
an
biodiesel blends fuel can be attributed to longer length of carbon chain, advance injection timing, lower saturation level of biodiesels and combustion of biodiesel blends.
M
Fig. 4(b) depicts the carbon monoxide emissions with respect to different engine loads decreased with increased in the amount of biodiesel blends fuels whereas for pure diesel fuels slightly increased with increased in quantity of the pure diesel fuel. The carbon monoxide emissions are
d
produced mainly due to improper combustion of fuel. This was due to low carbon content
Ac ce p
biodiesel blends.
te
present and the more proper combustion take place results in CO2 instead of CO in the amount of
(a) (b) Fig. 4. Effect of engine loads on (a) brake thermal efficiency and(b) specific fuel consumption.
6 Page 6 of 8
0.22
HC emissions (ppm)
Carbon monoxide (%)
0.20 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02
54 52 50 48 46 44 42 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18
B10 B20 Diesel B5
ip t
B10 B20 Diesel B5
0.24
0.00
0
25
50
75
0
100
20
Load (%)
cr
0.26
40
60
80
100
Load (%)
(a)
us
(b)
an
Fig. 5. Variation of (a) CO and (b) HC emissions for biodiesel blends and diesel at varying load. Conclusion
M
A low cost calcium oxide catalyst developed from waste egg shells was prepared by calcinationhydration-dehydration process. The optimum conditions were found to be oil/methanol molar
d
ratio of 1:12, catalyst loading of 3 wt%. Used cotton cooking oil yielded of 92% of biodiesel. The Brake thermal efficiency of the diesel was 28 % at full load (100%). The specific fuel
te
consumption of biodiesel fuel blends (B10 and B20) were 0.340 kg/KWh and 0.380 kg/kWh
Ac ce p
respectively. The biodiesel blends B10 and B20 resulted in considerably showed an improved emission characteristic with lower unburnt HC, CO emissions and also could become a choice for conventional diesel fuel. Biodiesel produced from waste cotton seed oil possess a great potential for being source of alternate fuel. Conflict of interest
The author declares that there is no conflict of interest. References Atadashi I.M., Arora M.K., Aziz A.R, Sulaiman M.N.N., 2013. The effects of catalysts in biodiesel production: a review. J Ind Eng Chem. 19, 14-26. Carraretto C., Macor A., Mirandola A., Stoppato A., Tonon S., 2004. Biodiesel as alternative fuel: Experimental analysis and energetic evaluations, Energ. 29, 2195–2211. 7 Page 7 of 8
Guna G., Sakurai N., Kusakabe K., 2009. Synthesis of biodiesel from sunflower oil at room temperature in the presences of various cosolvents. Chem Eng J. 146, 302-306. Liu X., He H., Wang Y., Zhu S., Piao X., 2008. Transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel
ip t
using CaO as a solid base catalyst. Fuel. 87, 216–221. Meher L.C., Vidyasagar D., Naik S.N., 2006. Technical aspects of biodiesel production by
cr
transesterification- a review. Renew Sustain Energ Rev. 10, 248-268.
Viriya-empikul N., Krasae P., Puttasawat B., Yoosuk B., Chollacoop N., Chollacoop K., 2010.
us
Waste shells of mollusk and egg as biodiesel production catalysts. Bioresource Technol. 101, 3765–3767.
an
Venkatraman M., Devaradjane G., 2011. Simulation studies of a CI engine for better performance and emission using diesel-diesel biodiesel blends. Int J Des Manuf Technol. 5, 14–
M
21.
Xue J., Grift T.E., Hansen A.C., 2011. Effect of biodiesel on engine performances and Emission.
Ac ce p
te
d
Renew.Sustain. Energ Rev. 15, 1098 -1116.
8 Page 8 of 8
S2213-0209(16)30059-3 http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.pisc.2016.04.038 PISC 207
To appear in: Received date: Accepted date:
2-2-2016 11-4-2016
Please cite this article as: Sinha, D., Murugavelh, S.,Biodiesel Production from Waste cotton seed oil using low cost Catalyst: Engine performance and emission characteristics, Perspectives in Science (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pisc.2016.04.038 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Biodiesel Production from Waste cotton seed oil using low cost Catalyst: Engine performance and emission characteristics Duple Sinha1, S. Murugavelh2*
India
cr
+919843983465, [email protected]
ip t
CO2 Research and Green Technologies Centre, VIT University, Vellore - 632014, Tamilnadu,
us
ABSTRACT
Production of fatty acid methyl esters from waste cotton seed oil through transesterification was reported. The GC-MS analysis of WCCO oil was studied and the major fatty acids were found to
an
be Palmitic acid (27.76%) and Linoleic acid (42.84%). The molecular weight of the oil was 881.039 g/mol. A maximum yield of 92% biodiesel was reported when the reaction temperature,
M
time, methanol/oil ratio and catalyst loading rate were 60 °C, 50 min, 12:1 and 3% (wt.%) respectively. The calcined Egg shell catalyst was prepared and characterized. Partial purification of the fatty acid methyl esters was proposed for increasing the purity of the biodiesel and better
d
engine performance. The flash point and the fire point of the biodiesel were found to be 128 °C
te
and 136 °C respectively. The Brake thermal efficiency of WCCO B10 biodiesel was 26.04% for maximum load, specific fuel consumption for diesel was 0.32 Kg/KWh at maximum load. The
Ac ce p
use of biodiesel blends showed a reduction of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions and a marginal increase in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions improved emission characteristics Keywords: WCCO, transesterification, partial purification, break thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption
------------------------------
* Corresponding author: Email- [email protected] (S. Murugavelh) Introduction Biodiesel is a mono-alkyl esters of fatty acids obtained through transesterification reaction. Homogeneous alkaline catalysts which are conventionally used possess drawback, as it is an energy intensive, produces excess amount of water, and difficult to separate (Meher et al., 2006), (Guna et al., 2009). Heterogeneous catalysts consume very less energy, produce less water and 1 Page 1 of 8
can be reused (Atadashi et al., 2013). CaO which presents in large quantity in nature is one of the mostly used as a catalyst due to its low cost, and high activity during production biodiesel (Liu et al., 2008). Waste egg shells were calcined to derived CaO which shows superior catalytic activity, alkaline property, special porous structure and used as a heterogeneous catalyst (Viriya-
ip t
empikul et al., 2010).
Biodiesel blends tested on 6- cylinder DI diesel engine reported slight reduction in Brake power
cr
and torque (Carraretto et al., 2004). The performance of a compression ignition engine supplied with biodiesel fuel ca be improved by higher compression ratio, advance injection timing and
us
high injector opening pressure (Venkatraman et al., 2011). Biodiesel blends result in significant reduction in particulate matters, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide emissions and
an
there is slightly increased in nitrogen oxide emissions (Xue et al., 2011).
In the present work, developing of a highly active CaO catalyst from egg shells on calcination, The
M
biodiesel production from waste cooking oil as a cotton seed oils were reported.
performance of a diesel engine with the waste cooking oil biodiesel fuel was evaluated and
Ac ce p
Materials
te
Materials and methods
d
emission characteristics were also studied.
In this study, readily available used cottonseeds cooking oil was provided by a restaurant in Latur city, Maharashtra. Egg shells were collected from a nearby bakery store Vellore, Tamilnadu, India. The molecular weight of the oil and characterization of used cottonseeds oil was determined by (GC-MS). Anhydrous methanol Chemical of analytical grade purchased from scientific galaxy center, Vellore, Tamilnadu was used in the transesterification reaction. Oil characterization and Catalyst preparation The oil was characterized using GCMS. The waste egg shells were cleaned thoroughly in tap water and dried in an oven at 100 °C for 12 hours. The dried egg shells were crushed into small pieces and calcined in a muffle furnace at 800 °C for 3 hours to the convert the calcium species presents in the shells into CaO particle. Then the CaO originated from the egg shells was refluxed in water at 70 °C for 4 hours and the calcined egg shells particles were taken out and
2 Page 2 of 8
dried in hot air oven at 100°C for 10 hours. The calcined egg shell catalyst product was dehydrated by drying at a temperature 500 °C for 5 hours. The catalyst prepared through calcination was subjected to scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to study the microstructure
ip t
and catalyst property. Transesterification process
cr
Waste cotton cooking oil, Methanol, and catalyst were used for the production of biodiesel. Batch reactor for the transesterification was performed in a 3- necked round bottomed flask of
us
500 ml capacity which was equipped with a reflux condenser and magnetic stirrer. A measured volume of 500 mL waste cotton cooking oil, methanol to waste cotton cooking oil molar ratios (6:1, 9:1, 12:1 or 15:1) and amount of catalysts varied from (2, 3, 4 or 5 wt.%) were added into
an
the round bottom flask and was preheated at the various temperature of about (30, 40, 50, 60 or 70 °C) which was then fixed with the mechanical stirrer, condenser and the temperature
M
measuring device. After the reaction is complete, a mixture was allowed to cool and then the solid catalyst was removed by filtration to get the product. Methyl ester and glycerol phases were
te
Engine tests
d
allowed to stabilized and then separated by using a separating funnel.
Biodiesel obtained from used cotton cooking oil was used as fuel in a CI engine. Earlier the flash
Ac ce p
point and fire point was measured by using Cleveland open cup apparatus. The engine was allowed to run with the blend made with B5, B10, and B20. The experimental setup consisted of a four stroke, single cylinder, air cooled and direct injection diesel engine connected to an electrical dynamometer. The exhaust gas analyzer and diesel smoke meter were placed in the exhaust manifold to measure the exhaust emission, such as CO and unburnt hydrocarbons (HC). At the beginning engine was operated with neat diesel fuel for addressing the reference data. The fuel blends were obtained by mixing different percentages of biodiesel with pure diesel fuel. Results and discussion Oil characterization The major fatty acids of used cottonseeds oil were found to be Palmitic acid (27.76%) and Linoleic acid (42.84%).
3 Page 3 of 8
Catalyst characterization SEM analysis Fig 1(a). shows the SEM image of the CaO catalyst of egg shells before reaction. It resembled
ip t
honey comb, porous in structure and possessed active sites. This indicated the catalyst has more surface area for reaction. Fig. 1(b). shows the SEM image of the catalyst after reaction. It had
cr
fewer voids because of the shear change during transesterification. The number of pores in the catalyst after reaction was found to be reduced, it can be attributed to the fact that the active sites
M
an
us
were utilized for transesterification reaction.
(b)
te
d
(a)
Fig. 1. SEM images of (a) and (b) egg shells as a catalyst before and after reaction respectively.
Ac ce p
Effect of reaction parameters Effect of molar ratio
The reaction was maintained at 60 °C for 50 min and 3 wt.% amount of calcined egg shell catalyst as used. Various molar ratio ranging from 6:1 to 18:1 was studied. Fig. 2a depicts the biodiesel yield with respect to different methanol to oil molar ratio. A maximum yield of 92(%) percentage was reported for 12:1 molar ratio. Subsequently it was observed that the biodiesel yield increased from 78% to 92% when methanol to oil molar ratio was stepwise increased from 6:1 to 12:1. Consequently when methanol to oil molar ratio was achieved up to 15:1, the biodiesel yield decreased to 88%. This could be because of excess amount of methanol deceased the concentration of catalyst, and also shifted in equilibrium to the backward direction, finally lower the yield of biodiesel fuel.
4 Page 4 of 8
Effect of catalyst loading The reaction was performed at 65 °C for 50 min by using 12: 1 methanol to oil molar ratio. Fig. 2b. depicts the effect of catalyst loading concentration on biodiesel fuel yield was examined. The
ip t
catalyst loading was increased gradually from 2% to 3%. Subsequently the amount of wt.% catalyst loading concentration increased with biodiesel yield increased from 86% to 92% and also recorded that highest yield of 92% was found on 3 wt. (%) amount of catalyst during
cr
transesterification process. Consequently, for 4% and 5% amount of catalyst loading a minimum of 88% and 85% respectively yield was recorded. At Higher concentration of catalyst loading,
us
the triglycerides produced more soap during the transesterification reaction than ester formation. Experiments were conducted at lower wt.% of catalyst loading concentration ranging from 0.2,
an
0.5 % but the results were insignificant.
94
93
92
M
92
90
Yield (%)
Yield (%)
88 86 84
d
82
78 76
6:1
9:1
te
80
12:1
15:1
Methanol to Oil Molar Ratio
91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Catalyst weight (%)
Ac ce p
(a) (b) Fig. 2. Effect of (a) methanol to oil molar ratio and (b) catalyst loading and on FAME yield. Engine Performance and Emission studies The engine performance and emission characteristics were performed by using air cooled Kirloskar engine. The flash point and fire point of the biodiesel was found to be 128 °C and 136 °C respectively. The engine was operated for the experimental results of the engine tests by using neat diesel, B5, B10 or B20 fuels. Fig. 3(a) depicts the break thermal efficiency at varying load for both pure diesel and biodiesel mixtures. It was examined that efficiency decreased with increase of load. It was studied that brake thermal efficiency with vary blends of biodiesel mixtures was slightly less than that of neat diesel fuel. This was due to poor air fuel mixing, higher viscosity, poor spray property, higher volatility and lower calorific value.
5 Page 5 of 8
Fig. 3(b) depicts the variation of specific fuel consumption with respect to vary loads. It was examined that the fuel consumption for the vary blends of biodiesel fuels were higher as compared to neat diesel fuel. This was due to the higher density of waste cotton cooking oil based biodiesel fuels needed more quantity of fuels for the same movement of the plunger in the
ip t
fuel injection pump. The specific fuel consumption is reciprocal to the brake thermal efficiency. Beyond certain load the engine become overheated and a resulted in a slightly specific fuel
cr
consumption for the biodiesel blends mixtures.
Fig. 4(a) depicts the hydro carbon emissions with respect to different engine loads decreased
us
with increased in the biodiesel blend fuels. It was due to the proper combustion of biodiesel blends which resulted in decreased hydro carbon emissions. The decrease in HC emission with
an
biodiesel blends fuel can be attributed to longer length of carbon chain, advance injection timing, lower saturation level of biodiesels and combustion of biodiesel blends.
M
Fig. 4(b) depicts the carbon monoxide emissions with respect to different engine loads decreased with increased in the amount of biodiesel blends fuels whereas for pure diesel fuels slightly increased with increased in quantity of the pure diesel fuel. The carbon monoxide emissions are
d
produced mainly due to improper combustion of fuel. This was due to low carbon content
Ac ce p
biodiesel blends.
te
present and the more proper combustion take place results in CO2 instead of CO in the amount of
(a) (b) Fig. 4. Effect of engine loads on (a) brake thermal efficiency and(b) specific fuel consumption.
6 Page 6 of 8
0.22
HC emissions (ppm)
Carbon monoxide (%)
0.20 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02
54 52 50 48 46 44 42 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18
B10 B20 Diesel B5
ip t
B10 B20 Diesel B5
0.24
0.00
0
25
50
75
0
100
20
Load (%)
cr
0.26
40
60
80
100
Load (%)
(a)
us
(b)
an
Fig. 5. Variation of (a) CO and (b) HC emissions for biodiesel blends and diesel at varying load. Conclusion
M
A low cost calcium oxide catalyst developed from waste egg shells was prepared by calcinationhydration-dehydration process. The optimum conditions were found to be oil/methanol molar
d
ratio of 1:12, catalyst loading of 3 wt%. Used cotton cooking oil yielded of 92% of biodiesel. The Brake thermal efficiency of the diesel was 28 % at full load (100%). The specific fuel
te
consumption of biodiesel fuel blends (B10 and B20) were 0.340 kg/KWh and 0.380 kg/kWh
Ac ce p
respectively. The biodiesel blends B10 and B20 resulted in considerably showed an improved emission characteristic with lower unburnt HC, CO emissions and also could become a choice for conventional diesel fuel. Biodiesel produced from waste cotton seed oil possess a great potential for being source of alternate fuel. Conflict of interest
The author declares that there is no conflict of interest. References Atadashi I.M., Arora M.K., Aziz A.R, Sulaiman M.N.N., 2013. The effects of catalysts in biodiesel production: a review. J Ind Eng Chem. 19, 14-26. Carraretto C., Macor A., Mirandola A., Stoppato A., Tonon S., 2004. Biodiesel as alternative fuel: Experimental analysis and energetic evaluations, Energ. 29, 2195–2211. 7 Page 7 of 8
Guna G., Sakurai N., Kusakabe K., 2009. Synthesis of biodiesel from sunflower oil at room temperature in the presences of various cosolvents. Chem Eng J. 146, 302-306. Liu X., He H., Wang Y., Zhu S., Piao X., 2008. Transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel
ip t
using CaO as a solid base catalyst. Fuel. 87, 216–221. Meher L.C., Vidyasagar D., Naik S.N., 2006. Technical aspects of biodiesel production by
cr
transesterification- a review. Renew Sustain Energ Rev. 10, 248-268.
Viriya-empikul N., Krasae P., Puttasawat B., Yoosuk B., Chollacoop N., Chollacoop K., 2010.
us
Waste shells of mollusk and egg as biodiesel production catalysts. Bioresource Technol. 101, 3765–3767.
an
Venkatraman M., Devaradjane G., 2011. Simulation studies of a CI engine for better performance and emission using diesel-diesel biodiesel blends. Int J Des Manuf Technol. 5, 14–
M
21.
Xue J., Grift T.E., Hansen A.C., 2011. Effect of biodiesel on engine performances and Emission.
Ac ce p
te
d
Renew.Sustain. Energ Rev. 15, 1098 -1116.
8 Page 8 of 8