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Biological effect of salmon fibrin glue on rats
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e u r o p e a n j o u r n a l o f p h a r m a c e u t i c a l s c i e n c e s 3 2 S ( 2 0 0 7 ) S22–S50
P-50 Biological effect of salmon fibrin glue on rats ¨ a,b , T. Salum c , R. Uibo a I. Laidmae a
Department of Immunology, IGMP, University of Tartu, Ravila Street 19, Tartu 51014, Estonia b Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tartu, Nooruse Street 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia c Department of Haematology, United Laboratories of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia ¨ E-mail address: [email protected] (I. Laidmae). Fibrin glues (FG) have numerous applications in wound healing. An ideal FG should be safe (low immunogenicity, free from infectious agents like prions and viruses), effective and low cost. Previous studies showed that Atlantic salmon represents a potentially safer, equally effective, and less costly alternative to human or other mammalian blood proteins. In this study we report coagulation assay results on 46 rats treated intraperitoneally with salmon FG. We also studied immunogenicity of salmon FG components—thrombin and fibrinogen. Before the experiments the baseline values of thrombin time (TT) and prothrombin time (PT) were measured. After that female and male animals were randomized into two groups—experimental (23 rats) and control (23 rats). Animals in experimental group received fibrin glue preparation intraperitoneally at 2nd and 32nd day of experiment. In the control group 0.9% saline solution was administered. In both groups blood was withdrawn at days 11, 20, 30, 33, 42 and 46 to determine TT and PT values, portion of plasma was stored at for further antibody studies. Coagulation studies revealed no statistical difference in mean TT values between experimental and control group rats before administration of FG complex preparation and 10–30 days after administration of FG complex preparation. After the second administration of FG complex preparation a small but statistically significant decrease in TT values was seen in the experimental group. TT values returned to control levels at the next measurement. Antibodies of IgG type to both salmon derived FG components in rat plasma were measured at the same time points used for coagulation studies. ELISA and immunoblot tests showed that all rats in the experimental group who were challenged with salmon-derived FG complex preparation developed low antibody amounts to the salmon FG components after the first intraperitoneal FG application. However, after the second administration of FG, there was a substantial increase of antibody levels. This study shows that in spite of development of immune reactions to FG components, no significant changes in blood coagulation was revealed in rats after FG application. doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2007.05.094
P-51 Estonian pharmacy students’ perceptions of mental health care and attitudes toward people with schizophrenia and severe depression a , J.S. Bell b,c , D. Volmer a ¨ M. Maesalu a
Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tartu, Estonia Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland c Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Australia E-mail address: [email protected] (D. Volmer). b
Objectives: The objectives were to (1) to assess Estonian pharmacy students’ attitudes toward people with schizophrenia and severe depression, and (2) to explore students’ perceptions of providing pharmaceutical services to people with mental disorders. Method: Data for the study were collected as part of the International Pharmacy Students’ Health Survey. All pharmacy students studying at the University of Tartu, Estonia, were invited to participate in the study. Students’ attitudes toward people with severe depression and schizophrenia were assessed using an eight item scale. Attitudes in relation to provision of pharmaceutical services were assessed using seven items adapted from previously published studies. Students’ desire for social distance from people with schizophrenia was assessed using the seven item Social Distance Scale. Results: Completed survey instruments were received from 157 students (94% response rate). Of those who responded, 47.1 and 47.4% agreed or strongly agreed that people with severe depression and schizophrenia are a danger to others, and 63.1 and 68.4% of students’ agreed or strongly agreed that people with severe depression and schizophrenia are unpredictable. Students held similar attitudes toward people with severe depression and schizophrenia. Only 9.7% of the students agreed or strongly agreed that they had received sufficient education to provide medication counselling to people with schizophrenia. This perception did not differ significantly according to the students’ year of study. Students’ desire for social distance increased according to the increasing intimacy of the relationship. Social distance was lower among those students who had visited a psychiatric facility and who were currently undertaking their 6 month practice in a pharmacy. Conclusions: Contact with people with mental disorders was associated with lower social distance from people with schizophrenia. New educational strategies may be required to improve students’ knowledge about mental disorders and to address their confidence to provide pharmaceutical services to this patient population. doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2007.05.095
e u r o p e a n j o u r n a l o f p h a r m a c e u t i c a l s c i e n c e s 3 2 S ( 2 0 0 7 ) S22–S50
P-50 Biological effect of salmon fibrin glue on rats ¨ a,b , T. Salum c , R. Uibo a I. Laidmae a
Department of Immunology, IGMP, University of Tartu, Ravila Street 19, Tartu 51014, Estonia b Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tartu, Nooruse Street 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia c Department of Haematology, United Laboratories of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia ¨ E-mail address: [email protected] (I. Laidmae). Fibrin glues (FG) have numerous applications in wound healing. An ideal FG should be safe (low immunogenicity, free from infectious agents like prions and viruses), effective and low cost. Previous studies showed that Atlantic salmon represents a potentially safer, equally effective, and less costly alternative to human or other mammalian blood proteins. In this study we report coagulation assay results on 46 rats treated intraperitoneally with salmon FG. We also studied immunogenicity of salmon FG components—thrombin and fibrinogen. Before the experiments the baseline values of thrombin time (TT) and prothrombin time (PT) were measured. After that female and male animals were randomized into two groups—experimental (23 rats) and control (23 rats). Animals in experimental group received fibrin glue preparation intraperitoneally at 2nd and 32nd day of experiment. In the control group 0.9% saline solution was administered. In both groups blood was withdrawn at days 11, 20, 30, 33, 42 and 46 to determine TT and PT values, portion of plasma was stored at for further antibody studies. Coagulation studies revealed no statistical difference in mean TT values between experimental and control group rats before administration of FG complex preparation and 10–30 days after administration of FG complex preparation. After the second administration of FG complex preparation a small but statistically significant decrease in TT values was seen in the experimental group. TT values returned to control levels at the next measurement. Antibodies of IgG type to both salmon derived FG components in rat plasma were measured at the same time points used for coagulation studies. ELISA and immunoblot tests showed that all rats in the experimental group who were challenged with salmon-derived FG complex preparation developed low antibody amounts to the salmon FG components after the first intraperitoneal FG application. However, after the second administration of FG, there was a substantial increase of antibody levels. This study shows that in spite of development of immune reactions to FG components, no significant changes in blood coagulation was revealed in rats after FG application. doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2007.05.094
P-51 Estonian pharmacy students’ perceptions of mental health care and attitudes toward people with schizophrenia and severe depression a , J.S. Bell b,c , D. Volmer a ¨ M. Maesalu a
Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tartu, Estonia Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland c Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Australia E-mail address: [email protected] (D. Volmer). b
Objectives: The objectives were to (1) to assess Estonian pharmacy students’ attitudes toward people with schizophrenia and severe depression, and (2) to explore students’ perceptions of providing pharmaceutical services to people with mental disorders. Method: Data for the study were collected as part of the International Pharmacy Students’ Health Survey. All pharmacy students studying at the University of Tartu, Estonia, were invited to participate in the study. Students’ attitudes toward people with severe depression and schizophrenia were assessed using an eight item scale. Attitudes in relation to provision of pharmaceutical services were assessed using seven items adapted from previously published studies. Students’ desire for social distance from people with schizophrenia was assessed using the seven item Social Distance Scale. Results: Completed survey instruments were received from 157 students (94% response rate). Of those who responded, 47.1 and 47.4% agreed or strongly agreed that people with severe depression and schizophrenia are a danger to others, and 63.1 and 68.4% of students’ agreed or strongly agreed that people with severe depression and schizophrenia are unpredictable. Students held similar attitudes toward people with severe depression and schizophrenia. Only 9.7% of the students agreed or strongly agreed that they had received sufficient education to provide medication counselling to people with schizophrenia. This perception did not differ significantly according to the students’ year of study. Students’ desire for social distance increased according to the increasing intimacy of the relationship. Social distance was lower among those students who had visited a psychiatric facility and who were currently undertaking their 6 month practice in a pharmacy. Conclusions: Contact with people with mental disorders was associated with lower social distance from people with schizophrenia. New educational strategies may be required to improve students’ knowledge about mental disorders and to address their confidence to provide pharmaceutical services to this patient population. doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2007.05.095