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Biologically active compounds in some flowering plants
Vol. 8, Part 1, pp . 225-238, 1969 . Life 9cience:~ printed in Great Britain.
Pergamon Press
tfIULOGICwLLY wCTIVJ; CO~ll~UUNUa 1N aU}li. FLUwERING PLANTS . G. Worthley and C . D, Schott medical Research Laboratory, 8dgewood Arsenal, Maryland (Received 20 September 1968 ; in final form 25 November 1968) r.xperimentation concerning the biological activity and chemical constituents of members of the plant kingdom is valuable, as our knowledge of the plant world is increased, and more information is provided to the researcher isolating phytochemicala . In the present work, aqueous and 95~ ethanol extracts of both temperate and tropical flora xere administered to mice to determine any possible pharmacological action and they were analyzed chemically for the presence or absence of alkaloids, saponins, ta~mins, and flavonoida .
Twenty-five species of
plants, representing 19 families and 25 genera, were used . katerials and Methods Collection of Muterial . ar~d labelled .
each plant was carefully dried, mounted,
At least three voucher or reference specimens are
on file at ocre or more of the following :The Botanical Museum, llarvard University, Cambridge, llassachuaetta ; The New York Botanical Garden, New York ; or the Natural products Office horbarium, üedical kesearch Laboratory, Edgewood Arsenal, ?laryland . Preparation of ~xtracta . l-3 Gthanol Extract .
Fifty g of dried plant material (Table 1
shows the pla :.t part used), ground to peas through a 20-mesh screen, were ylaced in a blaring Blendor containing 300 ml of 95Y~ ethanol and ground for 3U sec .
225
The mixture was poured into a 1-L
226
PLANT COMPOUNDS
Vol, 8, No. 5
tall form beaker and placed in a hot water bath (50 °C) for 15 min .
The mixture was vacuum-filtered through whatman No . 1
filter paper and the filtrate saved .
The residual plant material
wan transferred to the waring Hlendor and the extraction procedure repeated .
The two filtrates were then combined,
concentrated to a volume of 50 ml in a flash evaporator, poured into a large evaporating dish, and allowed to evaporate until the extract appeared warlike (acoiding crust formation) .
It was
then scraped into a glass vial, sealed, and refigerated. aqueous kxtract .
Seventy-five g of dried plant material
(the entire plant) ground to pass through a 20-mesh screen, were placed in a blaring Hlendor containing 500 ml of distilled water and ground for 30 sec .
The mixture was pôured into a 1-L tall-
form beaker, placed in a hot water bath (50 ° C) for one hr, and stirred thoroughly by an electric stirrer .
The slurry was
vacuum-filtered through several layers of cheesecloth .
If 250-
300 ml of filtrate were not obtained, the plant material was washed with hot distilled water, and this filtrate was combined with the initial quantity .
The resulting solution was vacuum
filtered through a pad of Celite .
The filtrate was placed in a
1-L boiling flask set in a dry-ice and acetone bath frozen in a shell as far up as possible .
The frozen sample was placed in a
VirTis freeze dryer and dried, under high vacuum, to a dry powder .
The powder was transferred to a vial, weighed, and
refigerated . Preparation of extract Soluti ons for Parenteral adminiatration . 4 $thaaol Eztract .
A 550 mg aem~~le of the extract was placed
in a porcelain mortar with three to four ml of sterol diluent and stirred into a thick paste . total of 10 ml had been added .
Nore solvent was added until a Three drops of dimethyl aulfoxide
Vol . 8, No . 5
PLANT COMPOUND6
227
(DM.sU) were substituted for three drops of sterol diluent in order to dissolve aay large amount of residue present .
The
mixture was again stirred and ground to a fine-grained conaiatency and centrifuged at 1,500 rpm for five min .
One ml of isotonic
saline solution was added to obtain a concentration of 50 mg/ml, The resulting suspensions, were administered to mice intraperitoneally (IY), Aqueous extract .
a 25o mg sample of the freeze dried
acFueous extract was finely ground in a porcelain mortar .
A
amall amount of isotonic saline solution was added to form a paste,
D.ore saline was added until a total of 10 ml had been
added (a concentration of 25 mg/ml) .
The solution was then
stirred and ground until all the material had dissolved .
This
preparation was administered to mice Ii~ or intravenously (IV), Calculation of Doses . volume
The doses administered were measured by
(10,25, or 50 mg/ml)
but are reported by weight .
It was
assumed that the specific gravity of the solutions was one . Doses were at Hriggsian log intervals for lethality determinations and at half log intervals for effective dose determinations (1 .9 to 600 mg/kg) . Administration and Determination of Bioloxical Activity .
Repli-
Gate groups of two male, Swiss albino, Caesarean-derived mic®, weighing 20 to 30 g, were given each extract Ip (if particles were observed in the solution) or IY (if the solution was clear) and retained for observation (up to 24 hr) until death or until normal overt behavior patterns returned .
The room temperature
was 24 ° to 28 °C, with the humidity ranging from 90 to 3096 during the day and from 60 to 709fî during the night .
The mice (in groups
of 20) were trouaed overnight in plastic, metal-topped, cages (9 z 19 x 5 in) prior to injection .
After the extracts rare
'
PLANT COMPOUNDS
228
Vol . 8, No. 5
administered, the mice were transferred to similar but smaller cages (6 z 11 z 5 in) in groupa of two for observation . and water were available adlibitum .
Food
Time of injection,
reactions displayed, and time of death were recorded . Following is a list of symptoms observed in mice and those routinely checked by an observer : I,
Autonomic . a . Lye . 1 . Mioaia or Hydriaaia . 2, Lacrimation . 3, htosis . 4 . ~xoYhthalmoa or ~ndophthalmoa . B . Cardiovascular-Respiratory . I . Cyanosis . 2 . Hypopnea or Hyperpaea . 3, Gasping . 4 . apnea or Dyapnea . 5 . increased or decreased respiratory rate . 6 . Increased or decreased respiratory depth . C, Gastrointestinal-Urogenital . 1 . salivation . 2 . Diarrhea and/or bloody urine . 3 . Involuntary urination and/or defection. D. Skin l . Peripheral vasoconstriction or vasodilation . 2 . Yiloerection . 3 . Hypothermia or Hyperthermia . II . Somatic . A, ?iotor . 1 . Increased or decreased activity . 2 . Forelimb, hindlimb weakness . 3, Forelimb, ktindlimb apaaticity, 4 . Ataxia and Prostration. 5 . Tremors . 6 . Faaciculationa . 7 . ~ubconvulaive jerking, Clinic, and/or Tonic convulsions . 8 . Straub tail, 9 . Opisthotonoa and/or Nyatagmua . B, Sensory. 1 . Vertical rod - motor deficit test . 2 . Horizontal wire - motor deficit teat . 3 . Depression of reflexes : Pinna, Yaia (pinch), Light, and/or Corneal . 4 . kighting reflex absent . 5, Hypersensitivity to touch and/or sound. III . Behavorial . A. Restlessness and/or Circling movements . B. Defensive or Aggressive hostility . IV . Hiscellaneoua . A. Abnormal discharges (specify), B, Unusual behavior patterns (specify) .
Vol . 8, No. 5
PLANT COMPOIINDS
Chemical Analysis of Ylant extracts .
229
The mathoda utilized for
determining the presence or absence of alkaloids, aaponina, tannins, and flavonoida in plant extracts were those described by wall et al . l liydrocyanic acid l.reaence was investigated in one extract by forming the tFriocyanate, acidifying, and mixing with ferric chloride teat solution . ? Fleaults 'fhe adueoua extract of Sriama uncinatum (Vochyaiaceae) was active to 2 mg/kg ; no ocher extract produced reactions in mice at or below this level .
Chemical teats revealed that
tannins and flavonoida were present in the plant . ~terculia prurience (Sterculiaceae) was positive to teats for lrydrocyanic acid which Presumably is the reason the acFueoua extract was so toxic . luomoea ochroleuca (Convolvulaceae), Homalium foetidum (b" lacourtiaceae), ~senbeckia lrilocarpuides (ltutaceae), ~arrttroxylum clava-herculis (xutaceae), and Paulicourea ri~ida (kubiaceae) were tire only Plants wFrich gave positive reaulta to tests for alkaloids . xefer to 'fable 1 for 1.F~armacological-toxicological results ar~d Table 2 for results of tFie chemical tests . Discussion references indicate that alkaloids are present in the genus lr,owoea ((:c,uvolvulaceae)b :~yctunthes arbor-tristia (Uleaceae) ; raulicourea rikida (kubiaceae)9 and Lanthoxylum clava-herculla (riutacede)~+ 10,11 acrd that t~rn+~ins ar+d flavonoida are present
irr Licucria riuida (ltoaaceae} which agrees with reaulta reported here .
r.urrava koenix ü lxutacea~ and species of the genus
230
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Vol . 8, No. 5
PLANT COMPOUNDS
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Vol . 8, No. 5
PLANT COIVIPOUND3
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PLANT COMPOiTNDS
232
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Vol . 8, No . 5
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Vol . 8, No. 5
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233
234
PLANT COMPOUNDS
Vol. 8, No . 5
TABLE 2 Preliminary chemical analysis of 25 plants . Family g Species Connaraceae Connarua suberosa Ylanch .
Classes of Comgounda Investigated alkaloida~ Sam onina~ Tannina~ Flavonoidâ A D -
-
Convolvulaceae lpomoea ochroleuca Span .
Tr
Tr
üuphorbiaceae .~ntideama dallachyanum lia ill .
-
-
flacourtiaceae Homalium foetidum lienth .
Tr
Tr
Icacinaceae Dieduaanthera papuana i3ecc ) üoward
-
Leguminosae Chamaecriata robusta Pollard
-
1+
-
+
Tr +
Tr
-
Tr
Tr
-
-
Tr
-
1+
1+
+
Tr
lwlkaloids (.~) and ,iuaternary crlkaluids (ß) . Ai :eyer's reagent and confirmation used for alkaloid detection . ~uirrine gave a positive response with }layerrs reagent at O .~)Olt6 ; ptrysostigmine gave a positive response at 0 .01, a negative response at 0 .00191 ; atropine was positive at 0 .0191, negative at 0 .00196 ; and 2caffeine gave a negative response at O .1'>b . (6) Tr = Trace . Saponin detection is based upon the degree of erythrocyte lysis and is standardized to measure a 0 .0116 concentration of Saponin ; thus, the test limit is already established . -= no seponina Present, red cells in sediment, clear solution, no hymolysis . 1+=sayonin present, many red cells in sediment, alight-pink colored solution . 2+=sagouin present, some red cells irr sediment, pink-colored solution . 3+~aaponin present, few red cells in sediment, dark-pink colored solution . 4+= aaponin, few red cells in sediment, dark-mink colored solution . 3Tannin content was estimated by the response of the a~lueous extract to gelatin-salt reagent and confirmed by the black color Produced with the ferric chloride test solution . Tannic 4 acid gave a response at O.OOl~o . Tr = Trace ; color ambiguous . Flavouoid content was estimated by acidifying a portion of the et .:anol extract with hydrochloric acid and adding magnesi.~rm turnings . .+ reddish color irr:iicated the presence of flavonoid . ttutirr gave a positive response at 0 .016, but a negative response at 0 .0017 . Tr - Trace ; color pale red.
Vol . 8, No. 5
family ~ species
PLANT COMPOUNDS
I .+lkaloids Chases
235
of Coo~pounds Investigated SaDOniRD Tannins Flavonoid
uleaceae a~yctanthes arbortristis L .
A
B
Tr
-
1+
+
+
Yassifloraceae Yassiflora coccinea wubl .
-
-
1+
+
+
xosaceae Licania rigida rienth .
-
-
-
+
+
rtubiaceae raulicourea rikida bunth .
Tr
+
1+
Tr
Kutaceae ldsenbeckia pilo carpoides Kunth.
Tr
+
2+
Tr
ltutaceae biurraya koenixü Spreng .
-
-
1+
+
rtutaceae ~anthoxylum clavaherculis L .
+
+
~terculiaceae duttneria aculeata Jacq .
-
-
1+
Tr
aterculiaceae ~terculia vruriens Aubl 5chum .
-
-
-
+
.iterculiaceae fheobroma apeciosa willd . ex ~preng .
-
-
2+
+
'filiaceae Mollia burchelii aprague
-
Tr
-
-
+
Tiliaceae Luehea specioaa willd .
-
-
-
Tr
+
Umbelliferae ~ryngium ~r iatia Cham . ö~ Schl .
-
-
l+
+
+
'HLN also present .
Tr
+~
238
PLANT COMPOUNDS
Family & ~peciea Urticaceae Cypholouhua heterophyllus wedd .
Vol. 8, No . 5
Classes of Compounds Investigated Alkaloids Savonin¢ Tannins Flavonoid A B
Yerbenacese Yitex cofaasua keinw .
-
-
1+
Vitaceae V.itia rotundifolia ~mall) Michx .
-
-
-
+
+
Yochyaiaceae criama uncinatum warm .
-
-
-
+
+
-
3+
+
Tr
Yochyaiaceae ual a multiflora Mart, var . pubeacena (Mart) ~tapfl . Lingiberaceae Hedychium coronarium Koenig .
Tr
+
Tr
Vol . 8, No . 5
PLANT COMPOUNDS
237
Connarua (Connaraceae) have given positive results to teata .for alkaloids12,13 which was not confirmed in thin paper, Summary In this study, aqueous and 95YG ethenol extrecta of both temperate and tropical flora were administered to mice to determine any possible pharmacological action and were analyzed chemically for the presence or absence of alkaloids, aaponins, tannins, and flavonoids .
Twenty-five species of planta,
represei :ting 19 families and 25 genera, were used . Pharmacological activity, mostly depressant, was recorded for lU of the 25 slants .
Tannins were present in 22 species,
sasonins in 13 si~ecies, flavonoids in 14 species, und alkaloids in 5 si~ecies . keferences 1,
r: . i: . ~iHLL, i. . i~i . i~ nlüu .si<, C . N . Ctt wdG~\, C . K . EUUY, J . J . ,r1LL .ab:.~.~\, B . 5 . (:~xLLL, and li . S, lir:rTitY, J, e~m . Yharm . Asaoc . . ~ci . Ed , Xi,IIl , 11 (1954) .
2,
t; . G . Nl,~i:T~t ., ..Y, ~ . i) . ~C :~~TT and G . H . üwUfTMHNN, Econ . Bot 21, z38, (1967) .
3,
c . G. nGicTaiLC:Y and C . U . ~CiitrTT, Toxicon ~, 73 (1967),
4.
+. . G . ~.~ .tT1iLLY and C . U . sl:.~(:TT, Lloydia 2S, 123 (1966) .
5,
~ . c . G~li1.U and L . C . ivtrYC~, Huthora of Plant Genera, New Haven, The Connecticut Hgricultural Experimental :ion station (1965) .
6.
it,
ù~ .;i:lc.Li.G and N, k . i~ .ai~il~j .rhtt`l'H, Lloydia ~, 176 (1962),
7"
1~ .
B'r.1la :.L,
8.
.+ . H . LGi~ r~.iitil~aaral .+N, Pharmaco¢noaY of Morning Glories , Yh .U, 'thesis, üingaton, U, of ithode Island (1966) .
9,
J . J . .~iLi..aAi :aN and ~ . G . ~C~iUBGitT, Alkaloid Bearintc Planta and their Contained wlkaloids . waehingtoa, D. C,, ~ui~eri~itendeat of Uocwuenta 1961) .
uuilitative Analysis by Spot Teats . Nordeman YubllahinR Co ., Inc . (19391 .
New York,
PLANT COMPOUNDS
238
Vol. 8, No. 5
Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger
10 .
~ . l' . CLAU5, 1'harmacoAnosy .
11,
lt . A . Vt[vi::j, Treea ~hruba and Wooda Vinea of the SouthWeat . Austin, U, of Texas Yreas 19
1~ .
A, b . 1~IANG, U . UVUi~1.Ao, ~and F . Yharmacol . ~, 98 (1961) .
13 .
W . tfUANG and J
(1959) .
(1959) .
MUrt~1~~GÜ,
J . Yharm .
Y . T~wI, J . Taiwan pharm z Asaoc . 11~ 66
Pergamon Press
tfIULOGICwLLY wCTIVJ; CO~ll~UUNUa 1N aU}li. FLUwERING PLANTS . G. Worthley and C . D, Schott medical Research Laboratory, 8dgewood Arsenal, Maryland (Received 20 September 1968 ; in final form 25 November 1968) r.xperimentation concerning the biological activity and chemical constituents of members of the plant kingdom is valuable, as our knowledge of the plant world is increased, and more information is provided to the researcher isolating phytochemicala . In the present work, aqueous and 95~ ethanol extracts of both temperate and tropical flora xere administered to mice to determine any possible pharmacological action and they were analyzed chemically for the presence or absence of alkaloids, saponins, ta~mins, and flavonoida .
Twenty-five species of
plants, representing 19 families and 25 genera, were used . katerials and Methods Collection of Muterial . ar~d labelled .
each plant was carefully dried, mounted,
At least three voucher or reference specimens are
on file at ocre or more of the following :The Botanical Museum, llarvard University, Cambridge, llassachuaetta ; The New York Botanical Garden, New York ; or the Natural products Office horbarium, üedical kesearch Laboratory, Edgewood Arsenal, ?laryland . Preparation of ~xtracta . l-3 Gthanol Extract .
Fifty g of dried plant material (Table 1
shows the pla :.t part used), ground to peas through a 20-mesh screen, were ylaced in a blaring Blendor containing 300 ml of 95Y~ ethanol and ground for 3U sec .
225
The mixture was poured into a 1-L
226
PLANT COMPOUNDS
Vol, 8, No. 5
tall form beaker and placed in a hot water bath (50 °C) for 15 min .
The mixture was vacuum-filtered through whatman No . 1
filter paper and the filtrate saved .
The residual plant material
wan transferred to the waring Hlendor and the extraction procedure repeated .
The two filtrates were then combined,
concentrated to a volume of 50 ml in a flash evaporator, poured into a large evaporating dish, and allowed to evaporate until the extract appeared warlike (acoiding crust formation) .
It was
then scraped into a glass vial, sealed, and refigerated. aqueous kxtract .
Seventy-five g of dried plant material
(the entire plant) ground to pass through a 20-mesh screen, were placed in a blaring Hlendor containing 500 ml of distilled water and ground for 30 sec .
The mixture was pôured into a 1-L tall-
form beaker, placed in a hot water bath (50 ° C) for one hr, and stirred thoroughly by an electric stirrer .
The slurry was
vacuum-filtered through several layers of cheesecloth .
If 250-
300 ml of filtrate were not obtained, the plant material was washed with hot distilled water, and this filtrate was combined with the initial quantity .
The resulting solution was vacuum
filtered through a pad of Celite .
The filtrate was placed in a
1-L boiling flask set in a dry-ice and acetone bath frozen in a shell as far up as possible .
The frozen sample was placed in a
VirTis freeze dryer and dried, under high vacuum, to a dry powder .
The powder was transferred to a vial, weighed, and
refigerated . Preparation of extract Soluti ons for Parenteral adminiatration . 4 $thaaol Eztract .
A 550 mg aem~~le of the extract was placed
in a porcelain mortar with three to four ml of sterol diluent and stirred into a thick paste . total of 10 ml had been added .
Nore solvent was added until a Three drops of dimethyl aulfoxide
Vol . 8, No . 5
PLANT COMPOUND6
227
(DM.sU) were substituted for three drops of sterol diluent in order to dissolve aay large amount of residue present .
The
mixture was again stirred and ground to a fine-grained conaiatency and centrifuged at 1,500 rpm for five min .
One ml of isotonic
saline solution was added to obtain a concentration of 50 mg/ml, The resulting suspensions, were administered to mice intraperitoneally (IY), Aqueous extract .
a 25o mg sample of the freeze dried
acFueous extract was finely ground in a porcelain mortar .
A
amall amount of isotonic saline solution was added to form a paste,
D.ore saline was added until a total of 10 ml had been
added (a concentration of 25 mg/ml) .
The solution was then
stirred and ground until all the material had dissolved .
This
preparation was administered to mice Ii~ or intravenously (IV), Calculation of Doses . volume
The doses administered were measured by
(10,25, or 50 mg/ml)
but are reported by weight .
It was
assumed that the specific gravity of the solutions was one . Doses were at Hriggsian log intervals for lethality determinations and at half log intervals for effective dose determinations (1 .9 to 600 mg/kg) . Administration and Determination of Bioloxical Activity .
Repli-
Gate groups of two male, Swiss albino, Caesarean-derived mic®, weighing 20 to 30 g, were given each extract Ip (if particles were observed in the solution) or IY (if the solution was clear) and retained for observation (up to 24 hr) until death or until normal overt behavior patterns returned .
The room temperature
was 24 ° to 28 °C, with the humidity ranging from 90 to 3096 during the day and from 60 to 709fî during the night .
The mice (in groups
of 20) were trouaed overnight in plastic, metal-topped, cages (9 z 19 x 5 in) prior to injection .
After the extracts rare
'
PLANT COMPOUNDS
228
Vol . 8, No. 5
administered, the mice were transferred to similar but smaller cages (6 z 11 z 5 in) in groupa of two for observation . and water were available adlibitum .
Food
Time of injection,
reactions displayed, and time of death were recorded . Following is a list of symptoms observed in mice and those routinely checked by an observer : I,
Autonomic . a . Lye . 1 . Mioaia or Hydriaaia . 2, Lacrimation . 3, htosis . 4 . ~xoYhthalmoa or ~ndophthalmoa . B . Cardiovascular-Respiratory . I . Cyanosis . 2 . Hypopnea or Hyperpaea . 3, Gasping . 4 . apnea or Dyapnea . 5 . increased or decreased respiratory rate . 6 . Increased or decreased respiratory depth . C, Gastrointestinal-Urogenital . 1 . salivation . 2 . Diarrhea and/or bloody urine . 3 . Involuntary urination and/or defection. D. Skin l . Peripheral vasoconstriction or vasodilation . 2 . Yiloerection . 3 . Hypothermia or Hyperthermia . II . Somatic . A, ?iotor . 1 . Increased or decreased activity . 2 . Forelimb, hindlimb weakness . 3, Forelimb, ktindlimb apaaticity, 4 . Ataxia and Prostration. 5 . Tremors . 6 . Faaciculationa . 7 . ~ubconvulaive jerking, Clinic, and/or Tonic convulsions . 8 . Straub tail, 9 . Opisthotonoa and/or Nyatagmua . B, Sensory. 1 . Vertical rod - motor deficit test . 2 . Horizontal wire - motor deficit teat . 3 . Depression of reflexes : Pinna, Yaia (pinch), Light, and/or Corneal . 4 . kighting reflex absent . 5, Hypersensitivity to touch and/or sound. III . Behavorial . A. Restlessness and/or Circling movements . B. Defensive or Aggressive hostility . IV . Hiscellaneoua . A. Abnormal discharges (specify), B, Unusual behavior patterns (specify) .
Vol . 8, No. 5
PLANT COMPOIINDS
Chemical Analysis of Ylant extracts .
229
The mathoda utilized for
determining the presence or absence of alkaloids, aaponina, tannins, and flavonoida in plant extracts were those described by wall et al . l liydrocyanic acid l.reaence was investigated in one extract by forming the tFriocyanate, acidifying, and mixing with ferric chloride teat solution . ? Fleaults 'fhe adueoua extract of Sriama uncinatum (Vochyaiaceae) was active to 2 mg/kg ; no ocher extract produced reactions in mice at or below this level .
Chemical teats revealed that
tannins and flavonoida were present in the plant . ~terculia prurience (Sterculiaceae) was positive to teats for lrydrocyanic acid which Presumably is the reason the acFueoua extract was so toxic . luomoea ochroleuca (Convolvulaceae), Homalium foetidum (b" lacourtiaceae), ~senbeckia lrilocarpuides (ltutaceae), ~arrttroxylum clava-herculis (xutaceae), and Paulicourea ri~ida (kubiaceae) were tire only Plants wFrich gave positive reaulta to tests for alkaloids . xefer to 'fable 1 for 1.F~armacological-toxicological results ar~d Table 2 for results of tFie chemical tests . Discussion references indicate that alkaloids are present in the genus lr,owoea ((:c,uvolvulaceae)b :~yctunthes arbor-tristia (Uleaceae) ; raulicourea rikida (kubiaceae)9 and Lanthoxylum clava-herculla (riutacede)~+ 10,11 acrd that t~rn+~ins ar+d flavonoida are present
irr Licucria riuida (ltoaaceae} which agrees with reaulta reported here .
r.urrava koenix ü lxutacea~ and species of the genus
230
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Vol . 8, No. 5
PLANT COMPOUNDS
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m
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Vol . 8, No. 5
PLANT COIVIPOUND3
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PLANT COMPOiTNDS
232
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Vol . 8, No . 5
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Vol . 8, No. 5
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PLANT COMPOUNDS
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233
234
PLANT COMPOUNDS
Vol. 8, No . 5
TABLE 2 Preliminary chemical analysis of 25 plants . Family g Species Connaraceae Connarua suberosa Ylanch .
Classes of Comgounda Investigated alkaloida~ Sam onina~ Tannina~ Flavonoidâ A D -
-
Convolvulaceae lpomoea ochroleuca Span .
Tr
Tr
üuphorbiaceae .~ntideama dallachyanum lia ill .
-
-
flacourtiaceae Homalium foetidum lienth .
Tr
Tr
Icacinaceae Dieduaanthera papuana i3ecc ) üoward
-
Leguminosae Chamaecriata robusta Pollard
-
1+
-
+
Tr +
Tr
-
Tr
Tr
-
-
Tr
-
1+
1+
+
Tr
lwlkaloids (.~) and ,iuaternary crlkaluids (ß) . Ai :eyer's reagent and confirmation used for alkaloid detection . ~uirrine gave a positive response with }layerrs reagent at O .~)Olt6 ; ptrysostigmine gave a positive response at 0 .01, a negative response at 0 .00191 ; atropine was positive at 0 .0191, negative at 0 .00196 ; and 2caffeine gave a negative response at O .1'>b . (6) Tr = Trace . Saponin detection is based upon the degree of erythrocyte lysis and is standardized to measure a 0 .0116 concentration of Saponin ; thus, the test limit is already established . -= no seponina Present, red cells in sediment, clear solution, no hymolysis . 1+=sayonin present, many red cells in sediment, alight-pink colored solution . 2+=sagouin present, some red cells irr sediment, pink-colored solution . 3+~aaponin present, few red cells in sediment, dark-pink colored solution . 4+= aaponin, few red cells in sediment, dark-mink colored solution . 3Tannin content was estimated by the response of the a~lueous extract to gelatin-salt reagent and confirmed by the black color Produced with the ferric chloride test solution . Tannic 4 acid gave a response at O.OOl~o . Tr = Trace ; color ambiguous . Flavouoid content was estimated by acidifying a portion of the et .:anol extract with hydrochloric acid and adding magnesi.~rm turnings . .+ reddish color irr:iicated the presence of flavonoid . ttutirr gave a positive response at 0 .016, but a negative response at 0 .0017 . Tr - Trace ; color pale red.
Vol . 8, No. 5
family ~ species
PLANT COMPOUNDS
I .+lkaloids Chases
235
of Coo~pounds Investigated SaDOniRD Tannins Flavonoid
uleaceae a~yctanthes arbortristis L .
A
B
Tr
-
1+
+
+
Yassifloraceae Yassiflora coccinea wubl .
-
-
1+
+
+
xosaceae Licania rigida rienth .
-
-
-
+
+
rtubiaceae raulicourea rikida bunth .
Tr
+
1+
Tr
Kutaceae ldsenbeckia pilo carpoides Kunth.
Tr
+
2+
Tr
ltutaceae biurraya koenixü Spreng .
-
-
1+
+
rtutaceae ~anthoxylum clavaherculis L .
+
+
~terculiaceae duttneria aculeata Jacq .
-
-
1+
Tr
aterculiaceae ~terculia vruriens Aubl 5chum .
-
-
-
+
.iterculiaceae fheobroma apeciosa willd . ex ~preng .
-
-
2+
+
'filiaceae Mollia burchelii aprague
-
Tr
-
-
+
Tiliaceae Luehea specioaa willd .
-
-
-
Tr
+
Umbelliferae ~ryngium ~r iatia Cham . ö~ Schl .
-
-
l+
+
+
'HLN also present .
Tr
+~
238
PLANT COMPOUNDS
Family & ~peciea Urticaceae Cypholouhua heterophyllus wedd .
Vol. 8, No . 5
Classes of Compounds Investigated Alkaloids Savonin¢ Tannins Flavonoid A B
Yerbenacese Yitex cofaasua keinw .
-
-
1+
Vitaceae V.itia rotundifolia ~mall) Michx .
-
-
-
+
+
Yochyaiaceae criama uncinatum warm .
-
-
-
+
+
-
3+
+
Tr
Yochyaiaceae ual a multiflora Mart, var . pubeacena (Mart) ~tapfl . Lingiberaceae Hedychium coronarium Koenig .
Tr
+
Tr
Vol . 8, No . 5
PLANT COMPOUNDS
237
Connarua (Connaraceae) have given positive results to teata .for alkaloids12,13 which was not confirmed in thin paper, Summary In this study, aqueous and 95YG ethenol extrecta of both temperate and tropical flora were administered to mice to determine any possible pharmacological action and were analyzed chemically for the presence or absence of alkaloids, aaponins, tannins, and flavonoids .
Twenty-five species of planta,
represei :ting 19 families and 25 genera, were used . Pharmacological activity, mostly depressant, was recorded for lU of the 25 slants .
Tannins were present in 22 species,
sasonins in 13 si~ecies, flavonoids in 14 species, und alkaloids in 5 si~ecies . keferences 1,
r: . i: . ~iHLL, i. . i~i . i~ nlüu .si<, C . N . Ctt wdG~\, C . K . EUUY, J . J . ,r1LL .ab:.~.~\, B . 5 . (:~xLLL, and li . S, lir:rTitY, J, e~m . Yharm . Asaoc . . ~ci . Ed , Xi,IIl , 11 (1954) .
2,
t; . G . Nl,~i:T~t ., ..Y, ~ . i) . ~C :~~TT and G . H . üwUfTMHNN, Econ . Bot 21, z38, (1967) .
3,
c . G. nGicTaiLC:Y and C . U . ~CiitrTT, Toxicon ~, 73 (1967),
4.
+. . G . ~.~ .tT1iLLY and C . U . sl:.~(:TT, Lloydia 2S, 123 (1966) .
5,
~ . c . G~li1.U and L . C . ivtrYC~, Huthora of Plant Genera, New Haven, The Connecticut Hgricultural Experimental :ion station (1965) .
6.
it,
ù~ .;i:lc.Li.G and N, k . i~ .ai~il~j .rhtt`l'H, Lloydia ~, 176 (1962),
7"
1~ .
B'r.1la :.L,
8.
.+ . H . LGi~ r~.iitil~aaral .+N, Pharmaco¢noaY of Morning Glories , Yh .U, 'thesis, üingaton, U, of ithode Island (1966) .
9,
J . J . .~iLi..aAi :aN and ~ . G . ~C~iUBGitT, Alkaloid Bearintc Planta and their Contained wlkaloids . waehingtoa, D. C,, ~ui~eri~itendeat of Uocwuenta 1961) .
uuilitative Analysis by Spot Teats . Nordeman YubllahinR Co ., Inc . (19391 .
New York,
PLANT COMPOUNDS
238
Vol. 8, No. 5
Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger
10 .
~ . l' . CLAU5, 1'harmacoAnosy .
11,
lt . A . Vt[vi::j, Treea ~hruba and Wooda Vinea of the SouthWeat . Austin, U, of Texas Yreas 19
1~ .
A, b . 1~IANG, U . UVUi~1.Ao, ~and F . Yharmacol . ~, 98 (1961) .
13 .
W . tfUANG and J
(1959) .
(1959) .
MUrt~1~~GÜ,
J . Yharm .
Y . T~wI, J . Taiwan pharm z Asaoc . 11~ 66