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Biomass gasification system and method
07 Alternative energy sources (bioconversion energy) MJ t -1 grain) and wheat (6646 MJ t t grain) indicating that soybean is the most energy-investment intensive crop. Regarding energy intensiveness the results were contrary to EUE. Energy intensiveness (MJ R s -l) was higher in wheat (1.40) followed by mustard (1.11), soybean (0.89) and chickpea (0.87) and the soybean-wheat system (1.13) emerged as the most energy-intensive system compared to soybeanmustard (0.97) and soybean-chickpea (0.88). Though the net return from soybean-wheat was marginally higher than other systems, the soybean-chickpea system is more suitable in the central ecological niche of India due to its low requirement for non-renewable resources, higher EUE and benefit-cost ratio.
03100636
Biogas from the large kitchen
Frey, P. and Franik, R. Praxis der Naturwissenschaften, Chemic in der Schule, 2002, 51, (2), 12-13, (In German) This paper looks at the formation of biogas from kitchen waste. The construction of a model reactor is described. Reaction equations are derived.
03100637
Biogas in agriculture - aged and yet brand new
Wagner, R. Praxis der Naturwissenschaften, Biologic in der Schule, 2002, 51, (2), 24-28. (In German) Conditions and the four steps of methane formation are characterized. Components of agricultural biogas plants and the purification and utilization of biogas are described. Cofermentation of liquid manure and advantages of fermented liquid manure are considered.
03100638 Biomass cofiring: a feasibility study for cofiring agricultural and other wastes with coal at Penn State University Miller, B. G. et al. Proceedings of the International Technical Conference on Coal Utilization & Fuel Systems, 2002, 2, (27), 10851095. A feasibility analysis was performed on the installation of a state-of-art circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler with a ceramic filter emission control device for the co-firing of various biofuels and wastes with coal. The economics of steam production and accessibility of the biofuels and wastes are studied. The activities include the assembling system and infrastructure requirements for the system design, biomass resourced assessment, collection and analysis of representative samples, assessment of material handling, deposition and emission. The performed analysis included the conceptual design, development and costs assessment for a multiyear test program of the CFB boiler system, and the development of tests programs for different operation conditions.
03100639 Biomass cofiring: Results of technology progress from the cooperative agreement between EPRI and USDOE Tillman, D. et al. Proceedings of the International Technical Conference on Coal Utilization & Fuel Systems, 2002, 1, (27), 187-202. This paper reviews the cofiring programme resulting from the USDOE-EPRI Cooperative Agreement along with its accomplishments. The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) of the US Department of Energy (USDOE) initiated a cooperative agreement in 1995 to develop biomass cofiring in coal-fired boilers. EPRI and its primary contractor, Foster Wheeler, brought initial technology development to the agreement along with substantial participating partners including The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), GPU Genco, Northern Indiana Public Service Company (NIPSCO), and other significant electricity generating utilities in the USS. The EPRI-USDOE Cooperative Agreement capitalized upon initial cofiring research and testing at TVA and GPU Genco sites. Additional, the EPRI cofiring demonstration effort included the development of supporting information necessary for power plant testing. Once in place, the EPRI-USDOE Cooperative Agreement permitted the development of test and demonstration programmes at the Michigan City and Bailly Generating Stations of NIPSCO, the Seward Generating Station of GPU Genco, and the Albright Generating Station of Allegheny Energy Supply Co., LLC. These tests and demonstrations were of sufficient duration to bring cofiring to a technical point where the issues associated with complete deployment could readily be identified and resolved. Numerous technological developments resulted from this cooperative agreement-developments that have positioned cofiring for complete implementation.
03/00640
Biomass gasification system and method
Paisley, M. A. PCT. Int. Appl. WO 02 50,214 (Cl. C10J), 27 Jun 2002, US Appl. PV257,427. 21 Dec 2000.30. An improved system and method is provided for operating a parallel entrainment fluidized bed gasifier system. A first aspect of the present invention relates to a method for reducing ash agglomeration in a parallel entrainment fluidized bed gasifier/combustor system by adding a quantity of MgO to the feedstock used in the gasifier/combustor system. A second aspect of the present invention relates to an
apparatus and method for reducing erosion at piping bends in fluidized particulate piping systems which utilizes sand retention cavities positioned to receive and retain a portion of the fluidized particulate. A third aspect of the present invention relates to an apparatus and method for facilitating the flow of sand and char fragments from a first compartment to a second compartment while minimizing the flow of gases between the first and second compartments.
03•00641 Biomass yield and quality of 20 switchgrass populations in southern Iowa, USA Lemus, R. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2002, 23, (6), 433-442. Renewable bioenergy could be supplied by high yielding grass crops, such as switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). Successful development of a bioenergy industry will depend on identifying cultivars with high yield potential and acceptable biofuel quality. The objective of this study was .to evaluate 20 switchgrass populations in a field study planted in May 1997 in southern Iowa, USA. The populations included released cultivars and experimental germplasm of both upland and lowland ecotypes. Yield, plant height, stand, lodging, leaf:stem ratio, cell wall fibre, total plant nitrogen, and ash were determined on all entries between 1998 and 2001. Ultimate and proximate analyses together with chlorine and major oxide determinations were made on three cuhivars in 2000 and 2001. Biomass yield was determined from a single autumn harvest each year. The lowland cultivars 'Alamo' and ~Kanlow' produced the most biomass, exceeding the production of the widely recommended upland cuhivar 'Cave-In-Rock'. Other traits differed among the cultivars, although the range was less than that for yield. The differences among years were substantially greater for the ultimate, proximate, and major oxide analyses than differences among cultivars. The highest yielding cultivars had low ash, slightly lower fibre concentrations, and moderate levels of important minerals, suggesting that excellent germplasm is available for biofuel production. The persistence of the lowland cultivars in southern Iowa may need more research because the winters during the experiment were mild.
03•00642 Composting of a crop residue through treatment with microorganisms and subsequent vermicomposting Singh, A. and Sharma, S. Bioresource Technology, 2002, 85, (2), 107111, Preliminary studies were conducted on wheat straw to test the technical viability of an integrated system of composting, with bioinoculants and subsequent vermicomposting, to overcome the problem of lignocellulosic waste degradation, especially during the winter season. Wheat straw was pre-decomposed for 40 days by inoculating it with Pleurotus safi~r-caju, Trichoderma harzianum, Aspergillus niger and Azotobacter chroococcum in different combinations. This was followed by vermicomposting for 30 days. Chemical analysis of the samples showed a significant decrease in cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents during pre-decomposition and vermicomposting. The N, P, K content increased significantly during pre-decomposition with bioinoculants. The best quality compost, based on chemical analysis, was prepared where the substrate was treated with all the four bioinoculants together followed by vermicomposting. Results indicated that the combination of both the systems reduced the overall time required for composting and accelerated the composting of ligno-cellulosic waste during the winter season besides producing a nutrient-enriched compost product.
03/00643 Effect of climatic, design and operational parameters on the yield of a simple solar still AI-Hinai, H. et Ell. Energy Conversion and Management, 2002.43. (13), 1639-1650. This paper reports the use of a mathematical model to predict the productivity of a simple solar still under different climatic, design and operational parameters in Oman. The shallow water basin, 23 ° cover tilt angle, 0.1 m insulation thickness and asphalt coating of the solar still were found to be the optimum design parameters that produced an average annual solar still yield of 4.15 kg/m 2 day. A cost analysis is performed to shed some light on the potential of utilizing an array of simple solar stills for the production of drinking water in remote areas in Oman, It was found that the unit cost for distilled water obtained from such an array of solar stills is $74/1000 gal.
03/00644 Effect of seawater on treatment performance and microbial population in a biofilter treating coke-oven wastewater Lim, B. et al. Process Biochemistry, 2002, 37, (9), 943 948. The treatment performance and microbial population of two biofilters treating seawater-diluted and freshwater-diluted coke-oven wastewaters, respectively, were compared in this study. The treatment performance did not differ between the two biofilters. The DOC (dissolved organic C) removal efficiency for coke-oven wastewater was as low as 50% at a DOC volumetric loading of 0.7 kg C/m3-day, while the fractional BOD removal was as high as 90%. This fact indicated that some less biodegradable, i.e. refractory, organic matter remained in the effluent of the biological treatment process without degradation
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 2003
87
03100636
Biogas from the large kitchen
Frey, P. and Franik, R. Praxis der Naturwissenschaften, Chemic in der Schule, 2002, 51, (2), 12-13, (In German) This paper looks at the formation of biogas from kitchen waste. The construction of a model reactor is described. Reaction equations are derived.
03100637
Biogas in agriculture - aged and yet brand new
Wagner, R. Praxis der Naturwissenschaften, Biologic in der Schule, 2002, 51, (2), 24-28. (In German) Conditions and the four steps of methane formation are characterized. Components of agricultural biogas plants and the purification and utilization of biogas are described. Cofermentation of liquid manure and advantages of fermented liquid manure are considered.
03100638 Biomass cofiring: a feasibility study for cofiring agricultural and other wastes with coal at Penn State University Miller, B. G. et al. Proceedings of the International Technical Conference on Coal Utilization & Fuel Systems, 2002, 2, (27), 10851095. A feasibility analysis was performed on the installation of a state-of-art circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler with a ceramic filter emission control device for the co-firing of various biofuels and wastes with coal. The economics of steam production and accessibility of the biofuels and wastes are studied. The activities include the assembling system and infrastructure requirements for the system design, biomass resourced assessment, collection and analysis of representative samples, assessment of material handling, deposition and emission. The performed analysis included the conceptual design, development and costs assessment for a multiyear test program of the CFB boiler system, and the development of tests programs for different operation conditions.
03100639 Biomass cofiring: Results of technology progress from the cooperative agreement between EPRI and USDOE Tillman, D. et al. Proceedings of the International Technical Conference on Coal Utilization & Fuel Systems, 2002, 1, (27), 187-202. This paper reviews the cofiring programme resulting from the USDOE-EPRI Cooperative Agreement along with its accomplishments. The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) of the US Department of Energy (USDOE) initiated a cooperative agreement in 1995 to develop biomass cofiring in coal-fired boilers. EPRI and its primary contractor, Foster Wheeler, brought initial technology development to the agreement along with substantial participating partners including The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), GPU Genco, Northern Indiana Public Service Company (NIPSCO), and other significant electricity generating utilities in the USS. The EPRI-USDOE Cooperative Agreement capitalized upon initial cofiring research and testing at TVA and GPU Genco sites. Additional, the EPRI cofiring demonstration effort included the development of supporting information necessary for power plant testing. Once in place, the EPRI-USDOE Cooperative Agreement permitted the development of test and demonstration programmes at the Michigan City and Bailly Generating Stations of NIPSCO, the Seward Generating Station of GPU Genco, and the Albright Generating Station of Allegheny Energy Supply Co., LLC. These tests and demonstrations were of sufficient duration to bring cofiring to a technical point where the issues associated with complete deployment could readily be identified and resolved. Numerous technological developments resulted from this cooperative agreement-developments that have positioned cofiring for complete implementation.
03/00640
Biomass gasification system and method
Paisley, M. A. PCT. Int. Appl. WO 02 50,214 (Cl. C10J), 27 Jun 2002, US Appl. PV257,427. 21 Dec 2000.30. An improved system and method is provided for operating a parallel entrainment fluidized bed gasifier system. A first aspect of the present invention relates to a method for reducing ash agglomeration in a parallel entrainment fluidized bed gasifier/combustor system by adding a quantity of MgO to the feedstock used in the gasifier/combustor system. A second aspect of the present invention relates to an
apparatus and method for reducing erosion at piping bends in fluidized particulate piping systems which utilizes sand retention cavities positioned to receive and retain a portion of the fluidized particulate. A third aspect of the present invention relates to an apparatus and method for facilitating the flow of sand and char fragments from a first compartment to a second compartment while minimizing the flow of gases between the first and second compartments.
03•00641 Biomass yield and quality of 20 switchgrass populations in southern Iowa, USA Lemus, R. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2002, 23, (6), 433-442. Renewable bioenergy could be supplied by high yielding grass crops, such as switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). Successful development of a bioenergy industry will depend on identifying cultivars with high yield potential and acceptable biofuel quality. The objective of this study was .to evaluate 20 switchgrass populations in a field study planted in May 1997 in southern Iowa, USA. The populations included released cultivars and experimental germplasm of both upland and lowland ecotypes. Yield, plant height, stand, lodging, leaf:stem ratio, cell wall fibre, total plant nitrogen, and ash were determined on all entries between 1998 and 2001. Ultimate and proximate analyses together with chlorine and major oxide determinations were made on three cuhivars in 2000 and 2001. Biomass yield was determined from a single autumn harvest each year. The lowland cultivars 'Alamo' and ~Kanlow' produced the most biomass, exceeding the production of the widely recommended upland cuhivar 'Cave-In-Rock'. Other traits differed among the cultivars, although the range was less than that for yield. The differences among years were substantially greater for the ultimate, proximate, and major oxide analyses than differences among cultivars. The highest yielding cultivars had low ash, slightly lower fibre concentrations, and moderate levels of important minerals, suggesting that excellent germplasm is available for biofuel production. The persistence of the lowland cultivars in southern Iowa may need more research because the winters during the experiment were mild.
03•00642 Composting of a crop residue through treatment with microorganisms and subsequent vermicomposting Singh, A. and Sharma, S. Bioresource Technology, 2002, 85, (2), 107111, Preliminary studies were conducted on wheat straw to test the technical viability of an integrated system of composting, with bioinoculants and subsequent vermicomposting, to overcome the problem of lignocellulosic waste degradation, especially during the winter season. Wheat straw was pre-decomposed for 40 days by inoculating it with Pleurotus safi~r-caju, Trichoderma harzianum, Aspergillus niger and Azotobacter chroococcum in different combinations. This was followed by vermicomposting for 30 days. Chemical analysis of the samples showed a significant decrease in cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents during pre-decomposition and vermicomposting. The N, P, K content increased significantly during pre-decomposition with bioinoculants. The best quality compost, based on chemical analysis, was prepared where the substrate was treated with all the four bioinoculants together followed by vermicomposting. Results indicated that the combination of both the systems reduced the overall time required for composting and accelerated the composting of ligno-cellulosic waste during the winter season besides producing a nutrient-enriched compost product.
03/00643 Effect of climatic, design and operational parameters on the yield of a simple solar still AI-Hinai, H. et Ell. Energy Conversion and Management, 2002.43. (13), 1639-1650. This paper reports the use of a mathematical model to predict the productivity of a simple solar still under different climatic, design and operational parameters in Oman. The shallow water basin, 23 ° cover tilt angle, 0.1 m insulation thickness and asphalt coating of the solar still were found to be the optimum design parameters that produced an average annual solar still yield of 4.15 kg/m 2 day. A cost analysis is performed to shed some light on the potential of utilizing an array of simple solar stills for the production of drinking water in remote areas in Oman, It was found that the unit cost for distilled water obtained from such an array of solar stills is $74/1000 gal.
03/00644 Effect of seawater on treatment performance and microbial population in a biofilter treating coke-oven wastewater Lim, B. et al. Process Biochemistry, 2002, 37, (9), 943 948. The treatment performance and microbial population of two biofilters treating seawater-diluted and freshwater-diluted coke-oven wastewaters, respectively, were compared in this study. The treatment performance did not differ between the two biofilters. The DOC (dissolved organic C) removal efficiency for coke-oven wastewater was as low as 50% at a DOC volumetric loading of 0.7 kg C/m3-day, while the fractional BOD removal was as high as 90%. This fact indicated that some less biodegradable, i.e. refractory, organic matter remained in the effluent of the biological treatment process without degradation
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 2003
87