- Email: [email protected]
Blood Pressure Monitoring System using Wireless technologies
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ScienceDirect
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Procedia Computer Science 152 (2019) 267–273
International Conference on Pervasive Computing Advances and Applications – PerCAA 2019 International Conference on Pervasive Computing Advances and Applications – PerCAA 2019
Blood Pressure Monitoring System using Wireless technologies Blood Pressure Monitoring System using Wireless technologies Bharat Singha* , Shabana Uroojbb, Sakshi Mishracc, Surojeet Haldardd a* Bharat Singh , Shabana Urooj , Sakshi Mishra , Surojeet Haldar a,c,d a,c,d
Bharatividyapeeth College of Engineering,New Delhi,110063,India b Gautam Buddha University,Greter Noida,201308,India Bharatividyapeeth College of Engineering,New Delhi,110063,India b Gautam Buddha University,Greter Noida,201308,India
Abstract Abstract This paper presents a simple solution for monitoring blood pressure in an economic and user-friendly method. Combining the This paper a simple for monitoring blood pressure in an economic user-friendly method. Combining the concepts of presents Internet of Thingssolution with an Arduino microcontroller and a pressure sensor aand Blood Pressure Monitoring System using concepts of Internet of Things with an The Arduino microcontroller a pressure sensor a Bloodpeople Pressure System using Wireless Technologies are developed. project aims to setup and a network so that concerned can Monitoring remotely access patient’s Wireless Technologies areBluetooth developed.and TheWi-Fi project aims to setup a network so that concerned people remotely patient’s blood pressure readings. technology are used to access results on hand heldcan devices likeaccess mobiles, tabs, blood pressure Bluetooth and Wi-Fi technology are used access results on hand held devices like tabs, laptops etc. Thereadings. project also incorporates a prediction algorithm viatoMATLAB software program. Readings canmobiles, be recorded laptops The project also into incorporates a prediction algorithm via MATLAB Readings canforbetherecorded overtimeetc. manually and when the program such a data log is passed, it predictssoftware possible program. blood pressure values patient overtime manually andmedical when into the program such aof data log is passed, it predicts possible blood pressure values for the patient and as well as suggest assistance like dosage medicines and as well as suggest medical assistance like dosage of medicines © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under BY-NC-ND license Peer-review under responsibility of the the CC scientific committee of (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) the International Conference on Pervasive Computing Advances This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) and Applications – PerCAA 2019. Keywords: Drug Delivery System; Fuzzy Inference System; Mean Arterial Blood Pressure; Sodium Nitroprusside; Maximum a posteriori estimators Keywords: Drug Delivery System; Fuzzy Inference System; Mean Arterial Blood Pressure; Sodium Nitroprusside; Maximum a posteriori estimators
1. Introduction 1. Introduction In today’s world scenario most people with hectic schedules or suffering through immense stress often take their In today’s worldwhereas scenariosome mostdo people withhave hectic through immense stressissues ofteneventually take their health for granted, not even theschedules facilities or forsuffering regular health checkups. These health for granted,that whereas some do not regular health issues eventually buildup diseases can turn critical or even even have fatal.the Thefacilities current for generation has to checkups. live in an These environment which has buildup diseases stressful that can turn critical even fatal.For Theancurrent generation hasreported to live inthat an noise environment has some physically effects over or individuals. example it has been pollutionwhich in urban some physically stressful individuals. For an example ithike has been reported thatinnoise urban cities due to traffic or loudeffects soundsover from speakers cause a significant in blood pressure evenpollution a healthyinperson. cities due to traffichave or loud from speakers cause blood a significant hike in blood [1]-[6]. pressure in even a healthy person. Several reseaches beensounds made in field of automatic pressure monitoring Several reseaches have been of automatic blood pressure In monitoring [1]-[6]. (BP) reading, the systolic Millimeter of mercury or made mmHginisfield a manometric unit of pressure. a blood pressure Millimeter mercury or mmHg is a manometric unit In ventricular a blood pressure (BP) reading, the systole) systolic pressure is theof pressure exerted by blood on the arteries at of thepressure. time when contraction (also called pressure is the pressure exerted by blood on the arteries at the time when ventricular contraction (also called systole) occurs. occurs. * Bharat Singh. Tel.: +919015684701; fax: +0-000-000-0000 . * E-mail Bharat Singh. Tel.: +919015684701; fax: +0-000-000-0000 . address: [email protected]
E-mail address: [email protected]
1877-0509 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) 1877-0509 © 2019 Thearticle Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) 1877-0509 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Pervasive Computing Advances and Applications – PerCAA 2019. 10.1016/j.procs.2019.05.017
Bharat Singh et al. / Procedia Computer Science 152 (2019) 267–273 Bharat Singh / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
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Diastolic pressure is the pressure reading between two consecutive heartbeats. For an adult a normal resting blood pressure measurements are 120mmHg for systolic and 80mmHg for diastolic, also abbreviated as 120/80 mmHg. Irregular BP categories into two medical conditions namely hypertension and hypotension. Hypertension is when the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently raised above 130/90 or 140/90 mmHg. Hypotension is low blood pressure, mainly in the arteries of the circulation system (below 90/60mmHg) [7]. BP measurement is divided into invasive blood pressure measurement and non-invasive blood pressure measurement. The project is based upon noninvasive blood pressure measurement [8]. There is a significant increase in cardio vascular diseases (CVD) due to hypertension. UN Sustainable Development Goals draws spotlight to the necessity of controlling high rates of hypertension so that a target of reducing non-communicable diseases by 1/3rd can be achieved by 2030. According to estimations about 400500,000 premature deaths can be prevent by better hypertension control [9]. Patients throughout world could be at a great benefit if they have an economical access to this real-time BP monitoring system which has a user-friendly interface, such that anyone can learn how to operate. The project offers a compact hardware system which is easily portable hence travel friendly. Wireless communication through Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, gives us the ability to overcome geographical, cultural and linguistic barriers so that patients can instantly share their BP readings with their doctors. Practitioners can recognize any irregularities by simply referring the chart. The Blood Pressure Monitoring System using Wireless Technologies (BMPS) makes home-monitoring of patients’ BP easier and improves the doctor-patient relationship. The system offers regular online monitoring for a patient that proposes more enhanced diagnosis as well as improvement in efficiency and quality of administration even during the absence of the doctor. 2. Components and Technology Used There are multiple modules used in this system that serve their respective purpose. The following text has a small description of each module. 2.1. Pressure Sensor: BMP180 BMP180 is a barometric pressure sensor with altitude and temperature sensor. The BMP180 sensor is built upon the piezo-resistive technology for EMC robustness, high precision with linearity and also for long term stability [10].
Fig. 1. ESP8266-12E based Node MCU
Fig. 2. ESP8266-12E based Node MCU
The BMP180 comprises of a piezo-resistive sensor, control unit by E2PROM, an analog to digital converter and a serial I2C interface. Sensor BMP180 conveys the uncompensated data of temperature and pressure. Microcontroller directs a start sequence to initiate a pressure or temperature calculation. After translating time, the outcome value (pressure or temperature respectively) is extracted via the I2C interface. For computing temperature in °C and pressure in hPA, the calibrated data obtained initially must be utilized. [11] 2.2. Node-MCU With Wi-Fi Technology A Wi-Fi wireless network works via radio waves, just the way mobile phones, TV sets and radios do. Communication across a wireless network is majorly like to the two-way communication. The data is converted into a radio signal by a computer's wireless adapter and then it gets transmitted by an antenna. A wireless router collects
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the signal and decodes it. The router transmits the data via a channel to the Internet by means of a physical and established, wired ethernet connection. The procedure also functions in inverse, since the router can receive the information from the Internet, then convert it into a radio signal and transmit it to the wireless adapter of the computer. The NodeMCU module is an open source Internet of Things based platform. It is fitted with a firmware which works on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems. 2.3. Bluetooth Technology With HC-05 Module Bluetooth is derived from the Master and Slave model. Its network architecture called the Piconet can allow connection of up to 7 devices to the master. The master equipment can coordinate communication all over the piconet, send and receive data from its slave. Bluetooth can exceed the 100 meter range.
Fig.3.HC-05 Bluetooth Module
Fig. 4. L293D dual motor driver H bridge module board
The HC-05 is a Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port Protocol) module. By default the HC-05 module is set as slave. Supply voltage to the module can be from3.3V to 5V.Pins in the module are enable key, Vcc, ground, TX(transmitter), RX(Receiver) and state. 2.4. Internet Of Things The Internet of Things (IoT) is the web of physical gadgets, home appliances, vehicles, and other embedded devices with electronic components, firmware, measuring devices, actuators, and connectivity which allows all these objects to connect and exchange information [11]. Each object is exclusively distinguishable via its embedded computing system but it also has the ability to inter-operate through the prevailing Internet setup. [6] When sensors and actuators are augmented with IoT, the technology develops an instance of the more general class of cyberphysical systems, which also incorporates technologies such as smart grids, virtual power plants, smart homes, intelligent transportation and smart cities. 2.5. L293d Dual Motor Driver H Bridge Module Board It uses the popular l293d motor driver IC. It drives 2 dc motors in both the directions. 2.6. KPM27H Mini Air Pump Motor This is an air pump motor. It operates on 12 VDC nominal and Current of 300 mA. Maximum pressure that this can exert by pumping air is 350 mm-Hg
Bharat Singh et al. / Procedia Computer Science 152 (2019) 267–273 Bharat Singh / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
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Fig. 5. KPM27H Mini Air Pump Motor
Fig. 6. Arduino Uno
2.7. Arduino Uno With ATmega328P Microcontroller Build on the ATmega328P IC the Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board. Its pin configuration is that it has 14 digital output or input pins out of which PWM outputs can be produced by 6 pins. In addition to them there are 6 analog inputs, This microcontroller board can be programmed with the Arduino Software (IDE). 3. Wireless Blood Pressure Monitoring System Description The goal of the project is to propose a system for flexible management structure allowing a network having easy integration of heterogeneous sensors. The purpose of designing the system is to send BP readings quickly. Being economical and portable it can be used at majority of places. The traditional method of BP monitoring consists of readings being taken by a practitioner, which are then recorded onto a paper. The paper then serves its purpose to help administer the BP record of the patient. Air is pumped and released manually by a bulb up to a limit. A stethoscope is needed to monitor the pulse to guess the expected blood flow from the artery. This requires skill and knowledge. The project eliminates the need of any manual assistance by making pressure sensing, air pumping and release automatic, as well as no need of prior knowledge for proper functioning of the system is required. BPMS eliminates the requirement of any person to supervise the patient and the system. [14]. 3.1. Architecture The flowchart shown in fig 7 represents interconnections of components in the wireless blood pressure monitoring system Similar to a mercury sphygmomanometer the BPMS consists of an inflatable cuff. A KPM27H Mini Air Pump is required to inflate the cuff via a pipe. The valve guides the air flow between the air pump and the cuff. The H-bridge motor driver controls and commands the valve as well as the air pump. The pressure sensor BMP180 is sealed inside an air tight case. NodeMCU serves as a microcontroller for receiving and transferring signals with other parts of the system. The instructions and algorithms are fed to NodeMCU via Arduino IDE 1.8.5.
Fig. 7. Block Diagram of BMPS
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3.2. Working The cuff is wrapped around the arm (preferably left) at the same level near the heart. When the start button is pushed by the user, the command gets recognised and the air pump inflates the cuff up to 180mmHg of pressure which is simultaneously read by the pressure sensor. The valve is signalled to close the air pipe pathway so that the air pressure remains in the cuff. When air cuff is fully inflated, a very minute volume of blood movement occurs inside the artery. The blood flow exerts a pressure on to the arterial wall and establishes noticeable vibrations in the arterial wall. When the cuff pressure drops such that it is under the patient's diastolic pressure, blood flows easily through the artery with the usual pulses, minus any vibration being established in the wall. The vibrations are conveyed from the arterial wall, through the air within the cuff, into a casing which seals the pressure sensor BMP180 inside. The vibrations cause change in pressure in the air column via the air tube and then within the casing which the BMP180 realizes. The pressure sensor converts the measurements into electrical signal. The value of pressure is calibrated to units of mmHg by the sensor itself. This value is the systolic BP. This measurement is send to the NodeMCU [15]. For display of BP value wireless technology is employed. HC-05 Bluetooth module is utilised to connect to other Bluetooth compatible devices. An app Bluetooth Terminal HC-05 is used here for the purpose of connection. Once the value gets uploaded to the microcontroller it sends tha data by serial communication through the Bluetooth module, to the gadget (like mobile, tablet, computer etc.) which displays the BP readings. Another wireless communication method Wi-Fi is also employed. NodeMCU comes with an inbuilt ESP826612E chip. The NodeMCU can be connected to an existing wireless network or it can also serve as a hotspot and provide a network connection on its own. In both cases the Wi-Fi chip exhibits a characteristic IP address. Devices connected to the same networks as the NodeMCU is connected to or connected to the network connection setup by the ESP8266-12E itself can access the IP address. The network connection is secured by WAP protocol. The IP address is entered into the address bar of any web browser. Once the connection is set between the device and NodeMCU a HTML webpage gets loaded which displays the patient’s readings. BP readings are simultaneously noted in an excel sheet. The MATLAB program offers Neural Network Training application which has been used here to employ the prediction algorithm. A patient’s medicinal dosages are recorded manually in an excel sheet with respect to time. These dosage readings are passed as input to the neural network configuration. The predicted output shall be the expected values of BP. To start of with the program, the appropriate number of neurons are set for better accuracy and trained until desired precision is obtained. 4. Observations Multiple trials on various people have derived a more accurate system. When the system measured the BP of those candidates who didn’t exhibit any blood pressure related medical problems or any CVDs, the readings ranged from 110mmHg to 135mmHg for systolic. When measurements were done on a patient of hypertension, the readings ranged from 150-160mmHg. Android devices installed with HC-05 bluetooth terminal application displayed the readings. Mobile devices with Wi-Fi connection as mentioned also displayed the readings when the IP addresses were accessed by the user.
Fig. 8. Webpage display on Wi-Fi connected device
MATLAB prediction program when ran for a patient of hypertension with respective medicinal dosages for each BP value following results were obtained. Fig 9 shows the neural network training results and in fig 10 predicted blood
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pressure are shown and accordingly drug dose can be evaluated. 140 120
BP(mmhg)
100 80 60 40 20 0
Fig. 9. Neural Network Trainer Result
0
5
10
15 Time(sec)
20
25
30
Fig. 10. Graphical plot of forecasted BP readings
The Arduino IDE serial plotter exhibits the graph which shows the variation in the pressure of blood in the artery of the candidate upon whom the experiment was conducted
Fig. 11.Arduino Serial Monitor displaying Result
5. Conclusion The motive of making the project economic is achieved as the project costs less than thousand Rupees. Only one command to start is required by the system which is processed by pressing a button, hence operation is easy. Absence of any wires or bulky components makes is compact, flexible and travel friendly. Connecting to the network a doctor can administer the patient’s data from a distance successfully. A memory component can be incorporated into the system such that it holds the data log. This may help in saving data electronically and automatically rather than recording it manually. Modern day health apps can calibrate with the system such that they can also monitor and advice medical assistance. The prediction program can be fed to medical machines which can use this data to automatically release appropriate medicinal dosage invasively in cases of emergency. This can reduce the time needed by practitioners to save lives. Extreme BP readings if noted by the system then emergency contacts are informed immediately. References [1]
H. Tuzel (1974), “Sodium nitroprusside: a review of its clinical effectiveness as a hypotensive agent,” The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 14(10):. 494–502.
[2]
P. Engeser, R. Roeßle, and J. Pill, (1982), “E_ects of long term infusion of sodium nitroprusside on iron and thiocyanate in rabbits,” Archives of Toxicology, 51(4): 323–328.
[3]
K. Chakravarty and D. Dalal, (2017) “An analytical study of drug release to biological tissues through endocytosis,” International Journal of Dynamics and Control. 1–12.
[4]
Koyel Chakravarty and D C Dalal. (2016) “A two-layer mathematical modelling of drug delivery to biological tissues,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series 759(1): 12–23.
[5]
L. C. Sheppard.(1980), “Computer control of the infusion of vasoactive drugs,” Annals of biomedical engineering 8( 4-6) : 431–444.
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[6]
Bharat Singh and Shabana Urooj(2018) “Intravenous Drug Delivery System for Blood Pressure Patient Based on Adaptive Parameter Estimation” International Journal of Natural Computing Research 7( 3): 42-53.
[7] [8]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotension_ M. Huang, J. Huang, J. You and G. Jong, "The Wireless Sensor Network for Home-Care System Using ZigBee," Third International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing (IIH-MSP 2007), Kaohsiung, 2007, pp. 643-646.
[9]
R. Gupta, D Xavier, (2018) “Hypertension: The most important non communicable disease risk factor in India,” India Heart Journal70(4):565-572
[10] https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/datasheets/BST-BMP180-DS000-09.pdf< accessed on April 11 ,2018> [11] https://wiki.eprolabs.com/index.php?title=Pressure_Sensor-BMP_180
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ScienceDirect
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Procedia Computer Science 152 (2019) 267–273
International Conference on Pervasive Computing Advances and Applications – PerCAA 2019 International Conference on Pervasive Computing Advances and Applications – PerCAA 2019
Blood Pressure Monitoring System using Wireless technologies Blood Pressure Monitoring System using Wireless technologies Bharat Singha* , Shabana Uroojbb, Sakshi Mishracc, Surojeet Haldardd a* Bharat Singh , Shabana Urooj , Sakshi Mishra , Surojeet Haldar a,c,d a,c,d
Bharatividyapeeth College of Engineering,New Delhi,110063,India b Gautam Buddha University,Greter Noida,201308,India Bharatividyapeeth College of Engineering,New Delhi,110063,India b Gautam Buddha University,Greter Noida,201308,India
Abstract Abstract This paper presents a simple solution for monitoring blood pressure in an economic and user-friendly method. Combining the This paper a simple for monitoring blood pressure in an economic user-friendly method. Combining the concepts of presents Internet of Thingssolution with an Arduino microcontroller and a pressure sensor aand Blood Pressure Monitoring System using concepts of Internet of Things with an The Arduino microcontroller a pressure sensor a Bloodpeople Pressure System using Wireless Technologies are developed. project aims to setup and a network so that concerned can Monitoring remotely access patient’s Wireless Technologies areBluetooth developed.and TheWi-Fi project aims to setup a network so that concerned people remotely patient’s blood pressure readings. technology are used to access results on hand heldcan devices likeaccess mobiles, tabs, blood pressure Bluetooth and Wi-Fi technology are used access results on hand held devices like tabs, laptops etc. Thereadings. project also incorporates a prediction algorithm viatoMATLAB software program. Readings canmobiles, be recorded laptops The project also into incorporates a prediction algorithm via MATLAB Readings canforbetherecorded overtimeetc. manually and when the program such a data log is passed, it predictssoftware possible program. blood pressure values patient overtime manually andmedical when into the program such aof data log is passed, it predicts possible blood pressure values for the patient and as well as suggest assistance like dosage medicines and as well as suggest medical assistance like dosage of medicines © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under BY-NC-ND license Peer-review under responsibility of the the CC scientific committee of (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) the International Conference on Pervasive Computing Advances This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) and Applications – PerCAA 2019. Keywords: Drug Delivery System; Fuzzy Inference System; Mean Arterial Blood Pressure; Sodium Nitroprusside; Maximum a posteriori estimators Keywords: Drug Delivery System; Fuzzy Inference System; Mean Arterial Blood Pressure; Sodium Nitroprusside; Maximum a posteriori estimators
1. Introduction 1. Introduction In today’s world scenario most people with hectic schedules or suffering through immense stress often take their In today’s worldwhereas scenariosome mostdo people withhave hectic through immense stressissues ofteneventually take their health for granted, not even theschedules facilities or forsuffering regular health checkups. These health for granted,that whereas some do not regular health issues eventually buildup diseases can turn critical or even even have fatal.the Thefacilities current for generation has to checkups. live in an These environment which has buildup diseases stressful that can turn critical even fatal.For Theancurrent generation hasreported to live inthat an noise environment has some physically effects over or individuals. example it has been pollutionwhich in urban some physically stressful individuals. For an example ithike has been reported thatinnoise urban cities due to traffic or loudeffects soundsover from speakers cause a significant in blood pressure evenpollution a healthyinperson. cities due to traffichave or loud from speakers cause blood a significant hike in blood [1]-[6]. pressure in even a healthy person. Several reseaches beensounds made in field of automatic pressure monitoring Several reseaches have been of automatic blood pressure In monitoring [1]-[6]. (BP) reading, the systolic Millimeter of mercury or made mmHginisfield a manometric unit of pressure. a blood pressure Millimeter mercury or mmHg is a manometric unit In ventricular a blood pressure (BP) reading, the systole) systolic pressure is theof pressure exerted by blood on the arteries at of thepressure. time when contraction (also called pressure is the pressure exerted by blood on the arteries at the time when ventricular contraction (also called systole) occurs. occurs. * Bharat Singh. Tel.: +919015684701; fax: +0-000-000-0000 . * E-mail Bharat Singh. Tel.: +919015684701; fax: +0-000-000-0000 . address: [email protected]
E-mail address: [email protected]
1877-0509 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) 1877-0509 © 2019 Thearticle Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) 1877-0509 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Pervasive Computing Advances and Applications – PerCAA 2019. 10.1016/j.procs.2019.05.017
Bharat Singh et al. / Procedia Computer Science 152 (2019) 267–273 Bharat Singh / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
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Diastolic pressure is the pressure reading between two consecutive heartbeats. For an adult a normal resting blood pressure measurements are 120mmHg for systolic and 80mmHg for diastolic, also abbreviated as 120/80 mmHg. Irregular BP categories into two medical conditions namely hypertension and hypotension. Hypertension is when the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently raised above 130/90 or 140/90 mmHg. Hypotension is low blood pressure, mainly in the arteries of the circulation system (below 90/60mmHg) [7]. BP measurement is divided into invasive blood pressure measurement and non-invasive blood pressure measurement. The project is based upon noninvasive blood pressure measurement [8]. There is a significant increase in cardio vascular diseases (CVD) due to hypertension. UN Sustainable Development Goals draws spotlight to the necessity of controlling high rates of hypertension so that a target of reducing non-communicable diseases by 1/3rd can be achieved by 2030. According to estimations about 400500,000 premature deaths can be prevent by better hypertension control [9]. Patients throughout world could be at a great benefit if they have an economical access to this real-time BP monitoring system which has a user-friendly interface, such that anyone can learn how to operate. The project offers a compact hardware system which is easily portable hence travel friendly. Wireless communication through Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, gives us the ability to overcome geographical, cultural and linguistic barriers so that patients can instantly share their BP readings with their doctors. Practitioners can recognize any irregularities by simply referring the chart. The Blood Pressure Monitoring System using Wireless Technologies (BMPS) makes home-monitoring of patients’ BP easier and improves the doctor-patient relationship. The system offers regular online monitoring for a patient that proposes more enhanced diagnosis as well as improvement in efficiency and quality of administration even during the absence of the doctor. 2. Components and Technology Used There are multiple modules used in this system that serve their respective purpose. The following text has a small description of each module. 2.1. Pressure Sensor: BMP180 BMP180 is a barometric pressure sensor with altitude and temperature sensor. The BMP180 sensor is built upon the piezo-resistive technology for EMC robustness, high precision with linearity and also for long term stability [10].
Fig. 1. ESP8266-12E based Node MCU
Fig. 2. ESP8266-12E based Node MCU
The BMP180 comprises of a piezo-resistive sensor, control unit by E2PROM, an analog to digital converter and a serial I2C interface. Sensor BMP180 conveys the uncompensated data of temperature and pressure. Microcontroller directs a start sequence to initiate a pressure or temperature calculation. After translating time, the outcome value (pressure or temperature respectively) is extracted via the I2C interface. For computing temperature in °C and pressure in hPA, the calibrated data obtained initially must be utilized. [11] 2.2. Node-MCU With Wi-Fi Technology A Wi-Fi wireless network works via radio waves, just the way mobile phones, TV sets and radios do. Communication across a wireless network is majorly like to the two-way communication. The data is converted into a radio signal by a computer's wireless adapter and then it gets transmitted by an antenna. A wireless router collects
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the signal and decodes it. The router transmits the data via a channel to the Internet by means of a physical and established, wired ethernet connection. The procedure also functions in inverse, since the router can receive the information from the Internet, then convert it into a radio signal and transmit it to the wireless adapter of the computer. The NodeMCU module is an open source Internet of Things based platform. It is fitted with a firmware which works on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems. 2.3. Bluetooth Technology With HC-05 Module Bluetooth is derived from the Master and Slave model. Its network architecture called the Piconet can allow connection of up to 7 devices to the master. The master equipment can coordinate communication all over the piconet, send and receive data from its slave. Bluetooth can exceed the 100 meter range.
Fig.3.HC-05 Bluetooth Module
Fig. 4. L293D dual motor driver H bridge module board
The HC-05 is a Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port Protocol) module. By default the HC-05 module is set as slave. Supply voltage to the module can be from3.3V to 5V.Pins in the module are enable key, Vcc, ground, TX(transmitter), RX(Receiver) and state. 2.4. Internet Of Things The Internet of Things (IoT) is the web of physical gadgets, home appliances, vehicles, and other embedded devices with electronic components, firmware, measuring devices, actuators, and connectivity which allows all these objects to connect and exchange information [11]. Each object is exclusively distinguishable via its embedded computing system but it also has the ability to inter-operate through the prevailing Internet setup. [6] When sensors and actuators are augmented with IoT, the technology develops an instance of the more general class of cyberphysical systems, which also incorporates technologies such as smart grids, virtual power plants, smart homes, intelligent transportation and smart cities. 2.5. L293d Dual Motor Driver H Bridge Module Board It uses the popular l293d motor driver IC. It drives 2 dc motors in both the directions. 2.6. KPM27H Mini Air Pump Motor This is an air pump motor. It operates on 12 VDC nominal and Current of 300 mA. Maximum pressure that this can exert by pumping air is 350 mm-Hg
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Fig. 5. KPM27H Mini Air Pump Motor
Fig. 6. Arduino Uno
2.7. Arduino Uno With ATmega328P Microcontroller Build on the ATmega328P IC the Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board. Its pin configuration is that it has 14 digital output or input pins out of which PWM outputs can be produced by 6 pins. In addition to them there are 6 analog inputs, This microcontroller board can be programmed with the Arduino Software (IDE). 3. Wireless Blood Pressure Monitoring System Description The goal of the project is to propose a system for flexible management structure allowing a network having easy integration of heterogeneous sensors. The purpose of designing the system is to send BP readings quickly. Being economical and portable it can be used at majority of places. The traditional method of BP monitoring consists of readings being taken by a practitioner, which are then recorded onto a paper. The paper then serves its purpose to help administer the BP record of the patient. Air is pumped and released manually by a bulb up to a limit. A stethoscope is needed to monitor the pulse to guess the expected blood flow from the artery. This requires skill and knowledge. The project eliminates the need of any manual assistance by making pressure sensing, air pumping and release automatic, as well as no need of prior knowledge for proper functioning of the system is required. BPMS eliminates the requirement of any person to supervise the patient and the system. [14]. 3.1. Architecture The flowchart shown in fig 7 represents interconnections of components in the wireless blood pressure monitoring system Similar to a mercury sphygmomanometer the BPMS consists of an inflatable cuff. A KPM27H Mini Air Pump is required to inflate the cuff via a pipe. The valve guides the air flow between the air pump and the cuff. The H-bridge motor driver controls and commands the valve as well as the air pump. The pressure sensor BMP180 is sealed inside an air tight case. NodeMCU serves as a microcontroller for receiving and transferring signals with other parts of the system. The instructions and algorithms are fed to NodeMCU via Arduino IDE 1.8.5.
Fig. 7. Block Diagram of BMPS
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3.2. Working The cuff is wrapped around the arm (preferably left) at the same level near the heart. When the start button is pushed by the user, the command gets recognised and the air pump inflates the cuff up to 180mmHg of pressure which is simultaneously read by the pressure sensor. The valve is signalled to close the air pipe pathway so that the air pressure remains in the cuff. When air cuff is fully inflated, a very minute volume of blood movement occurs inside the artery. The blood flow exerts a pressure on to the arterial wall and establishes noticeable vibrations in the arterial wall. When the cuff pressure drops such that it is under the patient's diastolic pressure, blood flows easily through the artery with the usual pulses, minus any vibration being established in the wall. The vibrations are conveyed from the arterial wall, through the air within the cuff, into a casing which seals the pressure sensor BMP180 inside. The vibrations cause change in pressure in the air column via the air tube and then within the casing which the BMP180 realizes. The pressure sensor converts the measurements into electrical signal. The value of pressure is calibrated to units of mmHg by the sensor itself. This value is the systolic BP. This measurement is send to the NodeMCU [15]. For display of BP value wireless technology is employed. HC-05 Bluetooth module is utilised to connect to other Bluetooth compatible devices. An app Bluetooth Terminal HC-05 is used here for the purpose of connection. Once the value gets uploaded to the microcontroller it sends tha data by serial communication through the Bluetooth module, to the gadget (like mobile, tablet, computer etc.) which displays the BP readings. Another wireless communication method Wi-Fi is also employed. NodeMCU comes with an inbuilt ESP826612E chip. The NodeMCU can be connected to an existing wireless network or it can also serve as a hotspot and provide a network connection on its own. In both cases the Wi-Fi chip exhibits a characteristic IP address. Devices connected to the same networks as the NodeMCU is connected to or connected to the network connection setup by the ESP8266-12E itself can access the IP address. The network connection is secured by WAP protocol. The IP address is entered into the address bar of any web browser. Once the connection is set between the device and NodeMCU a HTML webpage gets loaded which displays the patient’s readings. BP readings are simultaneously noted in an excel sheet. The MATLAB program offers Neural Network Training application which has been used here to employ the prediction algorithm. A patient’s medicinal dosages are recorded manually in an excel sheet with respect to time. These dosage readings are passed as input to the neural network configuration. The predicted output shall be the expected values of BP. To start of with the program, the appropriate number of neurons are set for better accuracy and trained until desired precision is obtained. 4. Observations Multiple trials on various people have derived a more accurate system. When the system measured the BP of those candidates who didn’t exhibit any blood pressure related medical problems or any CVDs, the readings ranged from 110mmHg to 135mmHg for systolic. When measurements were done on a patient of hypertension, the readings ranged from 150-160mmHg. Android devices installed with HC-05 bluetooth terminal application displayed the readings. Mobile devices with Wi-Fi connection as mentioned also displayed the readings when the IP addresses were accessed by the user.
Fig. 8. Webpage display on Wi-Fi connected device
MATLAB prediction program when ran for a patient of hypertension with respective medicinal dosages for each BP value following results were obtained. Fig 9 shows the neural network training results and in fig 10 predicted blood
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pressure are shown and accordingly drug dose can be evaluated. 140 120
BP(mmhg)
100 80 60 40 20 0
Fig. 9. Neural Network Trainer Result
0
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Fig. 10. Graphical plot of forecasted BP readings
The Arduino IDE serial plotter exhibits the graph which shows the variation in the pressure of blood in the artery of the candidate upon whom the experiment was conducted
Fig. 11.Arduino Serial Monitor displaying Result
5. Conclusion The motive of making the project economic is achieved as the project costs less than thousand Rupees. Only one command to start is required by the system which is processed by pressing a button, hence operation is easy. Absence of any wires or bulky components makes is compact, flexible and travel friendly. Connecting to the network a doctor can administer the patient’s data from a distance successfully. A memory component can be incorporated into the system such that it holds the data log. This may help in saving data electronically and automatically rather than recording it manually. Modern day health apps can calibrate with the system such that they can also monitor and advice medical assistance. The prediction program can be fed to medical machines which can use this data to automatically release appropriate medicinal dosage invasively in cases of emergency. This can reduce the time needed by practitioners to save lives. Extreme BP readings if noted by the system then emergency contacts are informed immediately. References [1]
H. Tuzel (1974), “Sodium nitroprusside: a review of its clinical effectiveness as a hypotensive agent,” The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 14(10):. 494–502.
[2]
P. Engeser, R. Roeßle, and J. Pill, (1982), “E_ects of long term infusion of sodium nitroprusside on iron and thiocyanate in rabbits,” Archives of Toxicology, 51(4): 323–328.
[3]
K. Chakravarty and D. Dalal, (2017) “An analytical study of drug release to biological tissues through endocytosis,” International Journal of Dynamics and Control. 1–12.
[4]
Koyel Chakravarty and D C Dalal. (2016) “A two-layer mathematical modelling of drug delivery to biological tissues,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series 759(1): 12–23.
[5]
L. C. Sheppard.(1980), “Computer control of the infusion of vasoactive drugs,” Annals of biomedical engineering 8( 4-6) : 431–444.
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[6]
Bharat Singh and Shabana Urooj(2018) “Intravenous Drug Delivery System for Blood Pressure Patient Based on Adaptive Parameter Estimation” International Journal of Natural Computing Research 7( 3): 42-53.
[7] [8]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotension_ M. Huang, J. Huang, J. You and G. Jong, "The Wireless Sensor Network for Home-Care System Using ZigBee," Third International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing (IIH-MSP 2007), Kaohsiung, 2007, pp. 643-646.
[9]
R. Gupta, D Xavier, (2018) “Hypertension: The most important non communicable disease risk factor in India,” India Heart Journal70(4):565-572
[10] https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/datasheets/BST-BMP180-DS000-09.pdf< accessed on April 11 ,2018> [11] https://wiki.eprolabs.com/index.php?title=Pressure_Sensor-BMP_180