- Email: [email protected]
Bond strength and contact angle of experimental infiltrating materials
e55
d e n t a l m a t e r i a l s 3 0 S ( 2 0 1 4 ) e1–e180
Adhesives
No contamination
Saliva contamination
Adhesives (matching cement, manufacturer)
Cement light-cure
Cement self-cure
All-Bond Universal (Bisco) Clearfil Universal Bond (Kuraray) Primer&Bond Elect (Dentsply) Scotchbond Universal (3M ESPE)
30.2 (5.2) a,1
34.7 (5.4) a,1
33.0 (6.5) ab,1
34.0 (5.6) a,1
26.6 (2.4) a,1
18.6 (8.1) b,2
26.3 (4.0) b,1
20.2 (11.8) c,1
26.4 (2.4) a,1
18.3 (12.0) b,1
33.2 (4.7) a,1
20.3 (6.2) bc,2
28.2 (3.3) a,1
24.1 (3.7) b,1
All-bond universal (Duolink, Bisco) Scotchbond universal (Ultimate Cement, 3M ESPE) Scotchbond universal/dual-cure activator (RelyX ARC, 3M ESPE) Futurabond universal/built-in activator (BifixQM, VOCO) Adhese universal (Mutlilink, Ivoclar Vivadent)
33.0 (5.1) a,1
28.6 (5.8) ab,1
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2014.08.109 109 Dentin bond strength of universal adhesives with dual-cure cements
31.3 (10.2) ab,1 2.6 (1.7) d,2
L. Chen ∗ , B.I. Suh
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2014.08.110
Bisco Inc., USA
110
Purpose: Acidic adhesives have been reported to have low or no bond strength with self-curing cements, when used without a dual-cure activator. The purpose of this study is to measure shear bond strength of new universal adhesives with dual-cure resin cements in self-cured and light-cured modes. Methods and materials: Dentin was polished, blot dried and treated with 4 different universal adhesives according to manufacturer’s instructions. Shear bond strength (n = 6) on dentin was tested using the ultradent jig method (bonding area 4.5 mm2 ). Dual-cure resin cements which were either light cured for 40 s (500 mW/cm2 ) or self-cured for 15 min in 37 ◦ C-oven, were used to fabricate the posts (2 mm high). The specimens were then stored in de-ionized water (37 ◦ C/24 h), and tested by Instron tester (crosshead-speed 1 mm/min). The data were analyzed statistically by two-way ANOVA and Student-t tests. Results: Mean shear bond strength on dentin in MPa (standard deviation). Means within the same column with different letters (a, b), or within the same row with different numbers (1, 2) are statistically different (p < 0.05, n = 6). Conclusion: Some universal adhesives (even with dualcure activator) had the significantly lower bond strengths when used with self-cured resin cements. Keywords: Universal adhesive; Dual-cure; Bond strength
Bond strength and contact angle of experimental infiltrating materials H. Quiles ∗ , A.B. Correr, T.G. Araujo, M.A.C. Sinhoreti, L.C. Sobrinho Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil Purpose: To investigate the effect of surface treatments on the bond strength of a resin cement to lithium disilicate ceramic (LD) and yttrium stabilized zirconia (Y-TZP). Methods and materials: 336 LD (IPS e.maxCAD, IvoclarVivadent) and 336 Y-TZP (Zenostar, Wideland) specimens (6.5 mm × 6.5 mm × 2.0 mm) were embedded in acrylic resin and wet-ground on 180 and 400 SiC papers for 20 s, ultrasonicated in distilled water for 10 min and air-dried. Both LD and Y-TZP samples were divided into 4 groups according to baseline treatment. LD specimens were treated with either: 5% hydrofluoric acid/20 s (HF); non-thermal plasma/20 s (NTP); 5% hydrofluoric acid/20 s plus non-thermal plasma/20 s (HF + NTP) or; no treatment (NT). Y-TZP specimens were treated with either: Sandblasting (Al2 O3 50 m)/10s; nonthermal plasma/20 s (NTP); sandblasting (Al2 O3 50 m)/10 s plus non-thermal plasma/20 s (SB + NTP) or; no treatment (NT). Each baseline-treated group was further divided into 7 sub-groups (n = 12) and treated with either: 4 experimental silanes; 2 commercially available primers or; no silanation (negative control). The specimens were assembled for shear bond strength testing (Ultradent Bonding Assembly), bonded with the resin cement (Speed CEM, Ivoclar-Vivadent) and light cured with (Bluephase [email protected] mW/cm2, IvoclarVivadent) for 20 s. Specimens were tested after 24 h and 90 days storage in water at 37 ◦ C. Data were analyzed by 3-Way ANOVA and Tukey test (a = 5%). Results: The combination of HF + NTP or SB + NTP resulted in overall highest bond strength among the surface
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d e n t a l m a t e r i a l s 3 0 S ( 2 0 1 4 ) e1–e180
treatments, respectively for LD and Y-TZP, regardless of the silane treatment used, for both 24 h and 3 months storage time. Two experimental silanes showed promising results with consistently higher bond strength for LD, but less consistent results were observed for Y-TZP. Surface modification by HF or SB appeared to be more important for improved bond strength than the chemical treatments. Reduced bond strengths were observed after water storage. Bond strengths ranged from 0.0 to 28.7 MPa. Conclusion: Both surface treatments and storage time affected the bond strength to LD and Y-TZP. Some alternative silanes showed promising results for improved bond strength that was more evident for LD. Keywords: Ceramic bonding; Silanes; Plasma http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2014.08.111 111 Bonding effectiveness of universal self-etching adhesive systems to chlorhexidine-treated dentin L.A. Salvio 1,∗ , C.O. Andrade 1 , F.O. Resende 1 , M.F. De Goes 2 1 2
Federal University of Juiz De Fora, Brazil Piracicaba Dental School, Brazil
Purpose: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prior application of 2% CHX influences on tensile bond strength (TBS) of universal self-etching adhesive systems. Methods and materials: For TBS test, third molars were cut to expose a middle flat dentin surface and randomly assigned into 4 groups: (CSE) Clearfil SE bond – hibridization according to manufacturer’s instructions; (CSE + CHX) CHX applied during 20 s following hybridization with CSE; (SBU) Scotchbond universal – hibridization according to manufacturer’s instructions at self-etching mode; (SBU + CHX) CHX applied during 20 s following hibridization according SBU system. Filtek Z350 composite resin blocks were incrementally built up. After 24 h, specimens were sectioned in 1 mm2 beams and subjected to tensile test (n = 18). The data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA two-way and Tukey’s test (p < 0.05). Results: Groups (CSE) 39.77 ± 11.56 MPa and (SBU) 38.43 ± 12.49 MPa presented the highest TBS values and were not statistically different among each other. (CSE + CHX) 22.61 ± 5.18 MPa and (SBU + CHX) 22.25 ± 5.58 MPa presented the lowest TBS values and were not statistically different. Conclusion: In conclusion, it is suggested that pretreatment of dentin with 2% CHX adversely affects the immediate bonding efficacy when associated with universal self-etching adhesive systems. Keywords: Self-etching adhesive systems; Chlorhexidine; Dentin http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2014.08.112
112 Challenging the efficacy of different dental bleaching protocols A. Koniaris 1,∗ , V. Margaritis 2 , M. Antoniadou 1 , A. Kakaboura 1 1
University of Athens, Dental School of Athens, Greece 2 College of Health Sciences, Walden University, USA Purpose: To in vitro investigate the efficiency of four dental bleaching protocols on the color change of teeth stained by a black tea solution. Methods and materials: 100 intact extracted human incisors were randomly divided (n = 4 × 25/group), and underwent black tea staining (2 g tea: 100 ml boiled distilled water) for seven days in room temperature. The bleaching protocols applied per group were: (A) 14 days × 120 min/d 10% CP (Opalescence PF 10%, Ultradent) with trays (bleaching at home-BH), (B) 2 times × (3 appl/time × 15 min) 40% HP, (Opalescence Boost 40%, Ultradent) (bleaching in office-BO1), (C) 3 times × (3 appl/time × 15 min) 40% HP, (bleaching in officeBO2) and, (D) 14 days × 120 min/d 10% CP with trays and 2 times × (3 appl/time × 15 min) 40% HP (combined BH-BO1). The color measurements were conducted at baseline (t0 ) and after staining (t1 ), bleaching application (t2 ), 90 (t3 ) and 180 (t4 ) days, with a colorimeter (Dr. Lance Micro Colour, Braive Instruments) in CIE L*a*b* system. DE values were calculated relative to t0 and analyzed by three-way ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon tests (a = 0.01). Results: There were no group-depended differences for DE values and L* was significantly different at all times for all groups. All groups presented augmenting L* values from t1 to t2 and diminishing from t2 to t4 . BH had significant L* values at all-times. At t3 , t4 the lowest L and the highest DE were reported for BH while the highest L and the lowest DE was reported for BH-BO1. Conclusion: In-office, at-home and combined bleaching protocols proved to be equally efficient although several differences were detected concerning color coordinates. All protocols tested provided significant colour change in stained teeth just after bleaching within the same group. BH had the highest relapse while BH-BO1 reported better bleaching efficiency at 6 months. Keywords: Bleaching; Peroxides; In-office http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2014.08.113
d e n t a l m a t e r i a l s 3 0 S ( 2 0 1 4 ) e1–e180
Adhesives
No contamination
Saliva contamination
Adhesives (matching cement, manufacturer)
Cement light-cure
Cement self-cure
All-Bond Universal (Bisco) Clearfil Universal Bond (Kuraray) Primer&Bond Elect (Dentsply) Scotchbond Universal (3M ESPE)
30.2 (5.2) a,1
34.7 (5.4) a,1
33.0 (6.5) ab,1
34.0 (5.6) a,1
26.6 (2.4) a,1
18.6 (8.1) b,2
26.3 (4.0) b,1
20.2 (11.8) c,1
26.4 (2.4) a,1
18.3 (12.0) b,1
33.2 (4.7) a,1
20.3 (6.2) bc,2
28.2 (3.3) a,1
24.1 (3.7) b,1
All-bond universal (Duolink, Bisco) Scotchbond universal (Ultimate Cement, 3M ESPE) Scotchbond universal/dual-cure activator (RelyX ARC, 3M ESPE) Futurabond universal/built-in activator (BifixQM, VOCO) Adhese universal (Mutlilink, Ivoclar Vivadent)
33.0 (5.1) a,1
28.6 (5.8) ab,1
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2014.08.109 109 Dentin bond strength of universal adhesives with dual-cure cements
31.3 (10.2) ab,1 2.6 (1.7) d,2
L. Chen ∗ , B.I. Suh
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2014.08.110
Bisco Inc., USA
110
Purpose: Acidic adhesives have been reported to have low or no bond strength with self-curing cements, when used without a dual-cure activator. The purpose of this study is to measure shear bond strength of new universal adhesives with dual-cure resin cements in self-cured and light-cured modes. Methods and materials: Dentin was polished, blot dried and treated with 4 different universal adhesives according to manufacturer’s instructions. Shear bond strength (n = 6) on dentin was tested using the ultradent jig method (bonding area 4.5 mm2 ). Dual-cure resin cements which were either light cured for 40 s (500 mW/cm2 ) or self-cured for 15 min in 37 ◦ C-oven, were used to fabricate the posts (2 mm high). The specimens were then stored in de-ionized water (37 ◦ C/24 h), and tested by Instron tester (crosshead-speed 1 mm/min). The data were analyzed statistically by two-way ANOVA and Student-t tests. Results: Mean shear bond strength on dentin in MPa (standard deviation). Means within the same column with different letters (a, b), or within the same row with different numbers (1, 2) are statistically different (p < 0.05, n = 6). Conclusion: Some universal adhesives (even with dualcure activator) had the significantly lower bond strengths when used with self-cured resin cements. Keywords: Universal adhesive; Dual-cure; Bond strength
Bond strength and contact angle of experimental infiltrating materials H. Quiles ∗ , A.B. Correr, T.G. Araujo, M.A.C. Sinhoreti, L.C. Sobrinho Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil Purpose: To investigate the effect of surface treatments on the bond strength of a resin cement to lithium disilicate ceramic (LD) and yttrium stabilized zirconia (Y-TZP). Methods and materials: 336 LD (IPS e.maxCAD, IvoclarVivadent) and 336 Y-TZP (Zenostar, Wideland) specimens (6.5 mm × 6.5 mm × 2.0 mm) were embedded in acrylic resin and wet-ground on 180 and 400 SiC papers for 20 s, ultrasonicated in distilled water for 10 min and air-dried. Both LD and Y-TZP samples were divided into 4 groups according to baseline treatment. LD specimens were treated with either: 5% hydrofluoric acid/20 s (HF); non-thermal plasma/20 s (NTP); 5% hydrofluoric acid/20 s plus non-thermal plasma/20 s (HF + NTP) or; no treatment (NT). Y-TZP specimens were treated with either: Sandblasting (Al2 O3 50 m)/10s; nonthermal plasma/20 s (NTP); sandblasting (Al2 O3 50 m)/10 s plus non-thermal plasma/20 s (SB + NTP) or; no treatment (NT). Each baseline-treated group was further divided into 7 sub-groups (n = 12) and treated with either: 4 experimental silanes; 2 commercially available primers or; no silanation (negative control). The specimens were assembled for shear bond strength testing (Ultradent Bonding Assembly), bonded with the resin cement (Speed CEM, Ivoclar-Vivadent) and light cured with (Bluephase [email protected] mW/cm2, IvoclarVivadent) for 20 s. Specimens were tested after 24 h and 90 days storage in water at 37 ◦ C. Data were analyzed by 3-Way ANOVA and Tukey test (a = 5%). Results: The combination of HF + NTP or SB + NTP resulted in overall highest bond strength among the surface
e56
d e n t a l m a t e r i a l s 3 0 S ( 2 0 1 4 ) e1–e180
treatments, respectively for LD and Y-TZP, regardless of the silane treatment used, for both 24 h and 3 months storage time. Two experimental silanes showed promising results with consistently higher bond strength for LD, but less consistent results were observed for Y-TZP. Surface modification by HF or SB appeared to be more important for improved bond strength than the chemical treatments. Reduced bond strengths were observed after water storage. Bond strengths ranged from 0.0 to 28.7 MPa. Conclusion: Both surface treatments and storage time affected the bond strength to LD and Y-TZP. Some alternative silanes showed promising results for improved bond strength that was more evident for LD. Keywords: Ceramic bonding; Silanes; Plasma http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2014.08.111 111 Bonding effectiveness of universal self-etching adhesive systems to chlorhexidine-treated dentin L.A. Salvio 1,∗ , C.O. Andrade 1 , F.O. Resende 1 , M.F. De Goes 2 1 2
Federal University of Juiz De Fora, Brazil Piracicaba Dental School, Brazil
Purpose: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prior application of 2% CHX influences on tensile bond strength (TBS) of universal self-etching adhesive systems. Methods and materials: For TBS test, third molars were cut to expose a middle flat dentin surface and randomly assigned into 4 groups: (CSE) Clearfil SE bond – hibridization according to manufacturer’s instructions; (CSE + CHX) CHX applied during 20 s following hybridization with CSE; (SBU) Scotchbond universal – hibridization according to manufacturer’s instructions at self-etching mode; (SBU + CHX) CHX applied during 20 s following hibridization according SBU system. Filtek Z350 composite resin blocks were incrementally built up. After 24 h, specimens were sectioned in 1 mm2 beams and subjected to tensile test (n = 18). The data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA two-way and Tukey’s test (p < 0.05). Results: Groups (CSE) 39.77 ± 11.56 MPa and (SBU) 38.43 ± 12.49 MPa presented the highest TBS values and were not statistically different among each other. (CSE + CHX) 22.61 ± 5.18 MPa and (SBU + CHX) 22.25 ± 5.58 MPa presented the lowest TBS values and were not statistically different. Conclusion: In conclusion, it is suggested that pretreatment of dentin with 2% CHX adversely affects the immediate bonding efficacy when associated with universal self-etching adhesive systems. Keywords: Self-etching adhesive systems; Chlorhexidine; Dentin http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2014.08.112
112 Challenging the efficacy of different dental bleaching protocols A. Koniaris 1,∗ , V. Margaritis 2 , M. Antoniadou 1 , A. Kakaboura 1 1
University of Athens, Dental School of Athens, Greece 2 College of Health Sciences, Walden University, USA Purpose: To in vitro investigate the efficiency of four dental bleaching protocols on the color change of teeth stained by a black tea solution. Methods and materials: 100 intact extracted human incisors were randomly divided (n = 4 × 25/group), and underwent black tea staining (2 g tea: 100 ml boiled distilled water) for seven days in room temperature. The bleaching protocols applied per group were: (A) 14 days × 120 min/d 10% CP (Opalescence PF 10%, Ultradent) with trays (bleaching at home-BH), (B) 2 times × (3 appl/time × 15 min) 40% HP, (Opalescence Boost 40%, Ultradent) (bleaching in office-BO1), (C) 3 times × (3 appl/time × 15 min) 40% HP, (bleaching in officeBO2) and, (D) 14 days × 120 min/d 10% CP with trays and 2 times × (3 appl/time × 15 min) 40% HP (combined BH-BO1). The color measurements were conducted at baseline (t0 ) and after staining (t1 ), bleaching application (t2 ), 90 (t3 ) and 180 (t4 ) days, with a colorimeter (Dr. Lance Micro Colour, Braive Instruments) in CIE L*a*b* system. DE values were calculated relative to t0 and analyzed by three-way ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon tests (a = 0.01). Results: There were no group-depended differences for DE values and L* was significantly different at all times for all groups. All groups presented augmenting L* values from t1 to t2 and diminishing from t2 to t4 . BH had significant L* values at all-times. At t3 , t4 the lowest L and the highest DE were reported for BH while the highest L and the lowest DE was reported for BH-BO1. Conclusion: In-office, at-home and combined bleaching protocols proved to be equally efficient although several differences were detected concerning color coordinates. All protocols tested provided significant colour change in stained teeth just after bleaching within the same group. BH had the highest relapse while BH-BO1 reported better bleaching efficiency at 6 months. Keywords: Bleaching; Peroxides; In-office http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2014.08.113