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Breeding for yellow flower colour
Abstracts / Journal of Biotechnology 131S (2007) S32–S35
However, the inhibition of FHT via prohexadione-Calcium is only transient and does not provide a good protection in case of flower infections. A possible alternative to the chemical inhibition of FHT could be the creation of transgenic plants with decreased or absent FHT activity. We report on the creation of apple plants harboring an FHT antisense construct, resulting changes in their flavonoid composition and the consequencies for their disease resistance. References Feucht, W., Treutter, D., Schwalb, P., 1998. J. Plant Dis. Protect. 105, 394–403. Fischer, M., 2004. Erwerbs-Obstbau 46, 1–6. Lo, S.K., De Verdier, K., Nicholson, R.L., 1999. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 55, 263–273. Spinelli, F., Speakman, J.-B., Rademacher, W., Halbwirth, H., Stich, K., Costa, C., 2005. Eur. J. Plant Pathol 112, 133–142. Vanneste, J.L., 2000. CAB Int. Oxon, UK. Viswanathan, R., Mohanraj, D., Padmanaban, P., Alexander, K.C., 1996. Indian Phytopathol. 49, 174–175.
doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.07.057 7. Breeding for yellow flower colour Karin Schlangen ∗ , Heidrun Halbwirth, Fuat Topuz, Silvija Miosic, Christian Seitz, Karl Stich Technische Universit¨at Wien, Vienna, Austria Flower colour is one of the most attractive characteristics of ornamental plants and contributes much to their market value. Apart from traditional breeding, transgenic approaches are of increasing importance for the creation of novel cultivars. The most prominent examples are the creation of blue carnations and of the so-called blue rose, which is already commercially available in a considerable number of countries worldwide. Flower colour is mainly based on the presence of two major groups of pigments: carotenoids and flavonoids. Red, blue and lilac flower colour is mainly provided by anthocyanins, an important flavonoid class, whereas yellow flower coloration is in most cases formed by carotenoids. However in some plant species, yellow flower colour is based on the presence of yellow flavonoids and the biosynthetically related anthochlor pigments. Therefore, modulation of flower colour may be particularly
S35
achieved by engineering the flavonoid metabolism. Apart from breeding for blue flowers, introduction of yellow flower colour in ornamental plants, which are not able to form yellow varieties, is of particular interest. Often only small changes in the pigment structure results in drastic changes in its colour. This is particularly true for the number of hydroxyl groups attached to the core structures. Therefore, there is a special interest in cloning and characterising genes of F3 Hs and F3 5 Hs, since they determine the hydroxylation pattern of flavonoids. Particularly genes of F3 5 Hs are desired for the genetic transformation of species like rose or carnation which do not naturally posses F3 5 H activity to establish lilac to blue colours based on delphinidin derivatives (Tanaka et al., 1998; Forkmannn and Martens, 2001). In addition, F3 Hs which are able to hydroxylate chalcones, are likely to contribute to the introduction of yellow flower colour in ornamental plants, which do not naturally possess varieties with yellow flower colour, such as petunia, African violets or pelargonium. We provide an overview of breeding strategies for yellow flower colour which are based on flavonoid pigments including the formation of yellow flavonols (Halbwirth et al., 2004), 3-deoxyanthocyanidins (Winefield et al., 2005) and anthochlor pigments (Ono et al., 2006). In addition we present recent results in cloning and characterising genes of hydroxylases which are able to hydroxylate chalcones (Wimmer et al., 1998). These will be of particular value for future breeding strategies. References Forkmannn, G., Martens, S., 2001. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 12, 155–160. Halbwirth, H., Forkmann, G., Stich, K., 2004. Plant Sci. 167, 129–131. Ono, E., Fukuchi-Mizutani, M., Nakamura, N., Fukui, Y., Yonekura-Sakakibara, K., Yamaguchi, M., Nakayama, T., Tanaka, T., Kusumi, T., Tanaka, Y., 2006. PNAS 103 (29), 11075–11080. Tanaka, Y., Tsuda, S., Kusumi, T., 1998. Plant Cell Physiol. 39, 1119–1126. Wimmer, G., Halbwirth, H., Wurst, F., Forkmann, G., Stich, K., 1998. Phytochemistry 47, 1013–1016. Winefield, C., Lewis, D.H., Swinny, E.E., Zhang, H., Arathoona, H.S., Fischer, T.C., Halbwirth, H., Stich, K., Gosch, C., Forkmann, G., Davies, K.M., 2005. Phys. Plant. 124 (4), 419–430.
doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.07.058
However, the inhibition of FHT via prohexadione-Calcium is only transient and does not provide a good protection in case of flower infections. A possible alternative to the chemical inhibition of FHT could be the creation of transgenic plants with decreased or absent FHT activity. We report on the creation of apple plants harboring an FHT antisense construct, resulting changes in their flavonoid composition and the consequencies for their disease resistance. References Feucht, W., Treutter, D., Schwalb, P., 1998. J. Plant Dis. Protect. 105, 394–403. Fischer, M., 2004. Erwerbs-Obstbau 46, 1–6. Lo, S.K., De Verdier, K., Nicholson, R.L., 1999. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 55, 263–273. Spinelli, F., Speakman, J.-B., Rademacher, W., Halbwirth, H., Stich, K., Costa, C., 2005. Eur. J. Plant Pathol 112, 133–142. Vanneste, J.L., 2000. CAB Int. Oxon, UK. Viswanathan, R., Mohanraj, D., Padmanaban, P., Alexander, K.C., 1996. Indian Phytopathol. 49, 174–175.
doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.07.057 7. Breeding for yellow flower colour Karin Schlangen ∗ , Heidrun Halbwirth, Fuat Topuz, Silvija Miosic, Christian Seitz, Karl Stich Technische Universit¨at Wien, Vienna, Austria Flower colour is one of the most attractive characteristics of ornamental plants and contributes much to their market value. Apart from traditional breeding, transgenic approaches are of increasing importance for the creation of novel cultivars. The most prominent examples are the creation of blue carnations and of the so-called blue rose, which is already commercially available in a considerable number of countries worldwide. Flower colour is mainly based on the presence of two major groups of pigments: carotenoids and flavonoids. Red, blue and lilac flower colour is mainly provided by anthocyanins, an important flavonoid class, whereas yellow flower coloration is in most cases formed by carotenoids. However in some plant species, yellow flower colour is based on the presence of yellow flavonoids and the biosynthetically related anthochlor pigments. Therefore, modulation of flower colour may be particularly
S35
achieved by engineering the flavonoid metabolism. Apart from breeding for blue flowers, introduction of yellow flower colour in ornamental plants, which are not able to form yellow varieties, is of particular interest. Often only small changes in the pigment structure results in drastic changes in its colour. This is particularly true for the number of hydroxyl groups attached to the core structures. Therefore, there is a special interest in cloning and characterising genes of F3 Hs and F3 5 Hs, since they determine the hydroxylation pattern of flavonoids. Particularly genes of F3 5 Hs are desired for the genetic transformation of species like rose or carnation which do not naturally posses F3 5 H activity to establish lilac to blue colours based on delphinidin derivatives (Tanaka et al., 1998; Forkmannn and Martens, 2001). In addition, F3 Hs which are able to hydroxylate chalcones, are likely to contribute to the introduction of yellow flower colour in ornamental plants, which do not naturally possess varieties with yellow flower colour, such as petunia, African violets or pelargonium. We provide an overview of breeding strategies for yellow flower colour which are based on flavonoid pigments including the formation of yellow flavonols (Halbwirth et al., 2004), 3-deoxyanthocyanidins (Winefield et al., 2005) and anthochlor pigments (Ono et al., 2006). In addition we present recent results in cloning and characterising genes of hydroxylases which are able to hydroxylate chalcones (Wimmer et al., 1998). These will be of particular value for future breeding strategies. References Forkmannn, G., Martens, S., 2001. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 12, 155–160. Halbwirth, H., Forkmann, G., Stich, K., 2004. Plant Sci. 167, 129–131. Ono, E., Fukuchi-Mizutani, M., Nakamura, N., Fukui, Y., Yonekura-Sakakibara, K., Yamaguchi, M., Nakayama, T., Tanaka, T., Kusumi, T., Tanaka, Y., 2006. PNAS 103 (29), 11075–11080. Tanaka, Y., Tsuda, S., Kusumi, T., 1998. Plant Cell Physiol. 39, 1119–1126. Wimmer, G., Halbwirth, H., Wurst, F., Forkmann, G., Stich, K., 1998. Phytochemistry 47, 1013–1016. Winefield, C., Lewis, D.H., Swinny, E.E., Zhang, H., Arathoona, H.S., Fischer, T.C., Halbwirth, H., Stich, K., Gosch, C., Forkmann, G., Davies, K.M., 2005. Phys. Plant. 124 (4), 419–430.
doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.07.058