Bronchial dose due to decay products of 222Rn in the living environment

Chemosphere No. 5, PP 279 - 284, 1977.

m e s a ,N~L m s ~ m B

Pergamon Press.

To ~ C A X ~ o m a T s

Printed in Great Britain.

oP 22zan IN T.~ = V X ~

nw~omam~

K.S. Parthasarat~

and K, U n n t k r l e h n s u mwision of Radiolo~cal Protection hbha A~nlc Rssearoh Oentro B o n b ~ - 4 0 0 085

(Received in Japan 7 April 1977; received in UK for publication 14 A~ril 1977) INT~0DUCTION Doeimetry of the l u ~ with reference to ~le inhalation of ~ho dec8~ prod~et8 of 2 2 ~ n 18 a special are& of oonoern in the ~Inln~ and millinK of uranium. are baaed on the data collected pro4Uote o f 2 2 ~ n Of allied

interest

from u r a n i u m - 4 - - 0 .

Recently the ooneen~ra4~one of the dooq

i n t h e liTIDK s n v i r o m m n t h a v e h e e ~, r e p o r t e d by some l n v e e t l K a t o z ~ im t h e f a c t

t h a t raw m a t e r i a l 8

a s h from t h e r m a l power s t a t i o n s d~ced i n t o h a i l d i n g i n @ ~ s t r y . estinates

Most of the dose -_=_3__~_,laILio~e

of the risks

f~oi steel faotoriee

lndLlj~r~, f ~ ere intro-

A l l t h e s e m = t e r i a l 8 c o n t a i n biKh o o n c e n t r a t i o n a o f 226Rao radiation

i n d o o r s have boon r e p o r t e d i n l i t e r a ~

luDK model e n d t h e ~ t c a l

deo~y p r o @ a c t s o f 2 2 ~ n i n s i d e philosopby in arriving

el~

a n d w s e t e p r o d ~ c t ~Tpmam f r o n f e r t i l i n r

@as t o n s ~ t r a l

Based on t h e most a c c e p t a b l e

mash as b o i l e r

'2'~'4

buildin~8,

5.

values of the conoontrs~ione of the

t h e dose to l u n ~ s h ~

a t ~a=imua p e r m i s s i b l e

The

been oal~alated.

conoentration8 of 22~n

Cur-~,~nt

and de¢o7 p r o d n o ~

for

g e n e r a l p~b~io h a s b e e n d e s o r i h e d . DOS~ ~0 ~S@ l~OM 2 2 ~

£N~ D ~ Y

The ICRP t a g k g r i p

P~D~CTS.

o n lunK d~nmnics s e t

as s ~ p e o i s l a r e a o f c o n c e r n .

They f e l t

that

for~

do~imetr~ of 22~

t h e on~y r e a l

a n d does7 p r o d o c t e

Information available

to that

c a n c e r s a p p e a r i n t h e a r e s o f l a r g e b r o n c h i premanab~y from expomare t o r a d o n d m ~ h t e r 8 6 , r e c e n t models c o n s i d e r e d a e r o s o l p r o p e r t i e s , meters, the deposition pattern, epitheliuJ

'8'9.

Calculations

ncrpMolo~ieal e t r u c ~ o ,

me

the reopir&tor 7 pars-

t h e c l e a r a n c e mechanimn and t h e h i s t o l o g i c a l

8truct-,x~ of the

by Haque and C o l l i n o o n 10 and J a c o h i 11 i n t e r e s t

u s hecmase t h ~

279

280

No. 5

deal w i t h 222B~mnd deo~ p r e s e t s 2n normal rooms- We f e l t that the node1 ~ Hmlue and 0 e l ] i n son is the ms•

80oop1~b18 one f o r t ~ o f o l l o w i n g r e m o o n l . (1) V e 4 b o l e 8 lunK model o n w h i o h t h e

oet:Lmstog 8 r e b a s e d 28 moot a p p r o p r i a t e

s o d 2 s 2n a c o o r d w i t h t h e ~ a r r e n t

F l n d o i s e n a n d YandLhl model u s e d bY e a r l i e r data.

In his ezeellont

Ueibel'o

mode]..

He f e l t

inadequate 2n the light

anatoHieal u s e s .

w o r k e r s 18 n o t b a s e d o n ~ f f i c t e n t

roTlow, Watch d i d n o t e r i t i o i s e t h a t a 81m~lo model ~ o h of other uneertedntie| 8.

expertmont8~

Hmque end Col].~nson f o r o h o o s i n ~

88 t h a t ~ e

"to F f n d e i s e n and I e n d a h l i s n o t

(2) The d a t a o n t h e d i s • r i b s • i o n

of antivlt 7

u p o n a e r o s o l 8 a d o p t e d ] ~ Haquo and ColJ.tnoon a r e a p p a r e n t ] 7 t h e h o o t eomprohena,4.vo i n ex:Leten~e.

(~) The data o n d e p o s i t i o n o f

J a ~ o b i p l a o o d t o o 8 r o a t on eupbdmis o n s o n s p r o ] £ m £ n a ~ r e m a l t s . a ~ t l w l t y o n vax~Lous r e , l o n e

o f t h e l u n g u s e d b~ Haque and C o l ] £ n s o n a r e •mood o n mean v a l u e s

o b t o £ n e d from • o o n p i l a t t c m o f e x p e r t n o n ~ a l r e s e l l s .

(4) b

relative

d£strl~ution

o f deoe~

p r o d ~ e ~ o p ~ o o m ; 88 f r e e l o n e o r am a n ~ l v : L ~ d e p o e 2 t e d o n moroool8 o f vor~o~8 8:Lms :L~ e e ~ L n ~ t e d o n 'thoorot:Lom3. a n d e x p e r ~ n e n t e ~ 8tod:r o f the p r e s s e s

of a t • a c t • r a n t o f 2ou~ to ~ r o o o l ~ .

(~) 5~0 • r a r e B i t t~moo o f a o t t v i l ~ y ~

different

O o l l t n m o n a p p e a r t o be more a c e - r a t e

heomueo t h e ~ u s e • d e t ~ L l o d node1 a n d e x t e ~ m i v e e x p o r t -

m e n t a l d a t • on maeus ~ e l o e i t i e s . troatnent

regions in the lun8.

o f t h e bmaal e e l ~,, o f t h e e p i t h e l i u m t h e y e s t i n a t o d

2~ ~m e r e . f r o • t h e t o p o f t h e ,m~o~s l ~ y o r o f l ~ n the3£um o f e e ~ o n t @ . l b r o n c h i , 214po a n d o n e - f i f t h

The e s t t n a t e

mathematical

Boemuoe o f t h e unoort~Ln~y o f 6eeoc a t d e p t h e o f 1 5 ~ m , 2 0 / m , In over two-,hd-da of the epi-

the ~

sells

from

8 r e w i t h i n t h e r a n g e o f b o t h 214po

The ren~e o f a l p h a pm'~Lo18s from 218po and 214po ~n t-~Lo~o 1o

T/ate and 7 0 ~ / q n reepeotl~e]~r, UNSORIRI~.

1;~Leknoss.

t~r HaQuo a n d

t h e bee -3 00118 a r e wt1~Ln t h e rmnKo o f a l p h a p a r t i c l e s

o f t h e 8eme e p i t h o l ~ u a

end 218po •lpha pea~lolee120

so•tested

( 6 ) Dome est:Lmetes wore b a ~ d o n • z ~ o r o u s

o f t h e Koomotry o f t h e ~ o u 8

the lees•Ion

ro~Lo~ of the lu~

Doses eel;l~ated t~ |~lue end Collin~on hare been quoted t~

m q be s l £ S h t l ~ i n a ~ o ~ r a t e i f r a d o n d e u ~ h t e r s a r e u t x e d i n t h e n a o u s

l~ar. DDSB ~0 gORgING LLTRL OOBY~8ION ]~ACTOBS. The oonoopt o f w o r k i n ~ l e v e l w h i c h i s a o o o p t e d I n t h e f£eld o f r a d ~ a t i o n s a ~ e t 7 i n u r o n : ~ m L t n e e u~y be e x t e n d e d t o t h e 1 2 v i n ~ e n v i r o n m e n t . woz1~n~ l e v e l o o n v e r s i o n f a c t o r s s h e d b7 H ~ u e and C o l l £ n o o n 1 0 . l~tod roo~n e~oe

oloso]~r.

~•b]J.,1 ~2vo8 t h e a n n u s ~ ~oee t o

for soKmental bronohi estln~ted The c o n v e r s i o n f a c t o r s

o n ~he b a s l e o f d a t a p u b l i -

for both the ventilated

and u n w s n t t -

]loan 3 ~ l - e e o f t h e d o s e s f o r t h e ro~poo~Lvo d e p t h s a r e • • b e l a t e d .

~o. 5

281

The u e e f ~ l n e n 8 o f w o r ~ i n ~ leweZ u ~he dome ~

prod~ ot~.

a done l n d ~ o a t o r h a s b e e n q u e n t i o n e d ~

depend o n t h e r e l s t ~ w ~ e o n o o n t r a t d o T M a n d f r e e ~tom ~ a c t i o ~

n m ~ worker814,15. o f vm'£o~o ~ o ~ r

The d£f~o~encol due ~o relat£we oonoontr&~on8 are addn£t£oamt o n ~ under oxt~emo

8 t & t o o f d£1~quil£bx*£um~ n o t n o r m ~

oheex'wed.

1 - AIrSUA~ DOSE (6000 b r ) I]! Rk~8 TO ~OWrTNG L L ~ L OOJv~J~ION ] P J ~ O ~

~

Concentr~t£on (w~ x ~o-~) T~ ~ r l ~ a o o o ~ o d a t t o n Adequate Yenl~latlon

~5

7o85

~

~5

6o

75

700

356

127

51

1.9

605

321

134

49

2.0

653

33e

130

50

1.9~

(a)

~LWLnK a o o o ~ o d & l ~ o n Inadequate ~ent~l~tlon

Depth i n / ~ 4 •

24.6 (b)

Mean do~

i

I:i 22~,

218p0'. 214pb. 214~ Oonoentr&tionc. 0°370,0"164'0.350,0"148'0°2600oC~3amdand0.2100*0b~pO£PO£1"11 "1 rel~uetiwe~r

£nn~al done f o r oonttnuQue oxpoJuro to one working l e v o l tabulatod from e£Kh4 z ~ f ~ r o ~ o Tox~Led from 12 to 620 r i d 16, worklrm a n d - ~ m r q e

The loweo¢ and b~41heoq; ~ o o

done o f 85 t a d 8 w u

ohomen 16.

~o

were ro~looq;ed .rb£trar21¥ !~ t h e n the oonvereion fmetoro upl~ a depth

o f 4 ~ £ m eol~Lmated o n t h e b~ldLn o f Hequeeo m o ~ l o r e ~Lgher t h i n l ~ o N p z ' o p o e d ~ / ~ a t Hnque a n d C o l ] £ ~ o n Kave s o u n d r e a e o n a f o r n 8 1 ~ a n t l ~ h ~ h e r dON09° DOSE TO I~ONCHIAL E P I ~ U M

IN , a V ~ . T I I ~ D

B~ILDING8

T a b l e 2 giwon the ooncentrat;£one o f t h e deoe~ p r o d u o t o ~Ln p o o r e r y e n t i l a t e d bronch£~

donee bmJed o n d a t a ~ r o n T a b l e 1.

unoertaintiea nor, T ~

2

-

Reference

bo~am8 and

DON e q u i v s ~ o n t ~ a r e n o t e e t £ u m t o d beo~mmo o f t h e

in the v~lue of the qual£t7 f~tor.

t h a n t h o s e eugKeo~ed ~

ol~aer s t i l t o n .

The b r o n c h i e ~ d o H 8 a r e ooqpsr&blo t o o r

ICRP f o r oont£n~ou~ e x p o s u r e o f :lunge.

DOSE IN RJD~ TO ~BONC~LL EPIT~RT.1UH IN POORLY ~ T I L ~ T E D ~ I L D I N ~ Concentration in

19 1 2 3o

0.025 0.070 0.039

4.

0o012

16.3 45o5 25.4 7.6

30

45

60

8.4 23.6 13ol 4°1

3.3 9.1 5.1 1.6

1.) )-5 ~.0 0o6

282

No. 5

RADIATION I~OTECTION ~ I I Z

YOR GEh~RAL I ~ B ~ C

ReoentlT, the need for adopting s radiation

p r o t e o ~ l o n gu16e f o r deo~y p r o d o c t e o f 2 2 ~

h a 8 b e e n e u p h e n l o e d ~ . ~17 USA~ met f o r t h • c o n c e n t r a t i o n dial

a e t i o n worn maggeeted 1 8 .

On t h i a b a s l e r e n e d l a l

be r e e o ~ a o n d e d f o r a l m o s t 811 u n v e n t i l a t e d listic. ~n

•otion to redoee inhalation Chooeing u n v e n t i l a t e d

B a t i n o o ~ n t r i e e where t h e o u t d o o r t e n p e r a ~ u r e I s v e r y low, i t

8uffielont

ventilation

hasa~d Is to

h o u s e s ua7 be u n r e a is difficult

t o u~Ln-

t o p r e v e n t b ~ l l d up o f dee~y p r o ~ a o t s .

In • reoent article be~8

houoes.

o f 0.01 w o r k i n g l e v e l above whiQh t o n e -

ha~ler Justified

t h e c h o i c e o f 0.01 W~ f o r g e n e r a l p u b l i c o n t h e

o f e p l d e m i o l o g i o & l e v i d e n c e from t h e r e c o r d s o f u r a n i u m m i n e r s 19.

e x p o a u r e o f l u n g s t o 120 W~M a n d above c a u s e s a n t n o r e a e e i n r e s p l r a t o r ~

It is reported cancers.

• l A f e t i n e d o u b l i n g dose to be a b o u t 100 WI~ o r 8 5 - 1 7 0 radm t o t h e brono~L. expomare o f l u n g t o 12 WLM i n a u r a n i u m mine w i l l

that

A u x i e r ohoae

He • s i n • n e d t h a t

l e a d t o • dose o f 10-20 r a d 8 to t h e b r o n e h i .

T h i s 1o v e r y n e a r ~ y e q u a l t o 24 r a d e p e r YLY a o o o p t o d a s • c o n v e r s i o n f a c t o r I n u r a n i u m mine 2 0 . Dora t o w o r ~ i n g l e v e l o o n v ~ r s t o n f a c t o r d e r i v e d f o r m i n e s t 8 a p p l i c a b l e envtA~nment o n l y i f ~on

~he t r e e atom f r a c t i o n ,

~se

diotr$but£on and relative

o f doozy p r o ~ a c t s i n t h e two 8 i ~ a & t i o n 8 e r e i d e n t i c a l .

V a l u e s o f f r e e atom f r a c t i o n sir

aerosol

O o l l i n o o n lm a p p r o p r i a t e

in the light

deo~y p r o d o o t e I n n i n e s a r e a t t a c h e d

• twoophere. give different uodel rightly

~ma8 i d e n t l o a l

of ~arrent~

l t e d i n lower doooo o n ~ i n uroDAum m i n e r s .

B a t f o r n o r m a l room

available

data.

Haque and

A e r o a c l edze8 o n w h i c h

t o he h i g h e r t h a n thooo i n t h e n o r m a l

o o n e e n t ~ a t i o n e o f t h e dee87 p r o d u c t s i n n i n e s and n o r m a l a i r F4tinatee

b a s e d on Heque'8 and C o l l i n e o n O e

t h e dose t o V~ n o n v e r s i o n f a n t o r i 8 h i g h e r

~nogn t h a t t h e • n o u n b l a ~ e t ~ower doNS i n n i n e r o .

low.

The v a l u e o f 0o35 Qbooen ~

are aleo reported

~o8e8 t o t h e b r o n o h ~ a l e p i t h e l i u m . showed t h a t

1•

oon~n~&-

~ A n i t e d d a t e show wide d i f f e r e n c e s .

o f 218po I n u r a n i u m n i n e s a r e i n g e n e r a l

t h e v a l u e s a r e r e p o r t e d t o v e r y from 7% t o 1 ~

to the living

of uranium uiner8 io unuouall~ thick 9.

f o r n o r m a l room ~Ar. Th:Le w i l l

It t8

o~so l e a d t o

~5~1 e x p o s u r e o f l u n g s t o b~ndx~d working l e v e l n o n t h ~ i n m i n e r o r e s u to the b~onohial epithelium,

b u t l e d t o t n d u o t ~ o n o f malAgnant d l o e n e o

I t lm o u r o o n o i d e r e d o p i n i o n ~ t

oxpogu~e o f g o n e r a ~ ~ a b l i o t o t h e memo

l e v e l lm n o t J u m t l f l e d .

At p r e m o n t l a n k i n g t o b a n n e d i n urm~Lun mtneo 18. t o uranAum n i n e r 8 J u s t ne I t t o to o t h e r n o n , b u t i t nation with radon dmaghter expoaure 22.

Cigarette

8 m o k l ~ l o n o t o n l y hormfla~

a l 8 o a p p e a r 8 t o be more h a z s a ~ l i n oombi-

The r e s t r i c t i o n

on e l K • r e t i e

8rooking dooe8 n o t a p p l y t o

No. ~

283

pub]£o at large. the inaction

At p r e s e n t no d a t a a r e a v a i l a b l e

of lu~

oaro2noma.

on the relative

FA'on o t h e r bummn s t u d i e s

Nna~tivtt~

of oht]~n

to

i t m i g h t be e x p e c t e d t h a t o h ~ l a r e n

m ~ be more m m ~ t i v e 1 9 . S i n c e J u ] ~ 1971, a m a x t ~ n p e r n t o e ~ b l e e x p o s u r e o f 4 working l e v e l m o n t b l i n • y e ~ reooe~ended for radiation oonver~Lon f a c t o r

workers i n u r a n i u m m i n e s i n USA.

f o r u r a n i u m mtne8 I s 24 r a d l ,

• dose o f e i g h t r a d l .

I f • done o o r r e e p o n d ~

the reoo~ended

~

nearl~ 0.002 work~

level year

l e v e l o f r a d o n expomare leadm t o

t o one t e n t h o f t h a t

is a c c e p t e d f o r p u b l i c a t l a r g e we have t o r e e t r t e t oonoentration

8 i n o e t h e dome to w o r k t ~

i8

due t o o o o ~ p • l ~ o n a l w o z ~ r e

t h e a n n u a l dose to 0 . 8 r e d .

Oorre~pon~

level=

DISCUSSION • u~tinuu per~selble restrictive.

B~t we f e e l

o o n o e n t r a t i o n o f 0 . 0 0 2 WT, f o r g e n e r a l p a b ] £ o m ~ ~ p p e a r t o be vez~ that thee concentration

i n d o o r ~ c a n he a c h i e v e d a t • o o e t n e g l t ~ b l e

in oo~parleon with the eo~t of construction

of the ho~oes,

trattone

Epo~patnte

of deo~ products ~l~f~oant]~

radon e~natton removed d e c ~

f r o n w a l ] ~ 19.

5.

An e l e c t r o s t a t i c

pro~Uct8 with an efflcienoy

method b a s e d on t h e e l e o t r o s t a t i o

l~proved vent£lat~a

are reported

precipitator

t o be e f f e c t i v e

oolleotion

i n bloek~q~

uNd ae domestic dust eleauer

o f 80~ when a ~ r I s r e c ~ r e u l a t e d

and diffusion

reduces ~noen-

tbrou~

it 2~.

• n~

o f dee~ p r o d u c t s ~em •1~o b e e n

reported 21 . Aeknowle~ement t

We e~e indebted to ~r.U. ~adhvmaath f o r enooura~omnt.

~ 8 e . N.L. Pstonkar

c o n s t a n t eeeretarl•l emit•nee.

offered

~wvOgS 1.

A. ~OTH, ~ealth P ~ o . 23, 281, (1972)

2.

N. Jonaneen, Health l r ~ 8 . 29, 216 (1975)

3.

L . T . C a r u t h e r e a n d A.V. W a l t h e r , Health l ~ e .

4.

F.

5-

J . Pensko, Kernteohntk. 17, No,, 12, 533, (1975)-

6.

I.C.R.P, Taak Group on T . ~ ~ - - 4 o e ,

7.

"Inhalstton

Steinhausler

Health lq~e. 29, 70~, (1975).

8.

P.J.

Health P ~ e . 12, 173, (1966).

R i s k s from R a d i o a c t i v e c o n ~ a n i n a n t e " , T e ¢ h ~ ¢ a l R e p o r t s S e r i e s No.142s R e p o r t

of a Panel on inhalation tional

2 9 , 814 (1975)o

Atone

r i s k 8 from R a d i o a c t i v e C o n t i n e n t s ,

organtsed ~

the Interna-

Energy k g e n c ~ , and h e l d i n V i e n n a , 30 November-4 Deoember (1970)o

Welsh, Envtro~ental

R e e e a r e h ; 3 , 14, (1970)o

284

No. 5

90 HoN. Parker, Health l~t~8. 16, 55S (1969) 100

A.KoN.I. Haque lind A~T.T.. Ool~lLnmonp HealtJ~ Pl~Fah 13, 4~1, (1967)o

110 go Jaoo~L, Hoall~h ~ 8 0 12.

10, 116~ (1964)0

R.M. Otwt~eeu t P~T. Walsh and I(. Underwood, Health P~8. 2'}t 857, (1972).

1~), WIoniKtmg RM:Lat:Loi: L e v e l a a n d E f f e o t s n y A r e p o r t o f t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n 8 8 o : L e n t l f l c Qom~Ltteo o n t h e E f f e c t s o f A t o ~ o

Vo~,,m 1 t ~ , . 1 .

R a d i a t i o n to t h e O e n e x ~ ¢ e e e m b ) ¢ , w i t h a n n e x e s .

(1972).

14.

N.H. Harley and B.8. PuternacM, Health P~8. 25, 771, (1972).

15.

D.A. Morken, Health P ~ s . 16, 796 (1969).

16.

R.H. Johnson J r , D.B. Be~JLrdt, g.8. Nelson and H°W. Kelley EPA - 520/1-7~004°

17.

K.8. P a r t i m s ~ a t l ~ , Health P]~'8. 31, 187, (1976).

18.

R.J. ~ t l ~

19.

J.A. Jsax:Ler, H e a l t h P ~ O . 31, 119 (1976).

20.

P , B . Yam4:Ln, J . K , Wasoner and Y.B. £ r o h e r , Radon D o u g h i e r E c p o e u r e ~ d

H e a l t h P I ~ I . 26, 145, (1974).

Caneer-~anC:Lt~t:Lwe and T e m p o r a l Lmpects.

NIOSH - N I ~

Resp¢ratory

J o i n t Monogrl~ph No. 1 ( 1 9 7 1 ) ,

21.

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