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Building Theory of Green Supply Chain Management using Total Interpretive Structural Modeling (TISM)
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Building Theory of GreenIFAC-PapersOnLine Supply Chain Management using Total Interpretive Structural Modeling 48-3 (2015) 1688–1694 Building Theory of Green Supply Chain Management using Total Interpretive Structural Modeling (TISM) (TISM) Building Theory of Green Supply Chain Management using Total Interpretive Structural Modeling Building using Building Theory Theory of of Green Green Supply Supply Chain Chain Management Management using Total Total Interpretive Interpretive Structural Structural Modeling Modeling RameshwarDubey* (TISM) (TISM) RameshwarDubey* (TISM) Symbiosis Institute of Operations Management Symbiosis of Institute of Operations Management (Constituent Symbiosis International University) RameshwarDubey* RameshwarDubey* (Constituent of Symbiosis International University) RameshwarDubey* Plot No. A-23,Shravan Sector Symbiosis Institute of Operations Management Symbiosis Institute of Operations Management Plot No. A-23,Shravan Sector Symbiosis Institute of Operations Management CIDCO (Constituent of Symbiosis International (Constituent of Symbiosis International University) University) CIDCO (Constituent of No. Symbiosis International University) Nashik-422008 Plot A-23,Shravan Sector Plot New No. A-23,Shravan Sector Nashik-422008 Plot New No. A-23,Shravan Sector India CIDCO CIDCO India CIDCO E-mail: [email protected] New New Nashik-422008 Nashik-422008 E-mail: AngappaGunasekaran [email protected] New Nashik-422008 India India AngappaGunasekaran India of Business Charlton College E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Charlton College of Business E-mail: [email protected] University of Massachusetts Dartmouth AngappaGunasekaran AngappaGunasekaran University of Massachusetts Dartmouth AngappaGunasekaran North Dartmouth, MA Charlton College of Business Charlton College of 02747-2300 Business North Dartmouth, MA 02747-2300 Charlton College of Business USA University of Massachusetts Dartmouth University of Massachusetts Dartmouth USA University of Massachusetts Dartmouth E-mail: [email protected] North Dartmouth, MA 02747-2300 North Dartmouth, MA 02747-2300 E-mail: [email protected] North Dartmouth, MA 02747-2300 USA USA USA Wamba, E-mail: [email protected] Fosso E-mail:Samuel [email protected] E-mail:Samuel [email protected] Fosso Wamba,
Samuel Fosso Fosso Wamba, Wamba, Samuel NEOMA Business Samuel FossoSchool, Wamba,Rouen NEOMA Business School, Rouen 1 Rue du Maréchal Juin, BP 215 NEOMA Business School, Rouen 1 Rue duSaint Maréchal Juin, BP 215 NEOMA Business School, Rouen 76825 Mont Aignan Cedex, France NEOMA Business School, Rouen 76825 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France E-mail: [email protected] 1 Rue du Maréchal Juin, BP 215 1 Rue du Maréchal Juin, BP 215 E-mail: [email protected] 1 Rue duSaint Maréchal Juin, BP 215 Surajit Bag 76825 Mont Aignan Cedex, France 76825 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France Surajit Bag 76825 [email protected] Mont Aignan Cedex, France TegaSaint Industries Limited E-mail: E-mail: [email protected] Tega Industries Limited E-mail: 147, [email protected] Block-G, Alipore, SurajitNew Bag Surajit Bag 147, Block-G, Alipore, SurajitNew Bag Kolkata-700053, India Tega Industries Limited Tega Industries Limited Kolkata-700053, India Industries Limited E-mail147, :Tega [email protected] 147, Block-G, New Alipore, Block-G, New Alipore, E-mail147, : [email protected] Block-G, New Alipore, Kolkata-700053, India Kolkata-700053, India Kolkata-700053, India * Corresponding author E-mail :: [email protected] [email protected] E-mail * Corresponding author E-mail : [email protected] methodology to build theory is the seminal work of Pagell and Abstract methodology to build theory istothebuild seminal work of Pagell Abstract Wu (2009), who attempted a complete theoryand of Corresponding author Theory building author in green supply chain management (GSCM) ** Corresponding Wu (2009), supply who attempted tothebuild ausing complete theory of * Corresponding author Theory building in green supply chain management (GSCM) sustainable chain management multiple cases. methodology to build theory is seminal work of Pagell and has in recent years received increasing attention from academia Abstract methodology to build theory is the seminal work of Pagell and Abstract sustainable chain management using cases. methodology to build theory istothe seminal workmultiple of Pagell and has inpractitioners. recent yearsinThere received increasing attention from academia Ketokivi andsupply Choi (2014) have argued their works that in Wu (2009), who attempted build aain complete theory of Abstract and are numerous published studies that Theory building green supply chain management (GSCM) Wu (2009), who attempted to build complete theory of Theory building inThere greenare supply chain published management (GSCM) Ketokivi andsupply Choi attempted (2014) have argued their works that in Wu (2009), who build ain complete theory of and practitioners. numerous studies that recent years there has ato significant risemultiple in case study sustainable chain management using cases. 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However, Ketokivi andsuch Choi (2014) have argued in their works that in and testing theories in are theresearch fields of green supply chain majority of still lacks rigour in case research. recent years there has been aamanagement significant rise in case study and practitioners. There are numerous published studies that management or environmental supply chain management. The have adopted a quantitative methodology for building recent years there has been significant rise in case study have adopted a quantitative research methodology for building majority of such studies still lacks rigour in case research. recent years there hasargued been in amanagement significant risethat inHowever, case study management or environmental supply chain management. The Barratt et al. in their research the use of methodology the field. the have adopted a quantitative research methodology for building aim our paper is in to the build a GSCM theory using total and of testing theories in the fields of green supply chain methodology in(2011) the operations operations management field. However, the and testing theories of green supply chain Barratt etofal.lead argued inmanagement their rigour research that the use the of methodology in(2011) the operations field. However, aim of our structural paper is modelling. to the buildfields aToGSCM theory using total theory can tostudies better conclusions in terms of theoretical majority such still lacks in case research. and testing theories in fields of green supply chain interpretive achieve this we have used management or environmental supply chain management. The majority of such studies still lacks rigour in case research. managementstructural or environmental supply chain this management. The theory can lead to better conclusions in terms of theoretical majority of such studies still lacks rigour in case research. interpretive modelling. To achieve we have used framework and insights. In our study, we argue that in Barratt (2011) argued in their research that use of management or environmental supply chain the management. The an exhaustive literature and enablers and aim of is to a identified GSCM using total Barratt et et al. al.and (2011) argued in their research that the the use ofaa aim of our our paper paper is review to build build GSCM theory theory usingof total framework insights. In ourtheir study, we argue that in of Barratt can etwhere al.lead (2011) argued in research that the use an exhaustive literature review andaaTo identified the enablers ofused and situation the case approach fails to answer the research theory to better conclusions in terms of theoretical aim of to ourGSCM. paper is modelling. toidentifying build GSCM theory using total barriers After these enablers and barriers, interpretive structural achieve this we have theory can lead the to betterapproach conclusions in terms of theoretical interpretive structural modelling. To these achieve this we used situation where failsmay to we answer research theory can lead to case better conclusions in terms ofthetheoretical barriers to GSCM. After identifying enablers andhave barriers, question 'How?', systems be aargue better scientific framework and insights. In our that in interpretive structural modelling. achieve thisenablers we have we exhaustive developed a questionnaire and distributed this among leading an exhaustive literature review andTo identified the ofused and framework and the insights. Inapproach our study, study, we argue that in aa an literature review and identified the enablers of and question 'How?', the systems approach may be aargue better scientific framework and insights. In our study, we that in a we developed a questionnaire and distributed this among leading method (Sushil, 2012). In recent years interpretive structural situation where the case approach fails to answer the research an exhaustive literature review andembraced identified the enablers ofchain and manufacturing firms who have green supply barriers to GSCM. After identifying these enablers and barriers, situation where the case approach fails to answer the research barriers to GSCM. After these enablers and barriers, method (Sushil, 2012). In recent years situation where case approach failsmay tointerpretive answer thestructural research manufacturing whoidentifying have embraced green supply chain modelling (ISM)the total interpretive question the systems approach be scientific barriers to GSCM. After identifying these enablers and barriers, management environmental supply chain management as a we developed aa firms questionnaire and distributed this among question 'How?', 'How?', theand systems approach maystructural be aa better bettermodelling scientific we developed or questionnaire and distributed this among leading leading modelling (ISM) and total interpretive structural modelling question 'How?', the systems approach may be a better scientific management or environmental supply chain management as a (TISM) have been significantly applied as scientific methods for method (Sushil, 2012). In recent years interpretive structural we developed a questionnaire and distributed this among leading guiding philosophy. The enablers were converted into a manufacturing firms have embraced green supply chain method have (Sushil, 2012). In recent yearsas interpretive structural manufacturing firms who who have embraced green supplyinto chaina (TISM) been2012). significantly applied scientific methods for method (Sushil, In field recent interpretive structural guiding philosophy. Thematrix enablers were converted building theory in the ofyears operations management. modelling (ISM) and total interpretive structural modelling manufacturing firms who have embraced green supply chain structural self-interaction and we have further, based on management or environmental supply chain management as a modelling (ISM) and total interpretive structural modelling management or environmental supply chain management asona building theory in the field of operations management. modelling (ISM) and total interpretive structural modelling structural self-interaction matrix and we have further, based However, there is a pressing need for an appropriate TISM (TISM) been applied as scientific methods for management or of environmental supply chain converted management as a expert individuals identified academia guiding philosophy. The were into (TISM) have have beenissignificantly significantly applied as an scientific methods for guidingopinion philosophy. The enablers enablers werefrom converted intoand a However, there a pressing need and for appropriate TISM (TISM) have been significantly applied asfor scientific methods for expert opinion of individuals identified from academia and methodology in operations alternative methods building in field operations management. guiding philosophy. enablers were converted intoThe industry, developed a The total interpretive structural model. structural self-interaction matrix and we we have further, based ona building theory theory in the the literature field of of and operations management. structural self-interaction matrix and have further, based on methodology in operations literature for alternative methods building theory in pressing the fieldneed of present operations management. industry, developed a total interpretive structural model. for generating GSCM. The represents an However, there is for appropriate TISM structural self-interaction matrix and we have further, basedThe on model complex relationships among enablers expert opinion of identified academia and However, theretheory is aa in pressing need for an an study appropriate TISM expert presents opinion the of individuals individuals identified from from academia and for generating theory GSCM. Theextend present study represents an However, is this a inpressing need for for anthe appropriate TISM model presents the complex relationships among enablers and attempt tothere meet need and current GSCM methodology in operations literature and alternative methods expert opinion of individuals identified from academia and can in future be statistically validated using a larger sample size. industry, developed a total interpretive structural model. The methodology in operations literature and for alternative methods industry, developed a total validated interpretive structural model. size. The attempt tousing meet thisin need and extend current GSCM methodology intheory operations literature and forthe alternative methods can inpresent future be statistically using a larger sample literature an alternative research method. We have for generating GSCM. The present study represents an industry, developed a an total interpretive structural model. The The study is attempt to contribute in the field of model presents the complex relationships among enablers and for generating theory in GSCM. The present method. study represents an model presents the iscomplex relationships among and literature using anthisin alternative research WeGSCM have for generating theory GSCM. The presentthe study represents an The present study an attempt contribute in enablers the field of identified our research objectives as: attempt to meet need and extend current model presents theGSCM, complex relationships among enablers and theory building in which istotheusing pressing call of the time. can in future be statistically validated aa larger sample size. attempt to meet this need and extend the current GSCM can in future be statistically validated using larger sample size. identified(i) our research objectives as: attempt to meet this need and extend the current GSCM theory building in GSCM, which is the pressing call of the time. To develop a complete GSCM enabler framework literature using an alternative research method. We have can in future statistically validated using larger sample size. Finally, we be conclude research and aidentify The study is attempt to in field literature(i)using an alternative research method. We have The present present is an anour attempt to contribute contribute in the thenumerous field of of Tothe develop amethod complete GSCM method. enabler framework literature using an alternative research We have Finally, we study conclude our research and identify numerous TISM identified our objectives as: The present study is an attempt tothecontribute incurrent the field of research opportunities which may help to take the study theory building in GSCM, which is pressing call of the time. identifiedusing our research research objectives as: theory building in GSCM, which is the pressing call of the time. using the TISM method identified(i) ourToresearch objectives as: GSCM research opportunities which may to take the (ii) identify research opportunities. develop aa complete enabler theory building in GSCM, ishelp the pressing callcurrent ofnumerous the study time. to the next Finally, welevel. conclude ourwhich research and identify (i) To To develop further complete GSCM enabler framework framework Finally, we conclude our research and identify numerous Tothe identify further research opportunities. (i) To develop amethod complete enabler framework to the next level. The rest (ii) of the paper is organized as GSCM follows. In the next section using TISM Finally, we conclude our may research and identify numerous Key-Words: Green Supply Chain Management, Theory research opportunities which help to take the current study using the TISM method © 2015, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic research opportunities which mayChain help toManagement, take the currentTheory study Thewill rest discuss of the paper is organized as follows. In the next section using the TISM method Key-Words: Green Supply we the theoretical foundation of our present paper. (ii) To identify further research opportunities. research opportunities which may help to take the current study Building, Systems Theory, Interpretive Structural Modeling, and to the next level. (ii) To identify further research opportunities. Control) HostingTheory, by Elsevier Ltd.Structural All rights reserved. to the nextSystems level. we will discuss thewill theoretical foundation ofdesign. ourthe present paper. (ii) To identify further research opportunities. Building, Interpretive Modeling, and The third section outline the research The fourth rest of the paper is organized as follows. In next section to the next level. Total Interpretive Structural Modeling. Key-Words: Green Supply Chain The rest ofsection the paper is outline organized asresearch follows.design. In the next section Key-Words: Green Supply Chain Management, Management, Theory Theory The third will thethe The fourth The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In the next section Total Interpretive Structural Modeling. section of our paper will discuss findings of our study, and we will discuss the theoretical foundation of our present paper. Key-Words: Green Supply Chain Management, Theory Building, Systems Theory, Interpretive Structural Modeling, and we will discuss the theoretical foundation of our present paper. 1. Introduction Building, Systems Theory, Interpretive Structural Modeling, and section of our paper will discuss the findings of our study, and we will discuss the theoretical foundation of our present paper. finally we conclude our paper with a discussion of the The third section will outline the research design. The fourth Building, Systems Theory, Interpretive Structural Modeling, and 1. Introduction Total Interpretive Structural Modeling. The third section will outline the research design. The fourth Green supply chain management (GSCM) has in recent years Total Interpretive Structural Modeling. finally wesection conclude ourdiscuss paper with a research discussion of the The third will outline thetheresearch design. The fourth limitations of the study and proposed future directions. section of our paper will findings of our study, and Total Interpretive Structural Modeling. Green supply chain management (GSCM) has in recent years section of our paper will discuss the future findings of our study, and been a subject of much debate among academia and 1. Introduction limitations ofconclude the study and proposed research 1. Introduction section of our paper will discuss thewith findings of ourdirections. study, and finally we our paper a discussion of been a subject of much debate among academia and 2. Underpinning Theory finally we conclude our paper with a discussion of the the 1. Introduction practitioners. Increased environmental has Green supply management (GSCM) has Green supply chain chain management (GSCM) consciousness has in in recent recent years years 2. Underpinning finally we conclude our proposed paper with a research discussion of the the limitations of study and future directions. practitioners. Increased environmental consciousness has Systems theory in Theory the attracted major attention from limitations of the thehas study andpast proposed future research directions. Green supply chain management (GSCM) has in recent years triggered one of the greatest revolutions in human thought, been aa subject subject of of much much debate debate among among academia academia and and been limitations of the study and proposed future research directions. Systems theory has in the past attracted major attention from the triggered one of the revolutions in emissions human thought, scientific community Theory as a tool to model complex problems. 2. Underpinning been athesubject of greatest much debate among academia and uniting entire world in environmental a fight against the which practitioners. Increased consciousness has 2. Underpinning Theory practitioners. Increased consciousness has scientific community as a tool to complex problems. 2. Underpinning Theory uniting theone entire world in environmental a fight against the emissions which Warfield (1973, 1974) is credited withmodel having graph theory Systems theory has in the past major attention from the practitioners. Increased environmental consciousness has are produced during economic activities. Manufacturing and triggered of the greatest revolutions in human thought, Systems theory has in the past attracted attracted major used attention from the triggered one during of the economic greatest revolutions in human thought, Warfield (1973, 1974) is credited with having used graph theory Systems theory has in the past attracted major attention from the are produced activities. Manufacturing and to solve complex social issues. The technique is popularly scientific community as a tool to model complex problems. triggered one of world the greatest revolutions in emissions human thought, transportation activities are indicted as major reasons behind uniting the entire in a fight against the which scientific community as aissues. tool toThe model complex problems. uniting the entire world in a fight against the emissions which to solve complex social technique is popularly scientific community as a toolmodeling to model complex problems. transportation activities area indicted as major reasons behind known as(1973, interpretive structural (ISM). Ingraph recent years Warfield 1974) is credited with having used theory uniting the entire world in fightactivities. against the which environmental degradation. While there isManufacturing aemissions rich body of are produced during economic Manufacturing and Warfield (1973, 1974) is credited with having used graph theory are produced during economic activities. and known as(1973, interpretive structural modeling (ISM). Ingraph years Warfield 1974) is credited with used theory environmental degradation. While there isManufacturing rich body of ISM has attracted significant attention from the operations to solve solve complex social issues. Thehaving technique isrecent popularly are produced during economic activities. and literature on GSCM practices, the research ona reasons GSCM theory transportation activities are as behind to complex social issues. The technique is popularly transportation activities are indicted indicted as major major behind ISM has attracted significant attention from the operations to solve complex social issues. The technique isrecent popularly literature onscant. GSCM practices, thestudies research ona reasons GSCM theory management community (e.g. Raj et al., 2008; Mangla etyears al., known as interpretive structural modeling (ISM). In transportation activities are indicted as major reasons behind building is One of the few which have used case environmental degradation. While there is rich body of known as interpretive structural modeling (ISM). In recent years environmental degradation. therewhich is a rich used bodycase of management community (e.g. Raj et al., 2008; Mangla et al., known as interpretive structural modeling (ISM). In recent years building Onepractices, of the While fewthestudies 2013; Govindan et al., 2013; Panahifar et al., 2014; et al., ISM attracted significant attention from the operations environmental degradation. While there is ona have rich body of literature ison onscant. GSCM research GSCM theory ISM has has attracted significant attention from theLuthra operations literature GSCM practices, the research on GSCM theory 2013; Govindan et al., 2013; Panahifar et al., 2014; Luthra et al., ISM has attracted significant attention from the operations management community (e.g. Raj et al., 2008; Mangla et literature isonscant. GSCM practices, the research on GSCM theory building management community (e.g. Raj et al., 2008; Mangla et al., al., building is scant. One One of of the the few few studies studies which which have have used used case case management community (e.g. Raj et al., 2008; Mangla et al., 2013; Govindan building is scant. One of the few studies which have used case Govindan et et al., al., 2013; 2013; Panahifar Panahifar et et al., al., 2014; 2014; Luthra Luthra et et al., Copyright © 2015 IFAC 1758 2013; 2013; Hosting GovindanbyetElsevier al., 2013;Ltd. Panahifar et al.,reserved. 2014; Luthra et al., 2405-8963 © 2015, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) All rights Copyright © 2015 IFAC 1758 Peer review under responsibility of International Federation of Automatic Control. Copyright © 1758 Copyright © 2015 2015 IFAC IFAC 1758 10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.06.329 Copyright © 2015 IFAC 1758
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2014). The ISM methodology has gained popularity due to its ability to solve complex issues based on discrete mathematics. However, in recent years the ISM methodology has also attracted criticism from scholars due to a lack of consensus in terms of the level of confidence which may be attributed to the results due to variations in experts' opinions. Further, Sushil (2012) pointed out fundamental limitations of the ISM model in terms of transparency and suggested TISM as an alternative approach to build theory, which has demonstrated significant attraction for scholars (e.g. Nasim, 2011; Prasad and Suri, 2011; Dubey and Ali, 2014). However, to date TISM has not been exploited in the field of operations management. Hence, in an attempt to address this gap in the current literature, we have identified the TISM methodology as an alternative scientific method in our study.
The ISM model is shown in Figure 1, from which we can see how integration of key business processes drives competitive advantage for organizations that have implemented GSCM. From this level we can see that among enablers of GSCM, integration of key business processes is found to be at level 6, green technology and information management at level 5, waste management process is at level 4, manufacturing flow management and logistics at level 3, customer focus and supplier relationship management at level 2 and competitive advantage at level 1. The hierarchical relationship among variables indicates how integration of business processes – mediated through green technology and information management – leads to waste management process. The waste management process, further mediated through manufacturing flow management and logistics management, results in customer relationship and supplier relationship, which provide further competitive advantage to the organization.
3. Total Interpretive Structural Modelling In this paper we have adopted interpretive structural modelling to build theory, as suggested by Sushil (2012).
3.1 Identification of GSCM enablers
3.5 Binary Interaction Matrix
We have adopted a two-pronged strategy to identify enablers of GSCM. First, we adopted an extensiveliterature review approach and then attempted to identify enablers of GSCM in consultation with two experts: one from academia and one from industry (Debnath and Shankar, 2012). The enablers are presented in Table 1. << INSERT TABLE 1>>
The binary interaction matrix is generated from Figure 1, as shown in Table 4. <>
3.6 Interpretive Matrix
3.2 Contextual relationships among enablers
The strategies which help to achieve the linkage are presented in the interpretive matrix.
<>
3.7 TISM based model <>
In the present study, seven supply chain management experts were identified. Using management techniques like brainstorming sessions, the contextual relationships among these enablers were established, as shown in Table 2. The relationships among variables are shown using V, A, X & O (see Table 3). The symbols i and j are used to denote direction between two nodes. << INSERT TABLE 2>> The symbols V, A, X and O represent: V - Enabler i is responsible for j but not vice-versa; A - Enabler j is responsible for i but not vice-versa; X - Enabler i and j are responsible for each other; and O - Enabler i and j are not responsible for each other.
4. Discussion The above TISM model on GSCM provides an interesting insight. The present study has adopted an inductive approach in which we have adopted two major stages – a descriptive stage and a prescriptive stage. In the descriptive stage we have used three steps: Observation; Classification of literature; Establishment of relationships. After the descriptive stage, the study moves to a prescriptive stage, which includes: Development of ISM model; Derived interpretive matrix; Creation of TISM-based model.
3.3. Interpretation of Comparison The SSIM matrix (see Table 3) is further converted into initial and final reachability matrices (see Table 4 and Table 5).
4.1 Theoretical Contributions
The SSIM matrix has been converted into a binary matrix, called the initial reachability matrix by substituting V, A, X and O by 1 and 0 as per given case. The substitution of 1s and 0s are as per the following rules (Dubey and Ali, 2014): 1.
2.
3.
4.
The present paper is an attempt to build theory surrounding green supply chain management. The existing literature on GSCM has relied heavily on deductive approaches associated with 'big data' empirical research, but which fail to explore some important aspects. Markman and Krause (2014), in a call for papers on 'Theory Building Surrounding Sustainable Supply Chain Management', have argued the need for inductive approaches to generating theory surrounding sustainable supply chains, as deductive approaches may in some cases limit the scope of study. The present work has attempted to extend the contribution of Pagell and Wu (2009), who attempted to build sustainable supply chain theory using ten exemplar case studies. However, we argue that sometimes, due to lack of support from industry, alternative approaches such as ISM and TISM can be equally effective in building theory. Hence, our present paper is an attempt to draw the attention of operations management scholars to other inductive approaches, which they may consider rather than focusing solely on a case study approach.
If the (i, j) entry in the SSIM is V, the (i, j) entry in the reachability matrix becomes 1 and the (j, i) entry becomes 0; If the (i, j) entry in the SSIM is A, the (i, j) entry in the reachability matrix becomes 0 and the (j, i) entry becomes 1; If the (i, j) entry in the SSIM is X, the (i, j) entry in the reachability matrix becomes 1 and the (j, i) entry also becomes 1; and If the (i, j) entry in the SSIM is O, the (i, j) entry in the reachability matrix becomes 0 and the (j, i) entry also becomes 0.
4.2 Managerial Implications
In this case we have first derived the reachability matrix (Table 3) , which is further partitioned into various levels.
The TISM model can be used as a powerful tool for diagnosing the success and failure of any project. In our present study we have identified the enablers of GSCM. The TISM model further provides an insight that, rather than focusing on all enablers, it is important to understand the levels of the enablers. The TISM model helps managers to identify the enabler which drives other enablers, and can further be used to develop strategy through brainstorming exercises to achieve the linkage between any two
<< INSERT TABLE 3>>
3.4 Directed Graph <>
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enablers. This method can even be used as a powerful technique in place of a 'cause and effect' diagram.
chains. Production and Operations Management, 17(6), 573-586. Luthra, S., Garg, D., & Haleem, A. (2014). Critical success factors of green supply chain management for achieving sustainability in Indian automobile industry. Production Planning & Control (ahead-of-print), 1-24. DOI:10.1080/09537287.2014.904532. Mangla, S., Madaan, J., & Chan, F. T. (2013). Analysis of flexible decision strategies for sustainability-focused green product recovery system. International Journal of Production Research, 51(11), 3428-3442. Markman, G., & Krause, D. (2014). Special topic forum on theory building surrounding sustainable supply chain management. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 50(2), i-ii. Mudgal, R. K., Shankar, R., Talib, P., & Raj, T. (2009). Greening the supply chain practices: an Indian perspective of enablers' relationships. International Journal of Advanced Operations Management, 1(2), 151176. Nasim, S. (2011). Total interpretive structural modeling of continuity and change forces in e-government. Journal of Enterprise Transformation, 1(2), 147-168. Pagell, M., & Wu, Z. (2009). Building a more complete theory of sustainable supply chain management using case studies of 10 exemplars. Journal of supply chain management, 45(2), 37-56. Panahifar, F., Byrne, P. J., & Heavey, C. (2014). ISM analysis of CPFR implementation barriers. International Journal of Production Research, 52(18),5255-5272. Park, J., Sarkis, J., & Wu, Z. (2010). Creating integrated business and environmental value within the context of China’s circular economy and ecological modernization. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18(15), 1494-1501. Prasad, U. C., & Suri, R. K. (2011). Modeling of continuity and change forces in private higher technical education using total interpretive structural modeling (TISM). Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 12(3-4), 31-40. Raj, T., Shankar, R., & Suhaib, M. (2008). An ISM approach for modelling the enablers of flexible manufacturing system: the case for India. International Journal of Production Research, 46(24), 6883-6912. Rehman, M. A., & Shrivastava, R. L. (2013). Green manufacturing (GM): past, present and future (a state of art review). World Review of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development, 10(1), 17-55. Schnitzer, H. (1996). Raw material management as a first step towards sustainability. In Clean Production (pp. 549567). Springer Berlin: Heidelberg. Seuring, S., & Müller, M. (2008). From a literature review to a conceptual framework for sustainable supply chain management. Journal of cleaner production, 16(15), 1699-1710. Sikdar, S. K., & Howell, S. G. (1998). On developing cleaner organic unit processes. Journal of Cleaner Production, 6(3), 253-259. Simpson, D., & Samson, D. (2008). Developing strategies for green supply chain management. Decision line, 39(4), 1215. Stindt, D., & Sahamie, R. (2014). Review of research on closed loop supply chain management in the process industry. Flexible Services and Manufacturing Journal, 26(1-2), 268-293. Subramanian, N., Gunasekaran, A., Abdulrahman, M. D., Liu, C., & Su, D. (2014). Reverse logistics in the Chinese auto-parts firms: implementation framework development through multiple case studies. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 21(3), 223234. Sushil (2012). Interpreting the Interpretive Structural Model. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 13(2), 87-106. Sushil, & Vrat, P. (1989). Waste management policy analysis and growth monitoring: an integrated approach to
5. Conclusions Our present study has attempted to exploit the strength of interpretive logic to build theory where other, established inductive approaches sometimes fail to offer meaningful insights. To achieve this study adopted the TISM approach to develop a theory surrounding green supply chain management. However, the present study has its own limitations. First, the study is based on samples which are not statistically sufficient to test the theory. However, it can be recommended to use TISM in future for theory building in studies that can be tested using a large sample size. In this way the merits of this methodology can be fully realized. In our study we have not considered business ethics, institutional pressures, leadership, organizational culture or human resource issues. In future these factors can be included in building more comprehensive theories. Second we have seen that response of the respondents is expressed in 0 or 1. In case where respondents feel that there exists mediocre relationship which may not be expressed in either 0 or 1. In such case we can include fuzzy TISM.
References Bai, C. & Sarkis, J. (2010). Greener supplier development: analytical evaluation using rough set theory. Journal of Cleaner Production, 17(2): 255–264. Barratt, M., Choi, T. Y., & Li, M. (2011). Qualitative case studies in operations management: trends, research outcomes, and future research implications. Journal of Operations Management, 29(4), 329-342. Debnath, R. M., & Shankar, R. (2012). Improving service quality in technical education: use of interpretive structural modeling. Quality Assurance in Education, 20(4), 387-407. Diabat, A., & Govindan, K. (2011). An analysis of the drivers affecting the implementation of green supply chain management. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 55(6), 659-667. Diabat, A., Kannan, D., & Mathiyazhagan, K. (2014). Analysis of enablers for implementation of sustainable supply chain management–A textile case. Journal of Cleaner Production, 83, 391-403. Dubey, R., & Ali, S. S. (2014). Identification of Flexible Manufacturing System Dimensions and Their Interrelationship Using Total Interpretive Structural Modelling and Fuzzy MICMAC Analysis. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 15(2), 131143. Govindan, K., Kannan, D., Mathiyazhagan, K., Jabbour, A. B. L. D. S., & Jabbour, C. J. C. (2013). Analysing green supply chain management practices in Brazil’s electrical/electronics industry using interpretive structural modelling. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 70(4), 477-493. Hervani, A. A., Helms, M. M., & Sarkis, J. (2005). Performance measurement for green supply chain management. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 12(4), 330-353. Hsu, C. W.& Hu, A. H. (2009). Applying hazardous substance management to supplier selection using analytic network process. Journal of Cleaner Production, 17(2), 255–264. Ketokivi, M., & Choi, T. (2014). Renaissance of case research as a scientific method. Journal of Operations Management, 32(5), 232-240. Ku, C. Y., Chang, C. T., & Ho, H. P. (2010). Global supplier selection using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy goal programming. Quality and Quantity, 44(4), 623-640. Large, R. O., & Gimenez Thomsen, C. (2011). Drivers of green supply management performance: evidence from Germany. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 17(3), 176-184. Lee, S. Y., & Klassen, R. D. (2008). Drivers and enablers that foster environmental management capabilities in small‐and medium‐sized suppliers in supply
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perspective planning. International Journal of Systems Science, 20(6), 907-926. Testa, F.& Iraldo,F.(2010). Shadows and Lights of GSCM (Green Supply Chain Management): Determinants and Effects of these Practices Based on a Multinational Study. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18(10/11), 953–962. Vachon, S., and R.D. Klassen (2006). Green Project partnership in the supply chain: the case of the package printing industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 14(6/7), 661– 671. van Hoof, B., & Lyon, T. P. (2013). Cleaner production in small firms taking part in Mexico's Sustainable Supplier Program. Journal of Cleaner Production, 41, 270-282. Warfield, J. N. (1973). Binary matrices in system modeling. Systems, Man and Cybernetics, IEEE Transactions on, 3(5), 441-449. Warfield, J. N. (1974). Developing subsystem matrices in structural modeling. Systems, Man and Cybernetics, IEEE Transactions on, 4(1), 74-80. Winzeler, R., Hofer, P., Morf, L., & Youcai, Z. (2003). Towards sustainable waste management. In Municipal Solid Waste Management (pp. 462-513). Springer Berlin: Heidelberg. Yamakawa, H., & Ueta, K. (2002). Waste reduction through variable charging programs: its sustainability and contributing factors. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 4(2), 77-86.
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Appendix:
Enablers Green Technology Waste Management Process Manufacturing Flow Management Reverse Logistics Customer Focus Supplier Relationship Management Information Management Integration of Key Business Processes Competitive Advantage
Enablers numeric code I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX
Enablers alphanumeric code I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX
Table 1: Enablers of GSCM References Sikdar and Howell (1998); Zhang et al. ( 2013); van Hoof and Lyon (2013) Sushil and Vrat (1989);Schnitzer (1996); Yamakawa and Ueta (2002); Winzeler et al. (2003); Rehman and Shrivastava (2013) Zhu et al. (2008); Seuring and Muller (2008) Lee and Klassen (2008); Mudgal et al. (2009);Stindt and Sahamie (2014);Subramaniyan et al. (2014) Lee and Klassen (2008); Mudgal et al. (2009); Diabat et al. (2014);Stindt and Sahamie (2014) Vachon and Klassen 2006; Hsu and Hu 2009; Bai and Sarkis 2010; Ku et al., 2010; Testa and Iraldo 2010; van Hoof and Lyon 2013 Zhu et al. (2005); Zhu et al. (2007);Diabat et al. (2011) Hervani et al. (2005);Zhu et al. (2008);Park et al. (2010) Simpson and Samson (2008); Testa and Iraldo (2010); Large and Thomsen (2011)
Table 2: Contextual Relationship among Enablers Enablers 9 8 Green Technology V A Waste management Process V A Manufacturing flow management V A Reverse logistics V A Customer Focus V A Supplier Relationship Management V A Information management V A Integration of key business processes V Competitive Advantage -
Enablers
Enablers Green Technology Waste Management Process Manufacturing Flow Management Reverse Logistics Customer Focus Supplier Relationship Management Information Management Integration of Key Business Processes Competitive Advantage
Table 3: Reachability Matrix Enablers 1 2 3 4 5 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
7 A A A A A A -
6 V V O O O -
5 V V V V -
4 V X O -
6 1 1
7 0 0
8 0 0
9 1 1
Driving Power 7 6
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
3
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 0 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
1 1 1
4 2 2
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
0 1
1 1
8 9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
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Competitive Advantage(9)
Customer Focus(5)
Supplier Relationship Management(6)
Manufacturing flow Management(3)
Reverse logistics(4)
Waste Management Process(2)
Green Technology(I)
Information Management(7)
Integration of key business processes(8)
Figure 1: ISM based model Enabler numeric code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Table 4: Binary Interaction Matrix Enablers Enablers 1 2 3 4 Green Technology 1 1 0 Waste Management Process 0 1 1 Manufacturing Flow Management 0 0 0 Reverse Logistics 0 1 0 Customer Focus 0 0 0 0 Supplier Relationship Management 0 0 0 0 Information Management 1 1 0 1 Integration of Key Business Processes 1 1 0 0 Competitive Advantage 0 0 0 0
5 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 -
Table 5: Interpretive Matrix I
II
III
IV
I II The green technology can be exploited to reduce wastes, for which appropriate training should be provided to achieve the desired outcome.
III IV V VI VII VIII IX The work stations are designed in such a way that the distance travelled by the materials and other resources is least.
Waste management process has a strong impact on design of manufacturing flow.
)ptimizing the route and reducing carbon emissions can help in establishing mutual association between waste management and logistics management.
Waste reduction using value engineering concept and sustainable product design can help waste management process to link with customer focus.
Improving By improving efficiency of efficiency production line, the cost of production of per unit decreases. production line. Hub and spoke distribution, full truck load and proper storage help in waste reduction. 1763
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V VI
VII
VIII
IX
Customer focus helps in improving product quality and increasing product utility. Through collaboration with suppliers and building trust, the risk in the supply chain network can be mitigated, cost can be reduced, the emission of carbon is reduced and quality of product improves. These outcomes provide distinct competitive advantage to the organization. Use of ERP Information management Information management can help in improving vehicle turnaround and and RFID chips can help in improving managing warehouse stock level. helps in supply chain visibility. successful implementation of green technology. Integration of Just in time, conservation of energy, recycling, reduced wastage and Business integration improves recovery help in achieving waste management process. business flow of information. This process helps further increases visibility optimal across the supply chain and utilization of further improves velocity. green technology. -
Competitive Advantage(9)
Customer Focus(5)
Supplier Relationship Management(6)
Manufacturing Flow Management(3)
Reverse Logistics(4)
Waste Management Process(2)
Green Technology(I)
Information Management(7)
Represents transitive link Integration of Key Business Processes(8)
Figure 2: TISM Model
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Building Theory of GreenIFAC-PapersOnLine Supply Chain Management using Total Interpretive Structural Modeling 48-3 (2015) 1688–1694 Building Theory of Green Supply Chain Management using Total Interpretive Structural Modeling (TISM) (TISM) Building Theory of Green Supply Chain Management using Total Interpretive Structural Modeling Building using Building Theory Theory of of Green Green Supply Supply Chain Chain Management Management using Total Total Interpretive Interpretive Structural Structural Modeling Modeling RameshwarDubey* (TISM) (TISM) RameshwarDubey* (TISM) Symbiosis Institute of Operations Management Symbiosis of Institute of Operations Management (Constituent Symbiosis International University) RameshwarDubey* RameshwarDubey* (Constituent of Symbiosis International University) RameshwarDubey* Plot No. A-23,Shravan Sector Symbiosis Institute of Operations Management Symbiosis Institute of Operations Management Plot No. A-23,Shravan Sector Symbiosis Institute of Operations Management CIDCO (Constituent of Symbiosis International (Constituent of Symbiosis International University) University) CIDCO (Constituent of No. Symbiosis International University) Nashik-422008 Plot A-23,Shravan Sector Plot New No. A-23,Shravan Sector Nashik-422008 Plot New No. A-23,Shravan Sector India CIDCO CIDCO India CIDCO E-mail: [email protected] New New Nashik-422008 Nashik-422008 E-mail: AngappaGunasekaran [email protected] New Nashik-422008 India India AngappaGunasekaran India of Business Charlton College E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Charlton College of Business E-mail: [email protected] University of Massachusetts Dartmouth AngappaGunasekaran AngappaGunasekaran University of Massachusetts Dartmouth AngappaGunasekaran North Dartmouth, MA Charlton College of Business Charlton College of 02747-2300 Business North Dartmouth, MA 02747-2300 Charlton College of Business USA University of Massachusetts Dartmouth University of Massachusetts Dartmouth USA University of Massachusetts Dartmouth E-mail: [email protected] North Dartmouth, MA 02747-2300 North Dartmouth, MA 02747-2300 E-mail: [email protected] North Dartmouth, MA 02747-2300 USA USA USA Wamba, E-mail: [email protected] Fosso E-mail:Samuel [email protected] E-mail:Samuel [email protected] Fosso Wamba,
Samuel Fosso Fosso Wamba, Wamba, Samuel NEOMA Business Samuel FossoSchool, Wamba,Rouen NEOMA Business School, Rouen 1 Rue du Maréchal Juin, BP 215 NEOMA Business School, Rouen 1 Rue duSaint Maréchal Juin, BP 215 NEOMA Business School, Rouen 76825 Mont Aignan Cedex, France NEOMA Business School, Rouen 76825 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France E-mail: [email protected] 1 Rue du Maréchal Juin, BP 215 1 Rue du Maréchal Juin, BP 215 E-mail: [email protected] 1 Rue duSaint Maréchal Juin, BP 215 Surajit Bag 76825 Mont Aignan Cedex, France 76825 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France Surajit Bag 76825 [email protected] Mont Aignan Cedex, France TegaSaint Industries Limited E-mail: E-mail: [email protected] Tega Industries Limited E-mail: 147, [email protected] Block-G, Alipore, SurajitNew Bag Surajit Bag 147, Block-G, Alipore, SurajitNew Bag Kolkata-700053, India Tega Industries Limited Tega Industries Limited Kolkata-700053, India Industries Limited E-mail147, :Tega [email protected] 147, Block-G, New Alipore, Block-G, New Alipore, E-mail147, : [email protected] Block-G, New Alipore, Kolkata-700053, India Kolkata-700053, India Kolkata-700053, India * Corresponding author E-mail :: [email protected] [email protected] E-mail * Corresponding author E-mail : [email protected] methodology to build theory is the seminal work of Pagell and Abstract methodology to build theory istothebuild seminal work of Pagell Abstract Wu (2009), who attempted a complete theoryand of Corresponding author Theory building author in green supply chain management (GSCM) ** Corresponding Wu (2009), supply who attempted tothebuild ausing complete theory of * Corresponding author Theory building in green supply chain management (GSCM) sustainable chain management multiple cases. methodology to build theory is seminal work of Pagell and has in recent years received increasing attention from academia Abstract methodology to build theory is the seminal work of Pagell and Abstract sustainable chain management using cases. methodology to build theory istothe seminal workmultiple of Pagell and has inpractitioners. recent yearsinThere received increasing attention from academia Ketokivi andsupply Choi (2014) have argued their works that in Wu (2009), who attempted build aain complete theory of Abstract and are numerous published studies that Theory building green supply chain management (GSCM) Wu (2009), who attempted to build complete theory of Theory building inThere greenare supply chain published management (GSCM) Ketokivi andsupply Choi attempted (2014) have argued their works that in Wu (2009), who build ain complete theory of and practitioners. numerous studies that recent years there has ato significant risemultiple in case study sustainable chain management using cases. Theory building inreceived green supply chain management (GSCM) have adopted a quantitative research methodology for building has in recent years increasing attention from academia sustainable supply chainbeen management using multiple cases. has in recent years received increasing attention from academia recent years there has been a significant rise in case study sustainable supply chain management using multiple cases. have adopted a quantitative research methodology for building methodology in the operations management field. However, the Ketokivi and Choi (2014) have argued in their works that in has inpractitioners. recent years received increasing attention academia testing theories in are the fields of green from supply and There numerous published studies that Ketokivi and in Choi (2014) have argued in their works thatthe in and practitioners. There numerous published studieschain that methodology thestudies operations field. However, Ketokivi andsuch Choi (2014) have argued in their works that in and testing theories in are theresearch fields of green supply chain majority of still lacks rigour in case research. recent years there has been aamanagement significant rise in case study and practitioners. There are numerous published studies that management or environmental supply chain management. The have adopted a quantitative methodology for building recent years there has been significant rise in case study have adopted a quantitative research methodology for building majority of such studies still lacks rigour in case research. recent years there hasargued been in amanagement significant risethat inHowever, case study management or environmental supply chain management. The Barratt et al. in their research the use of methodology the field. the have adopted a quantitative research methodology for building aim our paper is in to the build a GSCM theory using total and of testing theories in the fields of green supply chain methodology in(2011) the operations operations management field. However, the and testing theories of green supply chain Barratt etofal.lead argued inmanagement their rigour research that the use the of methodology in(2011) the operations field. However, aim of our structural paper is modelling. to the buildfields aToGSCM theory using total theory can tostudies better conclusions in terms of theoretical majority such still lacks in case research. and testing theories in fields of green supply chain interpretive achieve this we have used management or environmental supply chain management. The majority of such studies still lacks rigour in case research. managementstructural or environmental supply chain this management. The theory can lead to better conclusions in terms of theoretical majority of such studies still lacks rigour in case research. interpretive modelling. To achieve we have used framework and insights. In our study, we argue that in Barratt (2011) argued in their research that use of management or environmental supply chain the management. The an exhaustive literature and enablers and aim of is to a identified GSCM using total Barratt et et al. al.and (2011) argued in their research that the the use ofaa aim of our our paper paper is review to build build GSCM theory theory usingof total framework insights. In ourtheir study, we argue that in of Barratt can etwhere al.lead (2011) argued in research that the use an exhaustive literature review andaaTo identified the enablers ofused and situation the case approach fails to answer the research theory to better conclusions in terms of theoretical aim of to ourGSCM. paper is modelling. toidentifying build GSCM theory using total barriers After these enablers and barriers, interpretive structural achieve this we have theory can lead the to betterapproach conclusions in terms of theoretical interpretive structural modelling. To these achieve this we used situation where failsmay to we answer research theory can lead to case better conclusions in terms ofthetheoretical barriers to GSCM. After identifying enablers andhave barriers, question 'How?', systems be aargue better scientific framework and insights. In our that in interpretive structural modelling. achieve thisenablers we have we exhaustive developed a questionnaire and distributed this among leading an exhaustive literature review andTo identified the ofused and framework and the insights. Inapproach our study, study, we argue that in aa an literature review and identified the enablers of and question 'How?', the systems approach may be aargue better scientific framework and insights. In our study, we that in a we developed a questionnaire and distributed this among leading method (Sushil, 2012). In recent years interpretive structural situation where the case approach fails to answer the research an exhaustive literature review andembraced identified the enablers ofchain and manufacturing firms who have green supply barriers to GSCM. After identifying these enablers and barriers, situation where the case approach fails to answer the research barriers to GSCM. After these enablers and barriers, method (Sushil, 2012). In recent years situation where case approach failsmay tointerpretive answer thestructural research manufacturing whoidentifying have embraced green supply chain modelling (ISM)the total interpretive question the systems approach be scientific barriers to GSCM. After identifying these enablers and barriers, management environmental supply chain management as a we developed aa firms questionnaire and distributed this among question 'How?', 'How?', theand systems approach maystructural be aa better bettermodelling scientific we developed or questionnaire and distributed this among leading leading modelling (ISM) and total interpretive structural modelling question 'How?', the systems approach may be a better scientific management or environmental supply chain management as a (TISM) have been significantly applied as scientific methods for method (Sushil, 2012). In recent years interpretive structural we developed a questionnaire and distributed this among leading guiding philosophy. The enablers were converted into a manufacturing firms have embraced green supply chain method have (Sushil, 2012). In recent yearsas interpretive structural manufacturing firms who who have embraced green supplyinto chaina (TISM) been2012). significantly applied scientific methods for method (Sushil, In field recent interpretive structural guiding philosophy. Thematrix enablers were converted building theory in the ofyears operations management. modelling (ISM) and total interpretive structural modelling manufacturing firms who have embraced green supply chain structural self-interaction and we have further, based on management or environmental supply chain management as a modelling (ISM) and total interpretive structural modelling management or environmental supply chain management asona building theory in the field of operations management. modelling (ISM) and total interpretive structural modelling structural self-interaction matrix and we have further, based However, there is a pressing need for an appropriate TISM (TISM) been applied as scientific methods for management or of environmental supply chain converted management as a expert individuals identified academia guiding philosophy. The were into (TISM) have have beenissignificantly significantly applied as an scientific methods for guidingopinion philosophy. The enablers enablers werefrom converted intoand a However, there a pressing need and for appropriate TISM (TISM) have been significantly applied asfor scientific methods for expert opinion of individuals identified from academia and methodology in operations alternative methods building in field operations management. guiding philosophy. enablers were converted intoThe industry, developed a The total interpretive structural model. structural self-interaction matrix and we we have further, based ona building theory theory in the the literature field of of and operations management. structural self-interaction matrix and have further, based on methodology in operations literature for alternative methods building theory in pressing the fieldneed of present operations management. industry, developed a total interpretive structural model. for generating GSCM. The represents an However, there is for appropriate TISM structural self-interaction matrix and we have further, basedThe on model complex relationships among enablers expert opinion of identified academia and However, theretheory is aa in pressing need for an an study appropriate TISM expert presents opinion the of individuals individuals identified from from academia and for generating theory GSCM. Theextend present study represents an However, is this a inpressing need for for anthe appropriate TISM model presents the complex relationships among enablers and attempt tothere meet need and current GSCM methodology in operations literature and alternative methods expert opinion of individuals identified from academia and can in future be statistically validated using a larger sample size. industry, developed a total interpretive structural model. The methodology in operations literature and for alternative methods industry, developed a total validated interpretive structural model. size. The attempt tousing meet thisin need and extend current GSCM methodology intheory operations literature and forthe alternative methods can inpresent future be statistically using a larger sample literature an alternative research method. We have for generating GSCM. The present study represents an industry, developed a an total interpretive structural model. The The study is attempt to contribute in the field of model presents the complex relationships among enablers and for generating theory in GSCM. The present method. study represents an model presents the iscomplex relationships among and literature using anthisin alternative research WeGSCM have for generating theory GSCM. The presentthe study represents an The present study an attempt contribute in enablers the field of identified our research objectives as: attempt to meet need and extend current model presents theGSCM, complex relationships among enablers and theory building in which istotheusing pressing call of the time. can in future be statistically validated aa larger sample size. attempt to meet this need and extend the current GSCM can in future be statistically validated using larger sample size. identified(i) our research objectives as: attempt to meet this need and extend the current GSCM theory building in GSCM, which is the pressing call of the time. To develop a complete GSCM enabler framework literature using an alternative research method. We have can in future statistically validated using larger sample size. Finally, we be conclude research and aidentify The study is attempt to in field literature(i)using an alternative research method. We have The present present is an anour attempt to contribute contribute in the thenumerous field of of Tothe develop amethod complete GSCM method. enabler framework literature using an alternative research We have Finally, we study conclude our research and identify numerous TISM identified our objectives as: The present study is an attempt tothecontribute incurrent the field of research opportunities which may help to take the study theory building in GSCM, which is pressing call of the time. identifiedusing our research research objectives as: theory building in GSCM, which is the pressing call of the time. using the TISM method identified(i) ourToresearch objectives as: GSCM research opportunities which may to take the (ii) identify research opportunities. develop aa complete enabler theory building in GSCM, ishelp the pressing callcurrent ofnumerous the study time. to the next Finally, welevel. conclude ourwhich research and identify (i) To To develop further complete GSCM enabler framework framework Finally, we conclude our research and identify numerous Tothe identify further research opportunities. (i) To develop amethod complete enabler framework to the next level. The rest (ii) of the paper is organized as GSCM follows. In the next section using TISM Finally, we conclude our may research and identify numerous Key-Words: Green Supply Chain Management, Theory research opportunities which help to take the current study using the TISM method © 2015, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic research opportunities which mayChain help toManagement, take the currentTheory study Thewill rest discuss of the paper is organized as follows. In the next section using the TISM method Key-Words: Green Supply we the theoretical foundation of our present paper. (ii) To identify further research opportunities. research opportunities which may help to take the current study Building, Systems Theory, Interpretive Structural Modeling, and to the next level. (ii) To identify further research opportunities. Control) HostingTheory, by Elsevier Ltd.Structural All rights reserved. to the nextSystems level. we will discuss thewill theoretical foundation ofdesign. ourthe present paper. (ii) To identify further research opportunities. Building, Interpretive Modeling, and The third section outline the research The fourth rest of the paper is organized as follows. In next section to the next level. Total Interpretive Structural Modeling. Key-Words: Green Supply Chain The rest ofsection the paper is outline organized asresearch follows.design. In the next section Key-Words: Green Supply Chain Management, Management, Theory Theory The third will thethe The fourth The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In the next section Total Interpretive Structural Modeling. section of our paper will discuss findings of our study, and we will discuss the theoretical foundation of our present paper. Key-Words: Green Supply Chain Management, Theory Building, Systems Theory, Interpretive Structural Modeling, and we will discuss the theoretical foundation of our present paper. 1. Introduction Building, Systems Theory, Interpretive Structural Modeling, and section of our paper will discuss the findings of our study, and we will discuss the theoretical foundation of our present paper. finally we conclude our paper with a discussion of the The third section will outline the research design. The fourth Building, Systems Theory, Interpretive Structural Modeling, and 1. Introduction Total Interpretive Structural Modeling. The third section will outline the research design. The fourth Green supply chain management (GSCM) has in recent years Total Interpretive Structural Modeling. finally wesection conclude ourdiscuss paper with a research discussion of the The third will outline thetheresearch design. The fourth limitations of the study and proposed future directions. section of our paper will findings of our study, and Total Interpretive Structural Modeling. Green supply chain management (GSCM) has in recent years section of our paper will discuss the future findings of our study, and been a subject of much debate among academia and 1. Introduction limitations ofconclude the study and proposed research 1. Introduction section of our paper will discuss thewith findings of ourdirections. study, and finally we our paper a discussion of been a subject of much debate among academia and 2. Underpinning Theory finally we conclude our paper with a discussion of the the 1. Introduction practitioners. Increased environmental has Green supply management (GSCM) has Green supply chain chain management (GSCM) consciousness has in in recent recent years years 2. Underpinning finally we conclude our proposed paper with a research discussion of the the limitations of study and future directions. practitioners. Increased environmental consciousness has Systems theory in Theory the attracted major attention from limitations of the thehas study andpast proposed future research directions. Green supply chain management (GSCM) has in recent years triggered one of the greatest revolutions in human thought, been aa subject subject of of much much debate debate among among academia academia and and been limitations of the study and proposed future research directions. Systems theory has in the past attracted major attention from the triggered one of the revolutions in emissions human thought, scientific community Theory as a tool to model complex problems. 2. Underpinning been athesubject of greatest much debate among academia and uniting entire world in environmental a fight against the which practitioners. Increased consciousness has 2. Underpinning Theory practitioners. Increased consciousness has scientific community as a tool to complex problems. 2. Underpinning Theory uniting theone entire world in environmental a fight against the emissions which Warfield (1973, 1974) is credited withmodel having graph theory Systems theory has in the past major attention from the practitioners. Increased environmental consciousness has are produced during economic activities. Manufacturing and triggered of the greatest revolutions in human thought, Systems theory has in the past attracted attracted major used attention from the triggered one during of the economic greatest revolutions in human thought, Warfield (1973, 1974) is credited with having used graph theory Systems theory has in the past attracted major attention from the are produced activities. Manufacturing and to solve complex social issues. The technique is popularly scientific community as a tool to model complex problems. triggered one of world the greatest revolutions in emissions human thought, transportation activities are indicted as major reasons behind uniting the entire in a fight against the which scientific community as aissues. tool toThe model complex problems. uniting the entire world in a fight against the emissions which to solve complex social technique is popularly scientific community as a toolmodeling to model complex problems. transportation activities area indicted as major reasons behind known as(1973, interpretive structural (ISM). Ingraph recent years Warfield 1974) is credited with having used theory uniting the entire world in fightactivities. against the which environmental degradation. While there isManufacturing aemissions rich body of are produced during economic Manufacturing and Warfield (1973, 1974) is credited with having used graph theory are produced during economic activities. and known as(1973, interpretive structural modeling (ISM). Ingraph years Warfield 1974) is credited with used theory environmental degradation. While there isManufacturing rich body of ISM has attracted significant attention from the operations to solve solve complex social issues. Thehaving technique isrecent popularly are produced during economic activities. and literature on GSCM practices, the research ona reasons GSCM theory transportation activities are as behind to complex social issues. The technique is popularly transportation activities are indicted indicted as major major behind ISM has attracted significant attention from the operations to solve complex social issues. The technique isrecent popularly literature onscant. GSCM practices, thestudies research ona reasons GSCM theory management community (e.g. Raj et al., 2008; Mangla etyears al., known as interpretive structural modeling (ISM). In transportation activities are indicted as major reasons behind building is One of the few which have used case environmental degradation. While there is rich body of known as interpretive structural modeling (ISM). In recent years environmental degradation. therewhich is a rich used bodycase of management community (e.g. Raj et al., 2008; Mangla et al., known as interpretive structural modeling (ISM). In recent years building Onepractices, of the While fewthestudies 2013; Govindan et al., 2013; Panahifar et al., 2014; et al., ISM attracted significant attention from the operations environmental degradation. While there is ona have rich body of literature ison onscant. GSCM research GSCM theory ISM has has attracted significant attention from theLuthra operations literature GSCM practices, the research on GSCM theory 2013; Govindan et al., 2013; Panahifar et al., 2014; Luthra et al., ISM has attracted significant attention from the operations management community (e.g. Raj et al., 2008; Mangla et literature isonscant. GSCM practices, the research on GSCM theory building management community (e.g. Raj et al., 2008; Mangla et al., al., building is scant. One One of of the the few few studies studies which which have have used used case case management community (e.g. Raj et al., 2008; Mangla et al., 2013; Govindan building is scant. One of the few studies which have used case Govindan et et al., al., 2013; 2013; Panahifar Panahifar et et al., al., 2014; 2014; Luthra Luthra et et al., Copyright © 2015 IFAC 1758 2013; 2013; Hosting GovindanbyetElsevier al., 2013;Ltd. Panahifar et al.,reserved. 2014; Luthra et al., 2405-8963 © 2015, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) All rights Copyright © 2015 IFAC 1758 Peer review under responsibility of International Federation of Automatic Control. Copyright © 1758 Copyright © 2015 2015 IFAC IFAC 1758 10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.06.329 Copyright © 2015 IFAC 1758
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2014). The ISM methodology has gained popularity due to its ability to solve complex issues based on discrete mathematics. However, in recent years the ISM methodology has also attracted criticism from scholars due to a lack of consensus in terms of the level of confidence which may be attributed to the results due to variations in experts' opinions. Further, Sushil (2012) pointed out fundamental limitations of the ISM model in terms of transparency and suggested TISM as an alternative approach to build theory, which has demonstrated significant attraction for scholars (e.g. Nasim, 2011; Prasad and Suri, 2011; Dubey and Ali, 2014). However, to date TISM has not been exploited in the field of operations management. Hence, in an attempt to address this gap in the current literature, we have identified the TISM methodology as an alternative scientific method in our study.
The ISM model is shown in Figure 1, from which we can see how integration of key business processes drives competitive advantage for organizations that have implemented GSCM. From this level we can see that among enablers of GSCM, integration of key business processes is found to be at level 6, green technology and information management at level 5, waste management process is at level 4, manufacturing flow management and logistics at level 3, customer focus and supplier relationship management at level 2 and competitive advantage at level 1. The hierarchical relationship among variables indicates how integration of business processes – mediated through green technology and information management – leads to waste management process. The waste management process, further mediated through manufacturing flow management and logistics management, results in customer relationship and supplier relationship, which provide further competitive advantage to the organization.
3. Total Interpretive Structural Modelling In this paper we have adopted interpretive structural modelling to build theory, as suggested by Sushil (2012).
3.1 Identification of GSCM enablers
3.5 Binary Interaction Matrix
We have adopted a two-pronged strategy to identify enablers of GSCM. First, we adopted an extensiveliterature review approach and then attempted to identify enablers of GSCM in consultation with two experts: one from academia and one from industry (Debnath and Shankar, 2012). The enablers are presented in Table 1. << INSERT TABLE 1>>
The binary interaction matrix is generated from Figure 1, as shown in Table 4. <
3.6 Interpretive Matrix
3.2 Contextual relationships among enablers
The strategies which help to achieve the linkage are presented in the interpretive matrix.
<
3.7 TISM based model <
In the present study, seven supply chain management experts were identified. Using management techniques like brainstorming sessions, the contextual relationships among these enablers were established, as shown in Table 2. The relationships among variables are shown using V, A, X & O (see Table 3). The symbols i and j are used to denote direction between two nodes. << INSERT TABLE 2>> The symbols V, A, X and O represent: V - Enabler i is responsible for j but not vice-versa; A - Enabler j is responsible for i but not vice-versa; X - Enabler i and j are responsible for each other; and O - Enabler i and j are not responsible for each other.
4. Discussion The above TISM model on GSCM provides an interesting insight. The present study has adopted an inductive approach in which we have adopted two major stages – a descriptive stage and a prescriptive stage. In the descriptive stage we have used three steps: Observation; Classification of literature; Establishment of relationships. After the descriptive stage, the study moves to a prescriptive stage, which includes: Development of ISM model; Derived interpretive matrix; Creation of TISM-based model.
3.3. Interpretation of Comparison The SSIM matrix (see Table 3) is further converted into initial and final reachability matrices (see Table 4 and Table 5).
4.1 Theoretical Contributions
The SSIM matrix has been converted into a binary matrix, called the initial reachability matrix by substituting V, A, X and O by 1 and 0 as per given case. The substitution of 1s and 0s are as per the following rules (Dubey and Ali, 2014): 1.
2.
3.
4.
The present paper is an attempt to build theory surrounding green supply chain management. The existing literature on GSCM has relied heavily on deductive approaches associated with 'big data' empirical research, but which fail to explore some important aspects. Markman and Krause (2014), in a call for papers on 'Theory Building Surrounding Sustainable Supply Chain Management', have argued the need for inductive approaches to generating theory surrounding sustainable supply chains, as deductive approaches may in some cases limit the scope of study. The present work has attempted to extend the contribution of Pagell and Wu (2009), who attempted to build sustainable supply chain theory using ten exemplar case studies. However, we argue that sometimes, due to lack of support from industry, alternative approaches such as ISM and TISM can be equally effective in building theory. Hence, our present paper is an attempt to draw the attention of operations management scholars to other inductive approaches, which they may consider rather than focusing solely on a case study approach.
If the (i, j) entry in the SSIM is V, the (i, j) entry in the reachability matrix becomes 1 and the (j, i) entry becomes 0; If the (i, j) entry in the SSIM is A, the (i, j) entry in the reachability matrix becomes 0 and the (j, i) entry becomes 1; If the (i, j) entry in the SSIM is X, the (i, j) entry in the reachability matrix becomes 1 and the (j, i) entry also becomes 1; and If the (i, j) entry in the SSIM is O, the (i, j) entry in the reachability matrix becomes 0 and the (j, i) entry also becomes 0.
4.2 Managerial Implications
In this case we have first derived the reachability matrix (Table 3) , which is further partitioned into various levels.
The TISM model can be used as a powerful tool for diagnosing the success and failure of any project. In our present study we have identified the enablers of GSCM. The TISM model further provides an insight that, rather than focusing on all enablers, it is important to understand the levels of the enablers. The TISM model helps managers to identify the enabler which drives other enablers, and can further be used to develop strategy through brainstorming exercises to achieve the linkage between any two
<< INSERT TABLE 3>>
3.4 Directed Graph <
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enablers. This method can even be used as a powerful technique in place of a 'cause and effect' diagram.
chains. Production and Operations Management, 17(6), 573-586. Luthra, S., Garg, D., & Haleem, A. (2014). Critical success factors of green supply chain management for achieving sustainability in Indian automobile industry. Production Planning & Control (ahead-of-print), 1-24. DOI:10.1080/09537287.2014.904532. Mangla, S., Madaan, J., & Chan, F. T. (2013). Analysis of flexible decision strategies for sustainability-focused green product recovery system. International Journal of Production Research, 51(11), 3428-3442. Markman, G., & Krause, D. (2014). Special topic forum on theory building surrounding sustainable supply chain management. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 50(2), i-ii. Mudgal, R. K., Shankar, R., Talib, P., & Raj, T. (2009). Greening the supply chain practices: an Indian perspective of enablers' relationships. International Journal of Advanced Operations Management, 1(2), 151176. Nasim, S. (2011). Total interpretive structural modeling of continuity and change forces in e-government. Journal of Enterprise Transformation, 1(2), 147-168. Pagell, M., & Wu, Z. (2009). Building a more complete theory of sustainable supply chain management using case studies of 10 exemplars. Journal of supply chain management, 45(2), 37-56. Panahifar, F., Byrne, P. J., & Heavey, C. (2014). ISM analysis of CPFR implementation barriers. International Journal of Production Research, 52(18),5255-5272. Park, J., Sarkis, J., & Wu, Z. (2010). Creating integrated business and environmental value within the context of China’s circular economy and ecological modernization. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18(15), 1494-1501. Prasad, U. C., & Suri, R. K. (2011). Modeling of continuity and change forces in private higher technical education using total interpretive structural modeling (TISM). Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 12(3-4), 31-40. Raj, T., Shankar, R., & Suhaib, M. (2008). An ISM approach for modelling the enablers of flexible manufacturing system: the case for India. International Journal of Production Research, 46(24), 6883-6912. Rehman, M. A., & Shrivastava, R. L. (2013). Green manufacturing (GM): past, present and future (a state of art review). World Review of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development, 10(1), 17-55. Schnitzer, H. (1996). Raw material management as a first step towards sustainability. In Clean Production (pp. 549567). Springer Berlin: Heidelberg. Seuring, S., & Müller, M. (2008). From a literature review to a conceptual framework for sustainable supply chain management. Journal of cleaner production, 16(15), 1699-1710. Sikdar, S. K., & Howell, S. G. (1998). On developing cleaner organic unit processes. Journal of Cleaner Production, 6(3), 253-259. Simpson, D., & Samson, D. (2008). Developing strategies for green supply chain management. Decision line, 39(4), 1215. Stindt, D., & Sahamie, R. (2014). Review of research on closed loop supply chain management in the process industry. Flexible Services and Manufacturing Journal, 26(1-2), 268-293. Subramanian, N., Gunasekaran, A., Abdulrahman, M. D., Liu, C., & Su, D. (2014). Reverse logistics in the Chinese auto-parts firms: implementation framework development through multiple case studies. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 21(3), 223234. Sushil (2012). Interpreting the Interpretive Structural Model. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 13(2), 87-106. Sushil, & Vrat, P. (1989). Waste management policy analysis and growth monitoring: an integrated approach to
5. Conclusions Our present study has attempted to exploit the strength of interpretive logic to build theory where other, established inductive approaches sometimes fail to offer meaningful insights. To achieve this study adopted the TISM approach to develop a theory surrounding green supply chain management. However, the present study has its own limitations. First, the study is based on samples which are not statistically sufficient to test the theory. However, it can be recommended to use TISM in future for theory building in studies that can be tested using a large sample size. In this way the merits of this methodology can be fully realized. In our study we have not considered business ethics, institutional pressures, leadership, organizational culture or human resource issues. In future these factors can be included in building more comprehensive theories. Second we have seen that response of the respondents is expressed in 0 or 1. In case where respondents feel that there exists mediocre relationship which may not be expressed in either 0 or 1. In such case we can include fuzzy TISM.
References Bai, C. & Sarkis, J. (2010). Greener supplier development: analytical evaluation using rough set theory. Journal of Cleaner Production, 17(2): 255–264. Barratt, M., Choi, T. Y., & Li, M. (2011). Qualitative case studies in operations management: trends, research outcomes, and future research implications. Journal of Operations Management, 29(4), 329-342. Debnath, R. M., & Shankar, R. (2012). Improving service quality in technical education: use of interpretive structural modeling. Quality Assurance in Education, 20(4), 387-407. Diabat, A., & Govindan, K. (2011). An analysis of the drivers affecting the implementation of green supply chain management. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 55(6), 659-667. Diabat, A., Kannan, D., & Mathiyazhagan, K. (2014). Analysis of enablers for implementation of sustainable supply chain management–A textile case. Journal of Cleaner Production, 83, 391-403. Dubey, R., & Ali, S. S. (2014). Identification of Flexible Manufacturing System Dimensions and Their Interrelationship Using Total Interpretive Structural Modelling and Fuzzy MICMAC Analysis. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 15(2), 131143. Govindan, K., Kannan, D., Mathiyazhagan, K., Jabbour, A. B. L. D. S., & Jabbour, C. J. C. (2013). Analysing green supply chain management practices in Brazil’s electrical/electronics industry using interpretive structural modelling. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 70(4), 477-493. Hervani, A. A., Helms, M. M., & Sarkis, J. (2005). Performance measurement for green supply chain management. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 12(4), 330-353. Hsu, C. W.& Hu, A. H. (2009). Applying hazardous substance management to supplier selection using analytic network process. Journal of Cleaner Production, 17(2), 255–264. Ketokivi, M., & Choi, T. (2014). Renaissance of case research as a scientific method. Journal of Operations Management, 32(5), 232-240. Ku, C. Y., Chang, C. T., & Ho, H. P. (2010). Global supplier selection using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy goal programming. Quality and Quantity, 44(4), 623-640. Large, R. O., & Gimenez Thomsen, C. (2011). Drivers of green supply management performance: evidence from Germany. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 17(3), 176-184. Lee, S. Y., & Klassen, R. D. (2008). Drivers and enablers that foster environmental management capabilities in small‐and medium‐sized suppliers in supply
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perspective planning. International Journal of Systems Science, 20(6), 907-926. Testa, F.& Iraldo,F.(2010). Shadows and Lights of GSCM (Green Supply Chain Management): Determinants and Effects of these Practices Based on a Multinational Study. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18(10/11), 953–962. Vachon, S., and R.D. Klassen (2006). Green Project partnership in the supply chain: the case of the package printing industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 14(6/7), 661– 671. van Hoof, B., & Lyon, T. P. (2013). Cleaner production in small firms taking part in Mexico's Sustainable Supplier Program. Journal of Cleaner Production, 41, 270-282. Warfield, J. N. (1973). Binary matrices in system modeling. Systems, Man and Cybernetics, IEEE Transactions on, 3(5), 441-449. Warfield, J. N. (1974). Developing subsystem matrices in structural modeling. Systems, Man and Cybernetics, IEEE Transactions on, 4(1), 74-80. Winzeler, R., Hofer, P., Morf, L., & Youcai, Z. (2003). Towards sustainable waste management. In Municipal Solid Waste Management (pp. 462-513). Springer Berlin: Heidelberg. Yamakawa, H., & Ueta, K. (2002). Waste reduction through variable charging programs: its sustainability and contributing factors. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 4(2), 77-86.
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Appendix:
Enablers Green Technology Waste Management Process Manufacturing Flow Management Reverse Logistics Customer Focus Supplier Relationship Management Information Management Integration of Key Business Processes Competitive Advantage
Enablers numeric code I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX
Enablers alphanumeric code I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX
Table 1: Enablers of GSCM References Sikdar and Howell (1998); Zhang et al. ( 2013); van Hoof and Lyon (2013) Sushil and Vrat (1989);Schnitzer (1996); Yamakawa and Ueta (2002); Winzeler et al. (2003); Rehman and Shrivastava (2013) Zhu et al. (2008); Seuring and Muller (2008) Lee and Klassen (2008); Mudgal et al. (2009);Stindt and Sahamie (2014);Subramaniyan et al. (2014) Lee and Klassen (2008); Mudgal et al. (2009); Diabat et al. (2014);Stindt and Sahamie (2014) Vachon and Klassen 2006; Hsu and Hu 2009; Bai and Sarkis 2010; Ku et al., 2010; Testa and Iraldo 2010; van Hoof and Lyon 2013 Zhu et al. (2005); Zhu et al. (2007);Diabat et al. (2011) Hervani et al. (2005);Zhu et al. (2008);Park et al. (2010) Simpson and Samson (2008); Testa and Iraldo (2010); Large and Thomsen (2011)
Table 2: Contextual Relationship among Enablers Enablers 9 8 Green Technology V A Waste management Process V A Manufacturing flow management V A Reverse logistics V A Customer Focus V A Supplier Relationship Management V A Information management V A Integration of key business processes V Competitive Advantage -
Enablers
Enablers Green Technology Waste Management Process Manufacturing Flow Management Reverse Logistics Customer Focus Supplier Relationship Management Information Management Integration of Key Business Processes Competitive Advantage
Table 3: Reachability Matrix Enablers 1 2 3 4 5 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
7 A A A A A A -
6 V V O O O -
5 V V V V -
4 V X O -
6 1 1
7 0 0
8 0 0
9 1 1
Driving Power 7 6
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
3
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 0 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
1 1 1
4 2 2
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
0 1
1 1
8 9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
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Competitive Advantage(9)
Customer Focus(5)
Supplier Relationship Management(6)
Manufacturing flow Management(3)
Reverse logistics(4)
Waste Management Process(2)
Green Technology(I)
Information Management(7)
Integration of key business processes(8)
Figure 1: ISM based model Enabler numeric code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Table 4: Binary Interaction Matrix Enablers Enablers 1 2 3 4 Green Technology 1 1 0 Waste Management Process 0 1 1 Manufacturing Flow Management 0 0 0 Reverse Logistics 0 1 0 Customer Focus 0 0 0 0 Supplier Relationship Management 0 0 0 0 Information Management 1 1 0 1 Integration of Key Business Processes 1 1 0 0 Competitive Advantage 0 0 0 0
5 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 -
Table 5: Interpretive Matrix I
II
III
IV
I II The green technology can be exploited to reduce wastes, for which appropriate training should be provided to achieve the desired outcome.
III IV V VI VII VIII IX The work stations are designed in such a way that the distance travelled by the materials and other resources is least.
Waste management process has a strong impact on design of manufacturing flow.
)ptimizing the route and reducing carbon emissions can help in establishing mutual association between waste management and logistics management.
Waste reduction using value engineering concept and sustainable product design can help waste management process to link with customer focus.
Improving By improving efficiency of efficiency production line, the cost of production of per unit decreases. production line. Hub and spoke distribution, full truck load and proper storage help in waste reduction. 1763
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V VI
VII
VIII
IX
Customer focus helps in improving product quality and increasing product utility. Through collaboration with suppliers and building trust, the risk in the supply chain network can be mitigated, cost can be reduced, the emission of carbon is reduced and quality of product improves. These outcomes provide distinct competitive advantage to the organization. Use of ERP Information management Information management can help in improving vehicle turnaround and and RFID chips can help in improving managing warehouse stock level. helps in supply chain visibility. successful implementation of green technology. Integration of Just in time, conservation of energy, recycling, reduced wastage and Business integration improves recovery help in achieving waste management process. business flow of information. This process helps further increases visibility optimal across the supply chain and utilization of further improves velocity. green technology. -
Competitive Advantage(9)
Customer Focus(5)
Supplier Relationship Management(6)
Manufacturing Flow Management(3)
Reverse Logistics(4)
Waste Management Process(2)
Green Technology(I)
Information Management(7)
Represents transitive link Integration of Key Business Processes(8)
Figure 2: TISM Model
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