- Email: [email protected]
Bulk growth and magneto-optical property of K3B6O10Br polar crystal
Author’s Accepted Manuscript Bulk growth and magneto-optical property of K3B6O10Br polar crystal Mingjun Xia, Changsheng Li, R.K. Li
www.elsevier.com/locate/jcrysgro
PII: DOI: Reference:
S0022-0248(16)30846-6 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2016.11.126 CRYS23854
To appear in: Journal of Crystal Growth Received date: 28 July 2016 Revised date: 29 November 2016 Accepted date: 30 November 2016 Cite this article as: Mingjun Xia, Changsheng Li and R.K. Li, Bulk growth and magneto-optical property of K3B6O10Br polar crystal, Journal of Crystal Growth, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2016.11.126 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Bulk growth and magneto-optical property of K3B6O10Br polar crystal Mingjun Xia,a Changsheng Lib, R. K. Lia* a
Beijing Center for Crystal Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals
and Laser Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. b
School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing
100190, China. Correspondence to: [email protected] (R. K. Li)
ABSTRACT
A series of K3B6O10Br (KBB) polar crystals have been grown along <110>, <210> and <001> seed directions by top seeded solution growth (TSSG) method. By optimizing the growth condition, transparent KBB crystal with the sizes of 52 × 29 × 25 mm3 was successfully grown by using seed <001>-orientation from KF - PbO flux. The full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) and optical homogeneity were measured as 0.0038o and 3.3 × 10-5 from the rocking curve and optical interferometry measurements, respectively, indicating high optical quality of the asgrown crystals. The Verdet coefficient of KBB crystal was obtained as 5.3 rad⋅T-1⋅m-1 at 635 nm by comparative method.
1
KEYWORDS B1. Borate; B2. Nonlinear optical material; A2. Top seeded solution growth; A1. Magnetooptical property. INTRODUCTION Crystals with multifunctional properties have been received intensive attention in the field of optoelectronics because of their potential applications in the magnetic, mechanical, electric, linear and nonlinear optical and so on [1]. As is well known, polar crystals with noncentrosymmetric structures exhibit pyroelectric, piezoelectric, electro-optic and second harmonic generation (SHG) effects [2,3]. In addition, magneto-optical materials with considerable Verdet constant, VB, were also widely investigated because they can be used as optical isolator in the optical communication, fiber circuitry and information processing technology field [4]. In principle, all optical crystals, which exhibit diamagnetic or paramagnetic responses, can show magneto-optical Faraday effects depending on their configuration of the electronic orbitals. Thus, crystals with several functional properties can be employed as smart optical switching, sensors and modulations in the potential applications of electric, magnetic and optical devices by combination of multifunctional coupling. K3B6O10Br (KBB) crystal was a newly developed nonlinear optical material, which exhibits large SHG susceptibility (d22 = 1.23 pm/V), moderate birefringence (0.045@1064 nm), wide transmittance range (182 – 3000 nm), and good thermal and mechanical properties [5-9]. Recently, high power output tests indicated that KBB crystal was a competitor NLO material application in the SHG and third harmonic generation (THG) field, especially in the high power harmonic generation output because of its high damage threshold and large effective NLO
2
susceptibility [10,11]. In this paper, we have grown bulk crystals with centimeters-level sizes by using different seed orientations and performed optical quality evaluations, finally experimentally determined the Verdet coefficient of magneto-optical properties by using comparative measurement method. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION Crystal growth Bulk KBB crystals were grown along different seed directions from KF ‒ PbO flux by the top seeded solution growth method. The growth experiments were performed in a Ф 70 × 70 cm3 platinum crucible placed in a vertical cylindrical electric furnace in the similar procedures as described in our previous literature [7]. The mixtures of appropriate quantities of K2CO3, KBr, H3BO3, KF and PbO were heated and melt homogeneously. The saturation temperature of the solution about 695 oC was accurately determined by observing the dissolution or quickly growth of the crystal seed dipped into the solution. Then a seed with the dimensions of 3 × 3 × 5 mm3 was introduced into the melt surface at a temperature 5 oC above the saturation temperature to dissolve the rough surface of the cut seed, and then the temperature of the furnace was quickly cooled to the saturation temperature. The cooling rate of the growing crystal was 0.2 – 0.5 oC per day until the desired size crystal was obtained. The KBB crystal grown with the seed orientations of <010>, <110> and <210> were obtained to investigate the crystal size and quality during the crystal growth. Optical characterization
3
The confocal interfere pattern of crystal was recorded on a Nikon Eclipse E400 POL polarizing microscopy. The KBB crystal with 7 × 7 × 2.57 mm3 (X × Y × Z) was well polished and employed for optical homogeneity measurement. Optical homogeneity was performed on a Wyko RTI 4100 laser interferometer at 633 nm. The X-ray rocking test was measured on an X’Pert Pro MPD X-ray diffractometer equipped with Cu kα1 radiation (λ=1.54178). A polished KBB crystal bar with dimensions of 4 × 4 × 20 mm3 (X × Y × Z) was adopted for magnetooptical measurement, and a cylinder sample of Tb-glass MR3-2 (Verdet coefficient V = -95.7 rad⋅T-1⋅m-1 at 633 nm) with the sizes of Ф 6× 30 mm3 was served as the reference. In order to check the accuracy of the measurement, a polished Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO) crystal bar with dimensions of 12 × 3 × 35 mm3 was also measured at the same condition for comparisons. The experimental setup for magneto-optical measurement was schematically presented in Fig. 1.
RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION Crystal growth Crystal size and quality were strongly related to the seed orientations. Three types of seed orientations were utilized to optimize the crystal growth. Fig. 2 shows the as-grown crystal of KBB along the different seed orientations. By using <210>-oriented seed, KBB crystal exhibits the morphology of rock candy-like with the largest size about 30 mm. When the seed along <001> direction was employed, a transparent KBB crystal with triangle shape was obtained. Using seeds oriented along the <110> direction, two crystals with the size above 50 mm were grown. Transparent KBB crystal with dimensions of 52 × 29 × 25 mm3 was successfully grown from the flux (Fig. 2b). Although bulk crystals with the centimeter level can be obtained with all
4
three types of seed orientations, the crystal grown along <110> shows good transparency, natural morphology and large size. In addition, the laser output power can be effectively improved by using the longer crystal SHG or THG devices, thus it is found that the seed orientation of <110> is favorable for the crystal growth (Fig. S1). Optical characterization Fig. 3a shows the interference pattern of the as-grown crystal in conoscopic view, indicating the uniaxial characteristic, in good agreement with the crystal structure. The crystal quality of the as-grown crystal was checked by X-ray rocking curve and optical interferometry. As shown in Fig. 3b, the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) on (010) face of KBB crystal was fitted as 0.0038o, better than those of other borate NLO crystal such as CsB3O5 (CBO) (0.0057o) and KBe2BO3F2 (KBBF) (0.0069o), indicating high crystallinity quality [12,13]. The optical homogeneity is obtained as 3.3 × 10-5, better than that of TbCa4O(BO3)3 (7.76 × 10-5) borate NLO crystal [14], further confirming excellent optical quality of as-grown crystals (Fig. 3c). Magneto-optical property For a magneto-optical material, Verdet coefficient VB is of very importance parameter according to the following equation (1): θ = VBBL
(1)
Where θ, VB, B and L is Faraday rotation angle, Verdet coefficient of magneto-optical media, magnetic field density generated by the solenoid coil with an applied current and sample length, respectively. Therefore, the device size of Faraday rotator can be effectively reduced for the magneto-optical material with large Verdet coefficient.
5
By using the principle and analysis in previous literature [15], the Verdet coefficient of measured sample can be obtained using the equation (2): (2)
Where ki (i = 1, 2) is the slope of output voltage converting from light signal propagated through the magneto-optical sample versus the applied current of the solenoid, respectively. According to the equation (2), the Verdet coefficient of BGO crystal was measured as 29.8 rad⋅T-1⋅m-1, in good agreement with the reported value of 30.8 rad⋅T-1⋅m-1, further indicating the high reliability of our measurement system [16]. And the Verdet constant of KBB was also obtained as 5.3 rad⋅T-1⋅m-1, which is comparative with that of BBO crystal (5.6 rad⋅T-1⋅m-1) (Fig. 4). Table 1 summarizes the Verdet constants of some important multifunctional crystal at 635 nm. KBB belongs to uniaxial crystal with point group of 3m, in the same of well-known NLO crystal BBO. KBB crystal exhibits both magneto-optic Faraday and NLO effect, thus it is possible to use it to achieve the simultaneous measurement of current and voltage, an optical electric-power sensor, and a magneto-optic sensor with electrically adjustable sensitivity.18-19
CONCLUSION Bulk NLO crystal K3B6O10Br with the sizes of centimeter level have been successfully grown along different directions by flux method. By systematically investigating the seed directions, large size transparent KBB crystal with the sizes of 52 × 29 × 25 mm3 was grown by using <110>-orientation seed, which was beneficial for high power THG and THG devices design. The Verdet constant of KBB NLO crystal was measured as 5.3 rad⋅T-1⋅m-1. Giving its large SHG and
6
considerable Verdet coefficients, KBB crystal can be severed as a promising multifunctional material for its potential application in the optical and magnetic field.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51502307), National Instrumentation Program (No.2012YQ120048) and Foundation of the Director of Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS.
Appendix A. Supporting information Supplementary data associated with this article can be found in the online version at xxx.
REFERENCES (1) N. A. Spaldin, S. W. Cheong, R. Ramesh, Phys. Today, 63 (2010) 38 – 43. (2) R.W. Munn, C.N. Ironside, Principles and Applications of Nonlinear Optical Materials, CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1993. (3) D.N. Nikogosyan, Nonlinear Optical Crystals: A Complete Survey, Springer Press, New York, 2005. (4) A. K. Zvezdin, V. A. Kotov, Modern Magnetooptics and Magnetooptical Materials, Taylor & Francis Group, New York, 1997. (5) G. Al–Ama, E. L. Belokoneva, S. Y. Stefanovich, O. V. Dimitrova, N. N. Mochenova, Crystallogr.Rep.51 (2006) 225 – 230.
7
(6) M. Zhang, S. L. Pan, X. Y. Fan, Z. X. Zhou, K. R. Poeppelmeier, Y. Yang, CrystEngComm. 13 (2011) 2899 – 2903. (7) M. J. Xia, B. Xu, R. K. Li, J. Cryst. Growth. 404 (2014) 65 – 68. (8) M. Zhang, X. Su, S. L. Pan, Z. Wang, H. Zhang, Z. H. Yang, B. B. Zhang, L. Y. Dong, Y. Wang, F. F. Zhang, Y. Yang, J. Phys. Chem. C. 118 (2014) 11849 – 11856. (9) M. J. Xia, B. Xu, L. J. Liu, X. Y. Wang, R. K. Li, C. T. Chen, J. Appl. Cryst. 49 (2016) 539 – 543. (10) B. Xu, M. J. Xia, X. Y. Wang, R. K. Li, C. T. Chen, Opt. Lett. 40 (2015) 1073 – 1076. (11) B. Xu, Z. Y. Hou, M. J. Xia, L. J. Liu, X. Y. Wang, R. K. Li, C. T. Chen, Opt. Express. 24 (2016) 10345 – 10351. (12) S. S. Liu, G. C. Zhang, X. M. Li, F. Yang, Y. Bo, P. Z. Fu, Y. C. Wu. CrystEngComm. 14 (2012) 4738 – 4744. (13) X. Y. Wang, X. Yan, S. Y. Luo, C. T. Chen, J. Cryst. Growth. 318 (2011) 610 – 612. (14) D. S. Yuan, Z. T. Jia, J. Wang, Z. L. Gao, J. J. Zhang, X. W. Fu, J. Shu, Y. R. Yin, Q. Q. Hu, X. T. Tao, CrystEngComm. 16 (2014) 4008 – 4015. (15) C. S. Li, N. F. Song, C. X. Zhang, Opt. Mater. Express. 5 (2015) 1991 – 1997. (16) H. Y. Wang, W. Y. Jia, J. X. Shen, Acta. Phy. Sin. 34 (1985) 126 – 128. (17) S. Liu and C. Li, Photonics Technology and Application. Guangdong Science and Technology Press, 2006.
8
(18) C. Li, T. Yoshino, Appl. Opt. 41 (2002) 5391–5397. (19) C. Li, T. Yoshino, Appl. Opt. 51 (2012) 5119–5125.
Table 1. Verdet coefficients of several multifunctional crystals at 635 nm. Crystal
KBB
BGO
BBO
SiO2
Space group
R3m
I̅
R3c
P3221
Verdet coefficient (rad⋅T-1⋅m-1)
5.3
29.8
5.6
4.9
Reference
This work
This work
[15]
[17]
Figure captions: Fig. 1. Schematic illumination of experimental setup for magneto-optical measurement. Fig. 2. As-grown crystals of KBB along (a) and (b) [110], (c) [210] and (d) [001] seed directions. Fig. 3. (a) Conoscopic interference pattern viewed along c axis, (b) X-ray rocking curve on (010) face and (c) optical homogeneity of KBB crystal. Fig. 4. Experimental output voltage versus the applied current of the solenoid for Tb-doped glass, KBB and BGO crystals.
9
Highlights K3B6O10Br (KBB) polar crystals were grown from different seed orientations. KBB crystal with the sizes of 52×29×25mm3 was obtained using seed <001>-direction. The FWHM on (010) from rocking curve was measured as 0.0038o. The optical homogeneity was obtained as 3.3 × 10-5. The Verdet coefficient of KBB crystal was measured as 5.3 rad⋅T-1⋅m-1 at 635 nm.
10
11
12
13
14
www.elsevier.com/locate/jcrysgro
PII: DOI: Reference:
S0022-0248(16)30846-6 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2016.11.126 CRYS23854
To appear in: Journal of Crystal Growth Received date: 28 July 2016 Revised date: 29 November 2016 Accepted date: 30 November 2016 Cite this article as: Mingjun Xia, Changsheng Li and R.K. Li, Bulk growth and magneto-optical property of K3B6O10Br polar crystal, Journal of Crystal Growth, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2016.11.126 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Bulk growth and magneto-optical property of K3B6O10Br polar crystal Mingjun Xia,a Changsheng Lib, R. K. Lia* a
Beijing Center for Crystal Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals
and Laser Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. b
School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing
100190, China. Correspondence to: [email protected] (R. K. Li)
ABSTRACT
A series of K3B6O10Br (KBB) polar crystals have been grown along <110>, <210> and <001> seed directions by top seeded solution growth (TSSG) method. By optimizing the growth condition, transparent KBB crystal with the sizes of 52 × 29 × 25 mm3 was successfully grown by using seed <001>-orientation from KF - PbO flux. The full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) and optical homogeneity were measured as 0.0038o and 3.3 × 10-5 from the rocking curve and optical interferometry measurements, respectively, indicating high optical quality of the asgrown crystals. The Verdet coefficient of KBB crystal was obtained as 5.3 rad⋅T-1⋅m-1 at 635 nm by comparative method.
1
KEYWORDS B1. Borate; B2. Nonlinear optical material; A2. Top seeded solution growth; A1. Magnetooptical property. INTRODUCTION Crystals with multifunctional properties have been received intensive attention in the field of optoelectronics because of their potential applications in the magnetic, mechanical, electric, linear and nonlinear optical and so on [1]. As is well known, polar crystals with noncentrosymmetric structures exhibit pyroelectric, piezoelectric, electro-optic and second harmonic generation (SHG) effects [2,3]. In addition, magneto-optical materials with considerable Verdet constant, VB, were also widely investigated because they can be used as optical isolator in the optical communication, fiber circuitry and information processing technology field [4]. In principle, all optical crystals, which exhibit diamagnetic or paramagnetic responses, can show magneto-optical Faraday effects depending on their configuration of the electronic orbitals. Thus, crystals with several functional properties can be employed as smart optical switching, sensors and modulations in the potential applications of electric, magnetic and optical devices by combination of multifunctional coupling. K3B6O10Br (KBB) crystal was a newly developed nonlinear optical material, which exhibits large SHG susceptibility (d22 = 1.23 pm/V), moderate birefringence (0.045@1064 nm), wide transmittance range (182 – 3000 nm), and good thermal and mechanical properties [5-9]. Recently, high power output tests indicated that KBB crystal was a competitor NLO material application in the SHG and third harmonic generation (THG) field, especially in the high power harmonic generation output because of its high damage threshold and large effective NLO
2
susceptibility [10,11]. In this paper, we have grown bulk crystals with centimeters-level sizes by using different seed orientations and performed optical quality evaluations, finally experimentally determined the Verdet coefficient of magneto-optical properties by using comparative measurement method. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION Crystal growth Bulk KBB crystals were grown along different seed directions from KF ‒ PbO flux by the top seeded solution growth method. The growth experiments were performed in a Ф 70 × 70 cm3 platinum crucible placed in a vertical cylindrical electric furnace in the similar procedures as described in our previous literature [7]. The mixtures of appropriate quantities of K2CO3, KBr, H3BO3, KF and PbO were heated and melt homogeneously. The saturation temperature of the solution about 695 oC was accurately determined by observing the dissolution or quickly growth of the crystal seed dipped into the solution. Then a seed with the dimensions of 3 × 3 × 5 mm3 was introduced into the melt surface at a temperature 5 oC above the saturation temperature to dissolve the rough surface of the cut seed, and then the temperature of the furnace was quickly cooled to the saturation temperature. The cooling rate of the growing crystal was 0.2 – 0.5 oC per day until the desired size crystal was obtained. The KBB crystal grown with the seed orientations of <010>, <110> and <210> were obtained to investigate the crystal size and quality during the crystal growth. Optical characterization
3
The confocal interfere pattern of crystal was recorded on a Nikon Eclipse E400 POL polarizing microscopy. The KBB crystal with 7 × 7 × 2.57 mm3 (X × Y × Z) was well polished and employed for optical homogeneity measurement. Optical homogeneity was performed on a Wyko RTI 4100 laser interferometer at 633 nm. The X-ray rocking test was measured on an X’Pert Pro MPD X-ray diffractometer equipped with Cu kα1 radiation (λ=1.54178). A polished KBB crystal bar with dimensions of 4 × 4 × 20 mm3 (X × Y × Z) was adopted for magnetooptical measurement, and a cylinder sample of Tb-glass MR3-2 (Verdet coefficient V = -95.7 rad⋅T-1⋅m-1 at 633 nm) with the sizes of Ф 6× 30 mm3 was served as the reference. In order to check the accuracy of the measurement, a polished Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO) crystal bar with dimensions of 12 × 3 × 35 mm3 was also measured at the same condition for comparisons. The experimental setup for magneto-optical measurement was schematically presented in Fig. 1.
RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION Crystal growth Crystal size and quality were strongly related to the seed orientations. Three types of seed orientations were utilized to optimize the crystal growth. Fig. 2 shows the as-grown crystal of KBB along the different seed orientations. By using <210>-oriented seed, KBB crystal exhibits the morphology of rock candy-like with the largest size about 30 mm. When the seed along <001> direction was employed, a transparent KBB crystal with triangle shape was obtained. Using seeds oriented along the <110> direction, two crystals with the size above 50 mm were grown. Transparent KBB crystal with dimensions of 52 × 29 × 25 mm3 was successfully grown from the flux (Fig. 2b). Although bulk crystals with the centimeter level can be obtained with all
4
three types of seed orientations, the crystal grown along <110> shows good transparency, natural morphology and large size. In addition, the laser output power can be effectively improved by using the longer crystal SHG or THG devices, thus it is found that the seed orientation of <110> is favorable for the crystal growth (Fig. S1). Optical characterization Fig. 3a shows the interference pattern of the as-grown crystal in conoscopic view, indicating the uniaxial characteristic, in good agreement with the crystal structure. The crystal quality of the as-grown crystal was checked by X-ray rocking curve and optical interferometry. As shown in Fig. 3b, the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) on (010) face of KBB crystal was fitted as 0.0038o, better than those of other borate NLO crystal such as CsB3O5 (CBO) (0.0057o) and KBe2BO3F2 (KBBF) (0.0069o), indicating high crystallinity quality [12,13]. The optical homogeneity is obtained as 3.3 × 10-5, better than that of TbCa4O(BO3)3 (7.76 × 10-5) borate NLO crystal [14], further confirming excellent optical quality of as-grown crystals (Fig. 3c). Magneto-optical property For a magneto-optical material, Verdet coefficient VB is of very importance parameter according to the following equation (1): θ = VBBL
(1)
Where θ, VB, B and L is Faraday rotation angle, Verdet coefficient of magneto-optical media, magnetic field density generated by the solenoid coil with an applied current and sample length, respectively. Therefore, the device size of Faraday rotator can be effectively reduced for the magneto-optical material with large Verdet coefficient.
5
By using the principle and analysis in previous literature [15], the Verdet coefficient of measured sample can be obtained using the equation (2): (2)
Where ki (i = 1, 2) is the slope of output voltage converting from light signal propagated through the magneto-optical sample versus the applied current of the solenoid, respectively. According to the equation (2), the Verdet coefficient of BGO crystal was measured as 29.8 rad⋅T-1⋅m-1, in good agreement with the reported value of 30.8 rad⋅T-1⋅m-1, further indicating the high reliability of our measurement system [16]. And the Verdet constant of KBB was also obtained as 5.3 rad⋅T-1⋅m-1, which is comparative with that of BBO crystal (5.6 rad⋅T-1⋅m-1) (Fig. 4). Table 1 summarizes the Verdet constants of some important multifunctional crystal at 635 nm. KBB belongs to uniaxial crystal with point group of 3m, in the same of well-known NLO crystal BBO. KBB crystal exhibits both magneto-optic Faraday and NLO effect, thus it is possible to use it to achieve the simultaneous measurement of current and voltage, an optical electric-power sensor, and a magneto-optic sensor with electrically adjustable sensitivity.18-19
CONCLUSION Bulk NLO crystal K3B6O10Br with the sizes of centimeter level have been successfully grown along different directions by flux method. By systematically investigating the seed directions, large size transparent KBB crystal with the sizes of 52 × 29 × 25 mm3 was grown by using <110>-orientation seed, which was beneficial for high power THG and THG devices design. The Verdet constant of KBB NLO crystal was measured as 5.3 rad⋅T-1⋅m-1. Giving its large SHG and
6
considerable Verdet coefficients, KBB crystal can be severed as a promising multifunctional material for its potential application in the optical and magnetic field.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51502307), National Instrumentation Program (No.2012YQ120048) and Foundation of the Director of Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS.
Appendix A. Supporting information Supplementary data associated with this article can be found in the online version at xxx.
REFERENCES (1) N. A. Spaldin, S. W. Cheong, R. Ramesh, Phys. Today, 63 (2010) 38 – 43. (2) R.W. Munn, C.N. Ironside, Principles and Applications of Nonlinear Optical Materials, CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1993. (3) D.N. Nikogosyan, Nonlinear Optical Crystals: A Complete Survey, Springer Press, New York, 2005. (4) A. K. Zvezdin, V. A. Kotov, Modern Magnetooptics and Magnetooptical Materials, Taylor & Francis Group, New York, 1997. (5) G. Al–Ama, E. L. Belokoneva, S. Y. Stefanovich, O. V. Dimitrova, N. N. Mochenova, Crystallogr.Rep.51 (2006) 225 – 230.
7
(6) M. Zhang, S. L. Pan, X. Y. Fan, Z. X. Zhou, K. R. Poeppelmeier, Y. Yang, CrystEngComm. 13 (2011) 2899 – 2903. (7) M. J. Xia, B. Xu, R. K. Li, J. Cryst. Growth. 404 (2014) 65 – 68. (8) M. Zhang, X. Su, S. L. Pan, Z. Wang, H. Zhang, Z. H. Yang, B. B. Zhang, L. Y. Dong, Y. Wang, F. F. Zhang, Y. Yang, J. Phys. Chem. C. 118 (2014) 11849 – 11856. (9) M. J. Xia, B. Xu, L. J. Liu, X. Y. Wang, R. K. Li, C. T. Chen, J. Appl. Cryst. 49 (2016) 539 – 543. (10) B. Xu, M. J. Xia, X. Y. Wang, R. K. Li, C. T. Chen, Opt. Lett. 40 (2015) 1073 – 1076. (11) B. Xu, Z. Y. Hou, M. J. Xia, L. J. Liu, X. Y. Wang, R. K. Li, C. T. Chen, Opt. Express. 24 (2016) 10345 – 10351. (12) S. S. Liu, G. C. Zhang, X. M. Li, F. Yang, Y. Bo, P. Z. Fu, Y. C. Wu. CrystEngComm. 14 (2012) 4738 – 4744. (13) X. Y. Wang, X. Yan, S. Y. Luo, C. T. Chen, J. Cryst. Growth. 318 (2011) 610 – 612. (14) D. S. Yuan, Z. T. Jia, J. Wang, Z. L. Gao, J. J. Zhang, X. W. Fu, J. Shu, Y. R. Yin, Q. Q. Hu, X. T. Tao, CrystEngComm. 16 (2014) 4008 – 4015. (15) C. S. Li, N. F. Song, C. X. Zhang, Opt. Mater. Express. 5 (2015) 1991 – 1997. (16) H. Y. Wang, W. Y. Jia, J. X. Shen, Acta. Phy. Sin. 34 (1985) 126 – 128. (17) S. Liu and C. Li, Photonics Technology and Application. Guangdong Science and Technology Press, 2006.
8
(18) C. Li, T. Yoshino, Appl. Opt. 41 (2002) 5391–5397. (19) C. Li, T. Yoshino, Appl. Opt. 51 (2012) 5119–5125.
Table 1. Verdet coefficients of several multifunctional crystals at 635 nm. Crystal
KBB
BGO
BBO
SiO2
Space group
R3m
I̅
R3c
P3221
Verdet coefficient (rad⋅T-1⋅m-1)
5.3
29.8
5.6
4.9
Reference
This work
This work
[15]
[17]
Figure captions: Fig. 1. Schematic illumination of experimental setup for magneto-optical measurement. Fig. 2. As-grown crystals of KBB along (a) and (b) [110], (c) [210] and (d) [001] seed directions. Fig. 3. (a) Conoscopic interference pattern viewed along c axis, (b) X-ray rocking curve on (010) face and (c) optical homogeneity of KBB crystal. Fig. 4. Experimental output voltage versus the applied current of the solenoid for Tb-doped glass, KBB and BGO crystals.
9
Highlights K3B6O10Br (KBB) polar crystals were grown from different seed orientations. KBB crystal with the sizes of 52×29×25mm3 was obtained using seed <001>-direction. The FWHM on (010) from rocking curve was measured as 0.0038o. The optical homogeneity was obtained as 3.3 × 10-5. The Verdet coefficient of KBB crystal was measured as 5.3 rad⋅T-1⋅m-1 at 635 nm.
10
11
12
13
14