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Buying a ticket for the Washington Metro
into first and second class (i e, by value of stamps) and the other was on the basis of whether addresses were potentially machine-readable. In a control condition the subjects simply oriented (faced) the mail for subsequent mechanical handling. Facing was significantly fastest; classification by machine-readability 15% lower and sorting by class over 23% slower than facing. Results support the view that sorting by global features is faster since it allows the handling and classification components of the task to be undertaken in parallel.
and assessment of the safety of existing layouts. The value of 1"20 m recommended by NAASRA is based on an earlier investigation into the distribution of driver eye heights at rural mid-block locations. This study used video techniques to determine the current driver eye heights on the approaches to both a Canberra roundabout and a Wollongong priority intersection. The results indicate that the current design value is too high for 91% of car drivers and that it would need to be reduced to 1-07 m to satisfy the 15th percentile driver. It is also concluded that it would be desirable to carry out a further investigation into the distribution of driver eye heights at rural mid-block locations.
20.1.8 (109146)
Tilley, A.J., and Bohle, P. Twisting the night away: The effects of all-night disco dancing on reaction time. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1988, 66.1, 107-112. Eight subjects performed an unprepared simple reaction time task for 20 min every 2 h while taking part in an all-night disco dancing marathon (continuous exercise) and during a control (no exercise) night. Mean reaction times were significantly faster and less variable during the dance marathon. It was suggested that the effects of continuous exercise in the form of disco dancing may be to reduce drowsiness which in turn assists performance.
20.1.11 (109200)
Gray, M.I. Head and face measurements of the British adult population. In: Contemporary ergonomics 1988. Proc Erg Soc 1988 Ann Conf, Manchester, UK, 11-15 Apr 1988, E.D. Megaw (Ed). Taylor & Francis, London, 1988, pp 310-315.
20.1.9 (109156)
Zwaga, H.J.G. Buying a ticket for the Washington Metro. In: Contemporary ergonomics 1988. Proc Erg Soc 1988 Ann Conf, Manchester, UK, 1 1 - 1 5 Apr 1988, E.D. Megaw (Ed). Taylor & Francis, London, 1988, pp 2 7 3 - 2 7 8 . The aim of this field study was to determine in an objective way the effectiveness of the ticketing information presented in the ticket area of Washington Metro stations and of the ease of use of the ticket vending machines for novice users. Behavioural and interview data were collected. The main results are that the layout of the stations and the way the information is presented prevent the novice user adopting a proper plan of action and that the content, positioning and presentation of the instructions for the ticket vendors lowered the performance of novices considerably. 20.1.10 (109196)
Barker, D.J. The distribution of driver eye heights on the approaches to intersections. Aust Road Res, 1987, 1 7 . 4 , 2 6 5 - 2 6 8 . A value for the height of a driver's eye above the road surface for a vehicle stopped at an intersection is required for both the design of new intersections
62
Applied Ergonomics
(p ~ 0'01). Lifting frequency and lifting height had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on the percentage decrease in maximum acceptable weight from the sagittal plane values. Correction factors of 9%, 14% and 21% for maximum acceptable weights and 17%, 31% and 42% for static strength at 30 °, 60 ° and 90 ° of asymmetric lifting, respectively, are recommended. Maximum acceptable weights were 6--9% greater and heart rates were significantly lower (p <~ 0-01) for a 0.81 m to 1"52 m lift than those for the floor to 0"81 m lift. Both heart rate and RPE increased with an increase in lifting frequency (p < 0-01) though maximum acceptable weights decreased (p < 0"01). Effects of asymmetric lifting, lifting frequency and lifting height on psychophysical and physiological responses are discussed.
March 1989
Some results from an anthropometric survey of head and face measurements of men and women of Caucasian, Asian and Afro-Caribbean ethnic origin are presented. These were collected to provide information which can be used to improve the design of head-mounted protective equipment. The arrangement of the database and the methods of analysis are described. 20.1.12 (109215)
Garg, A., and Banaag, J. Maximum acceptable weights, heart rates and RPEs for one hour's repetitive asymmetric lifting. Ergonomics, 1988, 31.1, 7 7 - 9 6 . A laboratory study was conducted to determine the effects of repetitive asymmetric lifting on psychophysically determined maximum acceptable weights and resulting heart rates and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). Eight male college students lifting a box in the sagittal plane and at three different an~es of asymmetry (30 °, 60 ° and 90 °) from the floor to an 81-cm high table and from an 81-cm high table to a 152-cm high table at a rate of 3, 6 and 9 lifts/min for a period of 1 h. For each lifting task, static strength was measured at the origin of lift. The maximum acceptable weights and static strengths were significantly lower and heart rates and RPEs were significantlY higher for asymmetric lifting than those for symmetric lifting in the sagittal plane (p ,( 0'01). The maximum acceptable weight and static strength decreased and heart rate and RPE increased with an increase in the angle of asymmetry
20.1.13 (109218) Imrhan, S.N. Pull-tear strength capabilities in adults. In: Rising to new heights with technology. Proc Human Factors Soc 31 st Ann Meeting, New York City, 1 9 - 2 3 Oct 1987. Human Factors Soc, Santa Monica, Cal, Vol 2, 1987, pp 993 - 9 9 6 . Forty-four adults between the ages of 22 and 40 years were tested for maximal volitional pulis with the fingers, similar to some pull-tear forces employed for opening packages with tear strips. Twelve different pull conditions were tested - three types of pull x two directions of pull x two hands. Results indicated that the type of pull, characterised by the type of pinch employed, had marked effects on the force attainable, but direction and hand laterality were not significant factors. These results have important implications for design of tear strips on packages. 20.1.14 (109243) Tobias, C.L. Computers and the elderly: A review of the literature and directions for future research. In: Rising to new heights with technology. Proc Human Factors Soc 31st Ann Meeting, New York City, 1 9 - 2 3 Oct 1987. Human Factors Soc, Santa Monica, Cal, Vol 2, 1987, pp 8 6 6 - 8 7 0 . Microcomputers could help reduce two of the principal fears of the elderly: inadequate income and loss of independence; yet there are indications that the elderly do not use computers very extensi;cely because they see them as too complicated or because some of the physical impairments of advancing age make using standard systems too difficult for them. Previous research has shown a high degree of interest in computers among the ageing, even in those over 85; however, the research
and assessment of the safety of existing layouts. The value of 1"20 m recommended by NAASRA is based on an earlier investigation into the distribution of driver eye heights at rural mid-block locations. This study used video techniques to determine the current driver eye heights on the approaches to both a Canberra roundabout and a Wollongong priority intersection. The results indicate that the current design value is too high for 91% of car drivers and that it would need to be reduced to 1-07 m to satisfy the 15th percentile driver. It is also concluded that it would be desirable to carry out a further investigation into the distribution of driver eye heights at rural mid-block locations.
20.1.8 (109146)
Tilley, A.J., and Bohle, P. Twisting the night away: The effects of all-night disco dancing on reaction time. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1988, 66.1, 107-112. Eight subjects performed an unprepared simple reaction time task for 20 min every 2 h while taking part in an all-night disco dancing marathon (continuous exercise) and during a control (no exercise) night. Mean reaction times were significantly faster and less variable during the dance marathon. It was suggested that the effects of continuous exercise in the form of disco dancing may be to reduce drowsiness which in turn assists performance.
20.1.11 (109200)
Gray, M.I. Head and face measurements of the British adult population. In: Contemporary ergonomics 1988. Proc Erg Soc 1988 Ann Conf, Manchester, UK, 11-15 Apr 1988, E.D. Megaw (Ed). Taylor & Francis, London, 1988, pp 310-315.
20.1.9 (109156)
Zwaga, H.J.G. Buying a ticket for the Washington Metro. In: Contemporary ergonomics 1988. Proc Erg Soc 1988 Ann Conf, Manchester, UK, 1 1 - 1 5 Apr 1988, E.D. Megaw (Ed). Taylor & Francis, London, 1988, pp 2 7 3 - 2 7 8 . The aim of this field study was to determine in an objective way the effectiveness of the ticketing information presented in the ticket area of Washington Metro stations and of the ease of use of the ticket vending machines for novice users. Behavioural and interview data were collected. The main results are that the layout of the stations and the way the information is presented prevent the novice user adopting a proper plan of action and that the content, positioning and presentation of the instructions for the ticket vendors lowered the performance of novices considerably. 20.1.10 (109196)
Barker, D.J. The distribution of driver eye heights on the approaches to intersections. Aust Road Res, 1987, 1 7 . 4 , 2 6 5 - 2 6 8 . A value for the height of a driver's eye above the road surface for a vehicle stopped at an intersection is required for both the design of new intersections
62
Applied Ergonomics
(p ~ 0'01). Lifting frequency and lifting height had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on the percentage decrease in maximum acceptable weight from the sagittal plane values. Correction factors of 9%, 14% and 21% for maximum acceptable weights and 17%, 31% and 42% for static strength at 30 °, 60 ° and 90 ° of asymmetric lifting, respectively, are recommended. Maximum acceptable weights were 6--9% greater and heart rates were significantly lower (p <~ 0-01) for a 0.81 m to 1"52 m lift than those for the floor to 0"81 m lift. Both heart rate and RPE increased with an increase in lifting frequency (p < 0-01) though maximum acceptable weights decreased (p < 0"01). Effects of asymmetric lifting, lifting frequency and lifting height on psychophysical and physiological responses are discussed.
March 1989
Some results from an anthropometric survey of head and face measurements of men and women of Caucasian, Asian and Afro-Caribbean ethnic origin are presented. These were collected to provide information which can be used to improve the design of head-mounted protective equipment. The arrangement of the database and the methods of analysis are described. 20.1.12 (109215)
Garg, A., and Banaag, J. Maximum acceptable weights, heart rates and RPEs for one hour's repetitive asymmetric lifting. Ergonomics, 1988, 31.1, 7 7 - 9 6 . A laboratory study was conducted to determine the effects of repetitive asymmetric lifting on psychophysically determined maximum acceptable weights and resulting heart rates and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). Eight male college students lifting a box in the sagittal plane and at three different an~es of asymmetry (30 °, 60 ° and 90 °) from the floor to an 81-cm high table and from an 81-cm high table to a 152-cm high table at a rate of 3, 6 and 9 lifts/min for a period of 1 h. For each lifting task, static strength was measured at the origin of lift. The maximum acceptable weights and static strengths were significantly lower and heart rates and RPEs were significantlY higher for asymmetric lifting than those for symmetric lifting in the sagittal plane (p ,( 0'01). The maximum acceptable weight and static strength decreased and heart rate and RPE increased with an increase in the angle of asymmetry
20.1.13 (109218) Imrhan, S.N. Pull-tear strength capabilities in adults. In: Rising to new heights with technology. Proc Human Factors Soc 31 st Ann Meeting, New York City, 1 9 - 2 3 Oct 1987. Human Factors Soc, Santa Monica, Cal, Vol 2, 1987, pp 993 - 9 9 6 . Forty-four adults between the ages of 22 and 40 years were tested for maximal volitional pulis with the fingers, similar to some pull-tear forces employed for opening packages with tear strips. Twelve different pull conditions were tested - three types of pull x two directions of pull x two hands. Results indicated that the type of pull, characterised by the type of pinch employed, had marked effects on the force attainable, but direction and hand laterality were not significant factors. These results have important implications for design of tear strips on packages. 20.1.14 (109243) Tobias, C.L. Computers and the elderly: A review of the literature and directions for future research. In: Rising to new heights with technology. Proc Human Factors Soc 31st Ann Meeting, New York City, 1 9 - 2 3 Oct 1987. Human Factors Soc, Santa Monica, Cal, Vol 2, 1987, pp 8 6 6 - 8 7 0 . Microcomputers could help reduce two of the principal fears of the elderly: inadequate income and loss of independence; yet there are indications that the elderly do not use computers very extensi;cely because they see them as too complicated or because some of the physical impairments of advancing age make using standard systems too difficult for them. Previous research has shown a high degree of interest in computers among the ageing, even in those over 85; however, the research