- Email: [email protected]
CAD centre scene
I
CAD Seeing is ~ieving This is the title of an 18 min. film produced recently by the Central Office of InformatiOn, Department of Industry, for the CAD Centre. The film describes recent advances in computer graphics techniques that have taken place at the Centre. It highlights an application undertaken by the Centre on behalf of SNK, Copenhagen, to simulate the air traffic flow projected for 1980 at Copenhagen Airport. A short film was required to show an accelerated visualization Of aircraft movements in and around Kastrup Airport. In this application, GiNO-F was used to drive a microplotter and produce a succession of contiguous frames. The film so produced was processed and reductionprinted to a 16 mm colour print. It was then projected at 24 frames a second and .appeared on a screen as a continuous mowng ptcture. Other applications described in the film include highway simulation and three-dimensional techniques using GINO:F with DYNACOLOR, DYNADRAW and DYNADATAI The latter two programs improve the realism of the picture b y first removing hidden lines from the wire-line drawing and then accurately shading each solid within the picture. Copies Of the film (catalogue number UK3244) can be hired from the Central Film Library, Government Buildings, Bromyard Avenue, Acton, London W3 7JB, or direct from the CAD Centres at Cambridge, L o n d o n or The Hague.
display of the coded structure is provided by GINO-F. This allows the user to check for errors such as missing elements and node numbers. Interaction allows viewing of parts of the structure at any scale and from any angle. The graphical check of input data saves considerable time and money, since the large ASAS program need not be run until the input is known to be absolutely correct. A demonstration tape cassette is available.
P A M G E N at Leicester University Parametric patches are used in an interactive mode to generate the finite element mesh. Initial data input defines the structure in terms of four-sided connected patches. A finite element mesh is then generated inside each patch. Either triangular or quadrilateral elements can be generated using various algorithms having different logical connection patterns. The number and position of nodes and the element mesh
N
GINOZONE GINO-F users can now enhance their facilities with GINOZONE. a system for the input, manipulation, retrieval and mapping, of spatially referenced zone data. This system provides data-structures describing zonaldata, ensures that these data-structures can be manipula-
.
,\
/
\
\
Two good examples of the use of GINO-F are in the generation and verification of finite element meshes as employed by W. S. Atkins Ltd. and Leicester University.
Figure 1. GINO-F output from tbe PAMGEN finite element program developed at Leicester University (reproduced from the Proceedings of tbe Finite Element Symposium, Atlas Computer Laboratory 1975). (a) Outline shape adjusted and first line drawn to divide into plane patcbes; (b) Single patch selected, scaled up and internal parametric control points (the four crosses) being used to adjust mesh: (c) Full mesb sbowing different mesh types and consequent grading.
(
+
b
.
66
G1NO-F is now available on the equipment of two more major hardware manufacturers, namely, Ferranti and Prime. Ferranti has translated GtNO-F into CORAL a n d t h e result, GINO-C, provides graphics in the new Ferranti Argus 700 work-station. Prime is to offer GINO-F on the virtual memory Prime 300 system.
J
GINO-F WITH FINITE ELEMENT PR OG RAMS
ASAS is a general purpose finite elementprogram for stress and structural analysis. Once the finite element mesh has been prepared and input, a graphic
G INO-F progress
+
,
A S A S at W, S. A t k i n s
geometry can be controlled mteractively GINO-F provides a graphic display of all the facilities. A demonstration tape cassette is available.
I
G
COMPUTER AIDEDDESIGN
I.). \.\
b
C
FIGURE 2. Example mesh generated using GINO-F with the PAMGEN finite element program (reproduced from the Proceedings of the Finite Element Symposium, Atlas Computer Laboratory, 1975). (a) Outline of quarter of disc input from cards; (b) Subdivided interactively into patches; (c) Resulting mesh. _ ~ /J. --fl
~JL_
~
ll--i - - T ~ I~
i
Iif11111 _ k
i! Ii i _ l t !
illll
i
,!! - -
[
i
J
t
,
[
I
~
I
]
!/tl i I i ijiil tlL FIGURE 3. Examples of GINO-F output from the Atkins structural display system for visual checking of data to be subsequently processed by the ASAS finite element program. ted with internal consistency and provides facilities for graphical display. GINOZONE consists of a library of FORTRAN subroutines for use in a calling main program. Where the specific application creates graphics, GINOF is used to interface with the graphical device. The relevant GINO-F subroutines are called by requesting GINOZONE. The subroutines library is given in Table 1.
TABLE 1 Routine
Function
DIGITZ / AFFINE TRANS
input and manipulation of digitized data
SECT
drawing digitized data
CLOSE
assembling data into closed polygons
AREA
mapping polygons with alphanumeric or symbolic information appended
CHORO
Volume 8
shaded mapping of polygons
Number 1 January 1976
Each function represents a particular step in the mapping process, from the organization of the database describing the zones, to the presentation of the information concerning the zones. The organization of the data starts with the digitized data base. GINOZONE was developed by Applied Research of Cambridge Ltd and can be obtained through the CAD Centre. A specialized consultancy service on all aspects of GINOZONE applications is available from Applied Research of Cambridge Ltd, 4 Jesus Lane, Cambridge, England.
GINOGRAF In response to user demand, the graph and histogram routines in GINO-F are replaced by GINOGRAF, a graph package which enhances GINO-F with the following features •
Single-call, complete routines for graphs, histograms, bar charts and pie charts Routines, to define the position and extent of an axis and the type of
scaling, which can be automatic or user-specified with either linear or logarithmic scales •
Routines to alter the type of presentation on an axis and the type of raster, including the ability to move the pen and draw lines with respect to the current axis system for the purpose of positioning text
•
Multiple axes or multiple graphs
•
Compatibility with all the GINO-F facilities such as transforming and windowing.
The user can choose between a simple, single-call graph or a more complex graph built up from a series of routines. With the latter he has full control over the type of axis system and graphical data representation. The routines employ the concept of a 'current x axis' and a 'current y axis' either or both of which may be updated at any time. One advantage of this is that it is very straightforward to achieve a multiple axis system. Multiple graphs, represented by chosen symbols at specified points, chord joins, smooth curves, bar
67
charts or histograms are also possible on the same axis system. If the user requires a complex axis system; he can build it up from a series of elements. For example, each axis can be drawn with: or without tick marks and/0r scale values (automatic or user-specified) on either the clockwise or counter-clockwise side of the line. Scale values need not be included, or they can be drawn outside the frame. The raster itself can be represented in a number of ways, namely, solid lines, crosses at Cardinal points, ticks at cardinal points on frame only or a plane frame. A set of defaults is available for anything that is not explicitly set so that the routines for defining or drawing the axis and drawing the graph can be mixed in any order. G I N O G R A F is completely compatible with GINO-F. Thus, with GINO-F all the facilities such as transforming, windowing, altering the line mode and so on can be usecl in conjunction with the graph routines. Alternatively it can be obtained as an independent, standalone package. This package is designed to give the user as much control as possible over the type and complexity of axis system and graphical drawing. Nevertheless, the user can assume a minimum of control since a set of defaults is available for
anything that is not set. At the other extreme he can choose a single-call routine and let G I N O G R A F do the work. G I N O - F Mark II
The Mark II version of GINO-F provides the user with refresh display facilities. The ability to handle input and output for refresh displays constitutes the main change over previous versions. In the Mark lI version, input is limited to discrete rather than continuous events since communication between the main program and the intelligent terminal is via a low bandwidth line. Also, Mark II is designed principally for refresh displays which do not have hardware transforming and clipping. With the new routines GINO-F is able to generate unstructured, transformed picture segments within a display file. The facilities for picture handling allow the user to open, close, extend and delete whole picture segments and to change the properties of individual segments. For example, the visibility, marking and hit-sensitivity of a picture segment can be altered from its defau It status of displayed, not marked and hit-sensitive. Segments can also be repositioned and renumbered. The standard configuration Is such that GINO-F, as well as the application program, are in the host computer with
the display file. and the display file manager in the intelligent terminal. However. if the graphical output device does not have its own display file store. the display may be hetd in the same store as the program, with routines being provided to administer the display file and to simulate tight-pen hits. The input terminal, or 'station'. consists of the intelligent terminal and its input devices (keyboard, light-pen, tablet, etc.). The implements are divided into the following classes - text, keys. valuators, positioners and identifiers each of which has various properties. For example, they may or may not be able to cause an event (e.g. the depression of a kev) and they may be able to generate data. Events are generated purely local to the screen and are fed back to the host as input data, only when the program in the host machine requests data from the station. Some stations may allow events to be queued, and for the queues to be deleted or interrogated. Routines are also provided to enable the user to accumulate changes without affecting the display until a signal is given. Mark II introduces relatively slow interaction to enable the GINO-F user to experiment with refresh display techniques. Faster interaction, with the display file m core. is envisaged.
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN
CAD Seeing is ~ieving This is the title of an 18 min. film produced recently by the Central Office of InformatiOn, Department of Industry, for the CAD Centre. The film describes recent advances in computer graphics techniques that have taken place at the Centre. It highlights an application undertaken by the Centre on behalf of SNK, Copenhagen, to simulate the air traffic flow projected for 1980 at Copenhagen Airport. A short film was required to show an accelerated visualization Of aircraft movements in and around Kastrup Airport. In this application, GiNO-F was used to drive a microplotter and produce a succession of contiguous frames. The film so produced was processed and reductionprinted to a 16 mm colour print. It was then projected at 24 frames a second and .appeared on a screen as a continuous mowng ptcture. Other applications described in the film include highway simulation and three-dimensional techniques using GINO:F with DYNACOLOR, DYNADRAW and DYNADATAI The latter two programs improve the realism of the picture b y first removing hidden lines from the wire-line drawing and then accurately shading each solid within the picture. Copies Of the film (catalogue number UK3244) can be hired from the Central Film Library, Government Buildings, Bromyard Avenue, Acton, London W3 7JB, or direct from the CAD Centres at Cambridge, L o n d o n or The Hague.
display of the coded structure is provided by GINO-F. This allows the user to check for errors such as missing elements and node numbers. Interaction allows viewing of parts of the structure at any scale and from any angle. The graphical check of input data saves considerable time and money, since the large ASAS program need not be run until the input is known to be absolutely correct. A demonstration tape cassette is available.
P A M G E N at Leicester University Parametric patches are used in an interactive mode to generate the finite element mesh. Initial data input defines the structure in terms of four-sided connected patches. A finite element mesh is then generated inside each patch. Either triangular or quadrilateral elements can be generated using various algorithms having different logical connection patterns. The number and position of nodes and the element mesh
N
GINOZONE GINO-F users can now enhance their facilities with GINOZONE. a system for the input, manipulation, retrieval and mapping, of spatially referenced zone data. This system provides data-structures describing zonaldata, ensures that these data-structures can be manipula-
.
,\
/
\
\
Two good examples of the use of GINO-F are in the generation and verification of finite element meshes as employed by W. S. Atkins Ltd. and Leicester University.
Figure 1. GINO-F output from tbe PAMGEN finite element program developed at Leicester University (reproduced from the Proceedings of tbe Finite Element Symposium, Atlas Computer Laboratory 1975). (a) Outline shape adjusted and first line drawn to divide into plane patcbes; (b) Single patch selected, scaled up and internal parametric control points (the four crosses) being used to adjust mesh: (c) Full mesb sbowing different mesh types and consequent grading.
(
+
b
.
66
G1NO-F is now available on the equipment of two more major hardware manufacturers, namely, Ferranti and Prime. Ferranti has translated GtNO-F into CORAL a n d t h e result, GINO-C, provides graphics in the new Ferranti Argus 700 work-station. Prime is to offer GINO-F on the virtual memory Prime 300 system.
J
GINO-F WITH FINITE ELEMENT PR OG RAMS
ASAS is a general purpose finite elementprogram for stress and structural analysis. Once the finite element mesh has been prepared and input, a graphic
G INO-F progress
+
,
A S A S at W, S. A t k i n s
geometry can be controlled mteractively GINO-F provides a graphic display of all the facilities. A demonstration tape cassette is available.
I
G
COMPUTER AIDEDDESIGN
I.). \.\
b
C
FIGURE 2. Example mesh generated using GINO-F with the PAMGEN finite element program (reproduced from the Proceedings of the Finite Element Symposium, Atlas Computer Laboratory, 1975). (a) Outline of quarter of disc input from cards; (b) Subdivided interactively into patches; (c) Resulting mesh. _ ~ /J. --fl
~JL_
~
ll--i - - T ~ I~
i
Iif11111 _ k
i! Ii i _ l t !
illll
i
,!! - -
[
i
J
t
,
[
I
~
I
]
!/tl i I i ijiil tlL FIGURE 3. Examples of GINO-F output from the Atkins structural display system for visual checking of data to be subsequently processed by the ASAS finite element program. ted with internal consistency and provides facilities for graphical display. GINOZONE consists of a library of FORTRAN subroutines for use in a calling main program. Where the specific application creates graphics, GINOF is used to interface with the graphical device. The relevant GINO-F subroutines are called by requesting GINOZONE. The subroutines library is given in Table 1.
TABLE 1 Routine
Function
DIGITZ / AFFINE TRANS
input and manipulation of digitized data
SECT
drawing digitized data
CLOSE
assembling data into closed polygons
AREA
mapping polygons with alphanumeric or symbolic information appended
CHORO
Volume 8
shaded mapping of polygons
Number 1 January 1976
Each function represents a particular step in the mapping process, from the organization of the database describing the zones, to the presentation of the information concerning the zones. The organization of the data starts with the digitized data base. GINOZONE was developed by Applied Research of Cambridge Ltd and can be obtained through the CAD Centre. A specialized consultancy service on all aspects of GINOZONE applications is available from Applied Research of Cambridge Ltd, 4 Jesus Lane, Cambridge, England.
GINOGRAF In response to user demand, the graph and histogram routines in GINO-F are replaced by GINOGRAF, a graph package which enhances GINO-F with the following features •
Single-call, complete routines for graphs, histograms, bar charts and pie charts Routines, to define the position and extent of an axis and the type of
scaling, which can be automatic or user-specified with either linear or logarithmic scales •
Routines to alter the type of presentation on an axis and the type of raster, including the ability to move the pen and draw lines with respect to the current axis system for the purpose of positioning text
•
Multiple axes or multiple graphs
•
Compatibility with all the GINO-F facilities such as transforming and windowing.
The user can choose between a simple, single-call graph or a more complex graph built up from a series of routines. With the latter he has full control over the type of axis system and graphical data representation. The routines employ the concept of a 'current x axis' and a 'current y axis' either or both of which may be updated at any time. One advantage of this is that it is very straightforward to achieve a multiple axis system. Multiple graphs, represented by chosen symbols at specified points, chord joins, smooth curves, bar
67
charts or histograms are also possible on the same axis system. If the user requires a complex axis system; he can build it up from a series of elements. For example, each axis can be drawn with: or without tick marks and/0r scale values (automatic or user-specified) on either the clockwise or counter-clockwise side of the line. Scale values need not be included, or they can be drawn outside the frame. The raster itself can be represented in a number of ways, namely, solid lines, crosses at Cardinal points, ticks at cardinal points on frame only or a plane frame. A set of defaults is available for anything that is not explicitly set so that the routines for defining or drawing the axis and drawing the graph can be mixed in any order. G I N O G R A F is completely compatible with GINO-F. Thus, with GINO-F all the facilities such as transforming, windowing, altering the line mode and so on can be usecl in conjunction with the graph routines. Alternatively it can be obtained as an independent, standalone package. This package is designed to give the user as much control as possible over the type and complexity of axis system and graphical drawing. Nevertheless, the user can assume a minimum of control since a set of defaults is available for
anything that is not set. At the other extreme he can choose a single-call routine and let G I N O G R A F do the work. G I N O - F Mark II
The Mark II version of GINO-F provides the user with refresh display facilities. The ability to handle input and output for refresh displays constitutes the main change over previous versions. In the Mark lI version, input is limited to discrete rather than continuous events since communication between the main program and the intelligent terminal is via a low bandwidth line. Also, Mark II is designed principally for refresh displays which do not have hardware transforming and clipping. With the new routines GINO-F is able to generate unstructured, transformed picture segments within a display file. The facilities for picture handling allow the user to open, close, extend and delete whole picture segments and to change the properties of individual segments. For example, the visibility, marking and hit-sensitivity of a picture segment can be altered from its defau It status of displayed, not marked and hit-sensitive. Segments can also be repositioned and renumbered. The standard configuration Is such that GINO-F, as well as the application program, are in the host computer with
the display file. and the display file manager in the intelligent terminal. However. if the graphical output device does not have its own display file store. the display may be hetd in the same store as the program, with routines being provided to administer the display file and to simulate tight-pen hits. The input terminal, or 'station'. consists of the intelligent terminal and its input devices (keyboard, light-pen, tablet, etc.). The implements are divided into the following classes - text, keys. valuators, positioners and identifiers each of which has various properties. For example, they may or may not be able to cause an event (e.g. the depression of a kev) and they may be able to generate data. Events are generated purely local to the screen and are fed back to the host as input data, only when the program in the host machine requests data from the station. Some stations may allow events to be queued, and for the queues to be deleted or interrogated. Routines are also provided to enable the user to accumulate changes without affecting the display until a signal is given. Mark II introduces relatively slow interaction to enable the GINO-F user to experiment with refresh display techniques. Faster interaction, with the display file m core. is envisaged.
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN