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CAMP '84 — Computer graphics
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Conference Reports
CAMP ‘84 - Computer Graphics The
World
Computer
Graphics
(Washington
D.C., USA) sponsored
Conference
on
ference,
organized
from September ferent chaired Berlin Europe,
Computer
I. I. Effective Communication
Association the CAMP ‘84
Graphics.
This
Con-
by AMK Berlin, was held in Berlin 25-28,
countries
1984. Experts
joined
by G. Spur
the
(IPK
West, FRG). More
Berlin than
USA, and Canada
the applications
Program and
Committee, IWF Berlin,
100 speakers
presented
for management
of Computer Graphics. The Conference Program
from six dif-
lectures
from on
and productivity
was divided
into nine
sessions dealing with the following topics. Graphics and Data Representation 1. Management 2. Mechanical Design and Manufacturing 3. The Electrical and Electronics Industry 4. Architecture
and Construction
5. Design of Graphic
Engineering
Systems
6. Computer 7. Computer
Graphics
and Standards
Graphics
in Publishing
8. Computer
Graphics
in Arts
1.2. Design Aspects and User Interfaces
9. Special Topics such as Education, Image to Vector Conversion, and Future Trends. We present
below summaries
of some selected
lec-
tures.
1. Management
Kredel told the audience that the expressiveness and communicative of visualizations can be much increased by skillfully using the proper rules. The latest research shows that there can be no effective communication with regard to certain objectives without an optimum combination of graphic elements, he said. In his lecture entitled “Behavioural Sciences Based Rules for Effective Communication by Management Graphics” Kredel indicated the most important rules and demonstrated their separate effects. He also summarized some additional rules with regard to the information content of works of graphic art. Finally Kredel referred to the methods of manipulation which can be used in combination with display graphics.
Graphics and Data Representation
The behavioural sciences, in particular perceptual psychology and behavioural biology, supply a multitude of useful rules for shaping display documents, L. Kredel (Technische Universitat Berlin, FRG) observed. Unfortunately the theories, though recognized and long tested, are known to a few experts only, he said.
P. Mross (Nectronic Standard Software, Aachen, FRG) told the audience that graphical representation of information by means of charts becomes more and more important nowadays. He observed that a chart is more than just a functional mapping of data on to an output device, it is an arrangement of colours, lines, and words over a given space. In his lecture entitled “Design Aspects and User Interfaces of Graphical Systems”, Mross emphasized that the user-interface of graphical systems must reflect the structure of a chart from a graphic designer’s perspective. The idea which underlies the construction of a good user-interface should be the intention to design a chart that will be understood by the “reader”. Mross presented as an example a user-interface which was designed to reflect the structure of a good chart.
1.3. Artificial Intelligence North-Holland Computers in Industry 0166-3615/85/$03.30
6 (1985) 59-68 0 1985 Elsevier Science Publishers
According to R.M. Bertrand (Standard Oil Corp., USA) fourth generation languages, knowlB.V. (North-Holland)
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edge based systems, and artificial intelligence are the tools of the modem information centre providing applications of data access and graphics. In his lecture entitled “Artificial Intelligence in Management Graphics”, Bertrand reviewed the state-of-common-practice through the state-of-theart in this area.
1.4. Day-to-Day
Application
As J. May (CCS, FRG) observed, computer technology is now penetrating all regions of everyday life. A graphic design studio can extend its scope of services considerably by using modern technology in production and communication. he said. In his lecture “Day-to-Day Application of Computer Graphics” May mentioned the requirements which a computer system should meet when used by a graphic designer in his day-to-day work.
1.5. Implementation
According to L. Ferrara (Decision Resource Corp., USA) computer-generated slide making has matured in the past 18 months with the advent of economical, high resolution devices capable of producing quality output. Today, she said, slide makers can be driven digitally and set up on the computer as a truly shared peripheral. In Ferraru’s opinion this new approach has enormous benefits. For example, it enables many users to produce slides simultaneously from remote locations. an Affordable In her lecture “Implementing High-Quality Slide-Maker” Ferraru discussed the three major tasks involved with slide making systems: 1. Creating the chart: a review of the computer software available which can produce output to a high quality slide maker. 2. Connecting the slide maker to the computer: a “how to” description of the data communications, electrical connections, and operating system implications, with special considerations given to the IBM environment. 3. Developing the film: in terms of security, speed, and cost, Ferruru observed, new methods of film development are an important though often overlooked, consideration.
1.6. Integrating
Graphics
J.R. Squillu (Eastman Kodak Co., USA) told the audience that graphics create special situations which cannot always be handled efficiently in a single operating environment. He observed that applications such as production graphics, publication quality, and ad-hoc presentation graphics are best handled at the main-frame level. Graphics for special sheet analysis, and dedicated graphics service bureaus, on the other hand. are better handled at micro level. In his lecture entitled “Integrating Graphics on Micros and Main-frames” Squilla discussed some of the methods employed to integrate graphics in these two environments and show how this idea can fit into a corporate decision support scheme. 1.7. Advancing
the State-of-the-Art
In a lecture entitled “Advancing the State of the Art in Management Graphics”, G. Beshara (Amoco, USA) introduced to the audience the Computer Graphics Research Program at AMOCO which is responsible for searching out and implementing the most advanced graphics applications on IBM computer. The speaker showed the results of the work in 3-D and other special effects applied to management graphics and defined the principal areas in which the state-of-the-art of management graphics may be pushed ahead. 1.8. Business Graphics D. Ackmann (Monsanto, USA) observed in his lecture “Advanced Business Graphics Forms” that the increasing use of business graphics tends to progress through a series of identifiable stages. He explained to the audience that these stages are characterized by the types of formats used (bar charts, illustrations, advanced formats), the setting in which the visual entities are used, recognition of quality needs, devices used, training needs, support needs, utilities, and data access requirements. Ackmann explored the benefits of moving from one stage to another, as well as the reasons why some groups do not progress beyond a given stage. The realization that there are stages in evolution, he found useful in educating managers in his company on the opportunities and costs related to computer graphics.
Computers in Industry
1.9. Applications According to A. Schmitz (Nectronic Standard Software GmbH, Aachen, FRG) graphics has been important means of communication in project management, long before it could be produced by the computer. Its importance has increased with the present possibilities of modern computer graphics, the speaker said. In a lecture entitled "Computer Aided Project Management", Schmitz indicated in which form different project graphics can be represented and adapted to the requirements of the user. The lecturer also explained which rules are to be followed in order to obtain a definitive set of graphics. Furthermore Schmitz discussed which user surface is to be used and how the interface problems can be solved with respect to existing data collections. In conclusion Schmitz indicated some trends in the development of computer graphics.
2. Applications for Mechanical Design
2.1. Integration Aspects of CAD In a lecture entitled "Integration Aspects of Selecting, Implementing, and Applying of CAD", F. Gellner (Steyr Daimler Puch AG, Austria) observed that long-term efficiency of a CAD system cannot be measured by the acceleration factors which are to be achieved in design. From his personal experience with CAD at Steyr Daimler Puch Gellner learned that the application of "computer-aided" techniques and methods is an unqualified prerequisite for competition. He believes that it is only by means of integration that the economic potentialities can be fully used. Finally he observed that the growing level of integration requires more and more qualified employees. In this lecture Gellner also dealt with a decision-making process initiated approximately three years ago, which in particular referred to the requirements specific to industry and to the general influences and effects of the use of the computer. This process resulted in the idea of integration of all sectors which in the widest sense are involved in compiling or further processing technical documentation. Gellner concluded by giving a short description of the project organization and of the applications
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realized today. He also summarized some recent experience and finally mentioned which steps are to be undertaken next. 2.2. Micro-based CA D G.S. Goldman (Cascade Graphics Development, USA) presented two case studies to illustrate how low cost, microcomputer-based CAD can be a viable production tool for engineering and manufacturing disciplines. This lecture is entitled "Micro-based CAD: a Production Tool for Manufacturing Engineering". The first case study concerned an engineering and manufacturing company before and after the introduction of CAD. The second study documented how micro-based CAD performs sixty to seventy percent of the 2-D drafting needs formerly addressed by more costly mini-based systems, with no sacrifice in performance. As Goldman observed, in the fast growing CAD industry, a new micro-based CAD system is introduced each week. According to the speaker, evaluating these many systems can be a source of frustration and confusion. For example, after watching a CAD demonstration it is often difficult to determine if you have seen most of the system's capability or only a very small portion of the overall software, Goldman told the audience. Since not all micro-based CAD systems can produce the successful results given in the two case studies and since they exhibit a wide range of performance levels, the speaker also presented hardware and software considerations to show how common pitfalls of evaluating system performance can be avoided. 2.3. Automated Manufacturing According to J. Clancy (McDonnell Douglas Automation, USA) American manufacturing has been moving toward automated manufacturing since World War II. He told the audience in his lecture entitled "The Automated Factory Business - The U.S. Position", that McDonnell Douglas Corporation, MDC, has been at the forefront of automated manufacturing developments. The commitment to new electronic data processing technology was such that a large department evolved and eventually became McDonnell Douglas Automation Company, McAuto, he said.
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<‘omputers rn Industrb~
Clancy continued to explain how from this organization, a new subsidiary, McAuto Computer Integrated Manufacturing Technology (Cimtek), recently was formed. This new company is chartered to provide CAD/CAM and other related CIM products. In Cfuncy’s opinion modernization of American factories is essential to the survival of U.S. manufacturers. Recent increases in high-tech investment are significant, but we will not get to the automated factory in one step, he said. CIM is still just a concept, Chancy observed, but it will evolve to meet the needs of individual manufacturers. In its broadest sense CIM can take in planning operations for the entire plant as well as systems that perform and control plant processes. Cluncy believes that the automated factory will come, although the initial costs will be great. McAuto and Cimtek can make the investment because their customers demand the best in software. he said. Cluncy finally remarked that people who are eager to get CIM systems installed will find a way to push their organizations forward. This will force others to follow. 2.4. CAD Data Exchange CJ. Arndt and P. Benini (Audi, FRG) in their lecture entitled “CAD-Data-Exchange using IGES and VDA-Databases at Audi”, presented the experience gained in developing CAD Data Exchange with the aid of IGES and VDA data sets at Audi. The speaker reported on the connection between different CAD systems by means of an historic outline. He also gave an explanation of the grounds on which the present solution is based, followed by a description of the preprocessors and postprocessors written by himself and his co-author. The lecturer gave an example to show the realization of CAD Data Exchange. Finally he presented to the audience details of the experience with CAD Data Exchange using IGES and VDA Data sets. 2.5. Computer
Integrated
Manufacturing
According to R.M. Salzmann and A.D. Little (Belgium) many manufacturing companies, and even entire industry segments, are approaching critical phases in their quest for improved produc-
tivity and marked shape. Computer assistance in engineering and manufacturing offers a significant potential as a technological resource, the speaker said. He observed that despite significant investment in isolated applications CAD/CAM to present operations, there is no broad penetration. There are many barriers to effective implementation at present, the lecturer continued. But at the same time, rapid technological advances are providing a realistic future goal of linking CAD/CAM with other computer-based methods (MRP, AMH. ROBOTICS, GT) to achieve Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM). In a lecture entitled “The Evolution from CAD/CAM to CIM: Possibilities, Problems, and Strategies for the Future” the speaker examined the key factors influencing the evolution from CAD/CAM to CIM. He suggested that a companywide strategic planning perspective - where CIM is linked to overall corporate objectives and interacts with related planning issues of marketing. organization. investment, and human resources is necessary to achieve maximum integration and full corporate benefit. According to the lecturer. management of CIM as a strategic instrument also provides a clearer framework for deriving a detailed CIM-implementation and operational plan. In conclusion he reviewed the methodologies for planning and controlling effective CIM-implementation.
3. Applications in Electronics 3. I. Design
Verification
L. Rizzatti (Teradyne GmbH, FRG) stated that three processes - Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE), Computer-Aided Design (CAD), and Computer-Aided Testing (CAT) -- are commonly grouped together under the acronym CADMAT. CAE workstations enable engineers to design circuits more quickly. experiment with alternative design approaches more easily, and check their designs for logic and timing accuracy and for conformity to the rules prevailing before committing them to production prototypes, he told the audience. Rizzatti also observed that CAD systems for layout reduce drafting time, check the design implementation, and provide information useful to
Computers in Indust O'
the manufacturing process. Finally, CAT systems verify wether an electronic assembly has been manufactured correctly and whether it meets its performance specifications. One common tool used by all three processes is simulation, Rizzatti explained. In his lecture entitled "Simulation: Linking Design to Test" he examined the specifications a logic simulator package should possess in order to earn common acceptance from the design engineers as well as from the testing engineer. For this purpose he focused on one of the latest and most advanced of such commercial packages, Teradyne LASAR Version 6.
3.2. Fault Diagnosis The evolution of new VSLI/Microprocess and Computer Support Chips is causing a revolution in test techniques for electronic manufacturing, B. Childs (Gen Rad Ltd., U.K.) remarked. He told the audience that the new high performance subsystems have proved to be far more complex to test and diagnose than previous designs and require a new look at traditional testing approaches. In his lecture "Performance Testing - The Way Ahead" he discussed a combination of techniques for solving these problems using a proprietary technique of memory emulation, along with a sophisticated system of high speed sensors and qualifiers. Childs explained that this technique enables the identification and diagnosis of faults on PCBs which manifest themselves only when the PCB is in its final environment running at normal operating speed. The use of sensors and data collectors running at speeds up to 32 MHZ enable the speedy location of dynamic faults on even the most complex circuits.
3.3. Systems Cabeling Design Schaaf and Oleschkewitz (AEG-Telefunken, FRG) informed the audience on an interactive graphics system used by the Postal Service of the FRG, in third lecture entitled "An Interactive Graphics System for Documentation and Information of Cable Networks". The speaker told the audience that the Postal Service of the FRG has documented the complete telephone and telegraph system mapping. About 600.000 plans need to be redesigned or corrected
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each year. The introduction of the system GRADAS-PTT considerably reduced costs and duration of all this, the lecturer observed. This system was developed by AEG-Telefunken, together with the FRG's Postal Service.
4. Applications in Architecture and Construction Engineering
4.1. Off-Shore Applications In a lecture entitled "Using Computers from Modelling to Plumbing", W. Thomsen (Maschinenbau Gabler, Li~beck, FRG) presented a system for the computer-aid production of pipeline isometric drawings which has been successfully employed in Li~beck since the beginning of 1983 at the firms of Maschinenbau Gabler GmbH (MG) and Ingenieurkontor Li~beck, Prof. Gabler successors GmbH (IKL). Thomsen explained to the audience that the system uses the known advantages of construction model building in conjunction with the capacity of modern computer and software systems and presents in this way a possibility to rationalize the construction of pipelines.
5. Computer Graphics and Standards
5.1. Distributed Graphics P. Egloff (Hahn-Meitner-Institut, FRG) told the audience how the increasing use of means for graphic data processing in developing complex technical products, as well as the increasing number of public and local computer networks made it necessary to combine research and development work from both fields. Previously this had been pursued independently of each other, he said. Egloff noted that in the past years various international standardization bodies have made considerable progress, both in the field of graphic data processing and the sector of network technology. In his lecture "Computer Graphics in Networks" Egloff presented work conducted within the scope of building up the German Research Network, which will lead eventually to the uniform processing of graphic data in computer networks.
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6. Computer Graphics in P&dishing 6.1. Digitally Based Systems As G.Th. Dunn (Dunn Technology Inc., USA) remarked, the proliferation of computer-based design, manufacturing, text entry, image processing, high resolution output and electronic publishing systems has led to a menagerie of product concepts and strategies. It requires a thorough understanding of the technologies on which the digitalization, image processing (both hardware and software), and output devices are based, in order to design and utilize new components and peripheral equipment for these applications successfully. he added. In a lecture entitled “Successful Automation of Digitally Based Information Processing Systems”, Dunn dealt with the evolution of presenting input text, image processing, and output systems, and examined which technologies will dominate for specific applications as well as why they will dominate. He went on to discuss the advances in the area of array processing and other strategies for increased image manipulation speed along with the current state of raster image processing and the developments at the multitude of companies which are pursuing this area. Dunn also addressed digital proofing to color and black and white photographic materials along with unconventional image recording materials. Finally, he discussed several items, such as data compression, transmission, the integration of text and graphics, and the recording and archiving of digital information onto conventional magnetic media, the potential of optical storage in this application, as well as the economics of these options. 6.2. Integrating
Symbols
on the Picture Screen
The picture screen is encroaching more and more on all sectors of professional, public, and private life, as well as on all kinds of training institutions, K. Flammann (FRG) observed. In a lecture entitled “Integration of Picture Orientated, Graphical and Alpha Numeric Symbols on Screen”, Flammann told the audience that usually much thought is given to the contents presented, whereas the design of what is presented is left to the designers. He pointed out that scientific find-
ings - stemming predominantly from the AngloAmerican sector of perceptual, cognitive, and social psychology, as well as from the theory of teaching and semiotics -- are scarcely ever considered in producing materials for teaching, learning, working, and information. In order to improve this situation it seems necessary to apply the rules relating to those forms of representation which are of particular importance for the screen: texts, tables, charts, and structural and sequence diagrams. he said. It also seems important to gain new experience within the scope of interdisciplinary work and research program, Flammann remarked. 6.3. Technical Publications In a lecture entitled “Computer Aided Technical Publications” D.G. Brown (Ford Motor Comp.. USA) discussed the process of automating a technical publications group involved in the production of manuals for a high technology corporation. She mentioned that several companies advertise “complete technical publication systems” which provide both drawing capability and text handling features. The layout of a manual page requires placing text and graphics on the same page. This process may be done automatically on an interactive graphics display terminal or manually by cutting text apart and pasting it on the artwork, Brown explained. On account of the numerous problems and shortcomings of these systems, she concluded that the application is too new and the understanding too infantile to produce a “good” technical publications system. 6.4. Graphics Integration
using GKS
In their lecture “Integration of Text, Graphics, and Images on a Workstation Using GKS”, R. Thiemann and R. Mertens (IBAG. FRG) introduced to the audience the IPD integral graphic presentation and documentation systems, which serves to produce, change and store pictures by means of a computer and a graphic workstation. The software is based on the standardized graphic core system GKS. Since computer services are becoming increasingly cheaper today, an attempt can be made to combine techniques from the fields of picture processing, graphic data processing, and text processing, the speaker said. He explained that the
Computers in lndustr)'
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IPD workstation system consists of a colour screen systems to represent and process individual data. Various specific acquisition systems and well-defined data interfaces serve as input, while standard equipment is available for output on such media as paper, foil, or film. One requirement the IPD concept must come up to, according to the lecturer, is the integrated design of hardware and software with a user-oriented interaction, which can also be accepted by data processing laymen. Likewise, flexibility in the configuration of standard components related both to the field application and to use in communication networks is required, the speaker told the audience.
to high resolution All Point Addressable (APA) bit mapped displays. New user interfaces are being designed with advanced windowing, icons, graphics, and image functions, and multiple proportional founts, the speaker observed. In a lecture entitled "Display Technologies trends in Screen Technology and Screen Management", Sellinger summarized the trends which have led us to where we are today. The lecturer explained many of the ergonomic and ease-of-use considerations which demand greater function and higher performance, and explored many of the evolving hardware and software technologies which may be applied to future raster displays.
6.5. Graphics Integration Using C A D / C A M Systems
7.2. Hardware Technologies
As O. Bjorke (Production Engineering Laboratory NTH-SINTEF, Norway) observed, most technical documents contain illustrations, figures, or drawings integrated into pages of text. In the C A D / C A M field such illustrations often have their origin in information already stored in a computer, for instance in a product model. In a lecture entitled "Integration of Text and Figures taken from C A D / C A M Systems", Bjorke introduced to the audience the VTLTEXT-system, which was designed to compose phototypeset camera-ready text pages including illustrations. The VTLTEXT-system can handle text-styling, mathematical equations, tables, and figures. Bjorke explained that the pages are composed on a VAXcomputer and that the result is transferred online to a phototypesetting machine. With this system figures can be transferred from any C A D / C A M system provided. There also exists a GPGS-F (GKS-like) interface. Figures can also be directly composed using the graphic package GPGS-F itself. According to Bjorke this system results in a great increase in productivity of the output of high quality reports or other technical documents.
7.
Future
Trends
7.1. Display Technologies R. Sellinger (IBM, USA) stated that advances in hardware technology and memory prices are expected to lead to much wider usage of medium
According to Th. McKenna (Tektronix Inc., USA) in the past, electronic colour printers were considered an interesting accessory for a computer system, not a necessary component. Several market trends have combined to change this conception. Perhaps the biggest reason for the increased acceptance of colour printers has been the rapid improvement of many colour printing technologies, he said. In his lecture "Hardware Technologies Hardcopy Technologies: Status and Trends" McKenna highlighted colour printing technologies and the applications they serve. He dealt with the following subtopics: - How colour hardcopy helps the user - Overview of market size and growth for colour printers Basic considerations in colour printer design Components of a quality print and a quality printer - Todays available technology: strengths, weaknesses, and applications fit Trends to watch for the future.
7.3. Ergonomic Aspects In a lecture entitled "Ergonomic Aspects of CAD" G.H. van der Heiden (ETH-Zentrum, Switzerland) presented research aimed at inventorizing the most important ergonomic problems in relation to the use of interactive graphic screens. For that purpose field research was set up at picture screen workshops within the area of Computer Aided Design. The handling of key-
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board, digitalization tablet and graphic screen was registered in a multi-moment study. Subjective impressions were recorded with regard to CAD hardware, CAD software, environmental influences, and health aspects. The most important aspects on which CAD differed from data and text processing van der Heiden found to be as follows: 1. The dynamics of work sequences involve regular physical activity and prevent the occurrence of forced body positions. 2. The eyes of the user are directed to the screen more frequently (46-68% of CAD working time). Finally this research gives suggestions for an ergonomically suitable construction of CAD terminals as well as for improving existing CAD workshops. 7.4. Data Input Technologies A multitude of possibilities are available for data input at graphic workshops, L. Beilschmidt and W. Gnettner (Siemens AG, FRG) observed in their lecture entitled “Data Input Technologies on Graphic Workstations”. The logic input classes Localizer, Line Generator, Value Generator, Selector, Picker, and Code Generator defined in the standard (GKS) can be realized by means of all types of physical the speaker said. The available equipment, equipment was briefly introduced and its aptitude for the different input classes was evaluated. The speaker also considered the reciprocal effects from graphic interaction. As for the user-optimization of a graphic system, the composition of the different input devices within the scope of a graphic workshop plays an essential part. From a technological and ergonomic point of view it does not make sense to configure all types of input equipment at one workshop, the lecturer stated. Possible efficient and user-optimized combinations of input equipment which cover all logic input classes were introduced in this lecture. In conclusion the speaker indicated some future developments, which lie mainly in the sphere of user-optimization. 7.5 Technology
Trenak
A number of technology trends, many of which are similar to those affecting the computer industry in general, are having a major impact on the CAD/CAM industry, D. Weisberg (Autotrol
Deutschland, FRG) stated. As a result of these changes in the CAD/CAM industry efficiency for a broader range of users should increase, he said. Tasks that previously could not be undertaken because of time, expense or lack of appropriate techniques are now feasible. The subjects covered in this lecture are as follows: 1. Distributed/Networked Systems 2. Open System Architecture 3. Standardized Computers and Operating Systems 4. 32-bit Computers with Virtual Memory 5. High Performance Graphics 6. Colour Displays 7. Image Generation Hardware 8. Geometry Engines 9. Logic Engines 10. Memory Costs 11. Automated Data Capture 12. Cost vs. Function 13. Productivity. 7.6. Personal Computer
Based CA D-Systems
D. Straub (First Charter Corp., USA) observed that drawing software has become available on personal computers only within the last year and a half. Given the wider availability and relatively low cost of personal computers and the great benefits that can be gained from their use as drawing processors, hundreds of thousands of people will within a few years be using these tools. he predicted. Since the drawing software that is now available is impressive and in some cases provides better performance than software available on mini-computers, Straub expects that competitive pressures and a large market for this type of software will continue to encourage manufacturers to enhance the capabilities of their packages. In a lecturer entitled “A Comparison of and Future Trends in Personal Computer-based Computer-Aided Design and Drafting Software”. Straub discussed the varieties of drawing processor software that are available on personal computer. In particular personal computers running the MSDOS operating system and adhering closely to the IBM-PC software and hardware standards. In addition, he examined the features that one might expect to get with drawing processor software as well as the future trends one can expect.
Computers in Industry
ConfereneeReports
Straub b e l i e v e s t h a t in the n e x t few years there will c o n t i n u e to be a r a p i d g r o w t h in the v a r i e t y a n d p o w e r of C A D s o f t w a r e r u n n i n g o n p e r s o n a l c o m puters. P e r s o n a l c o m p u t e r C A D w o r k s t a t i o n s will vastly outnumber those on mini-computers within five years. T h e f e a t u r e s a v a i l a b l e in the p e r s o n a l c o m p u t e r C A D s o f t w a r e will e q u a l t h o s e a v a i l a b l e o n m i n i - c o m p u t e r s y s t e m s t o d a y , Straub c o n cluded. The following lectures CAMP'84.
were
also
presented
at
Problems of Legibility in Presentation Graphics, H.J. Ehlers (Ernst Klett Verlag, F.R.G.) Next Twelve Months in Computerized Management Graphics, A. Paller (AUI Data Graphics/ISSCO, U.S.A.) Application of Graphics Software in Statistics, A. Andersson (Bureau of Statistics, Sweden) A Geographic Information System Based on Computer Graphics, E. Wilmersdorf (ADV, Austria) Marriage between Graphics Designer and Computer: An upto-date, B.A. Clark (Union Carbide Corp., U.S.A.) Supporting Financial Controlling by Management Graphics, K. Bickell (Austria) New Tools in Data Representation in Management, M. Bi~hlmann (Schweizerische Bundesbahnen, Switzerland) New Generation in Management Graphics, J. Lutum (Lutum + Tappert, DV-Beratung, FRG) Graphics Software within a Decision Support System, P. Winters (SAS-Institute, FRG) Introducing a Turnkey CAD/CAM-System in the Construction Division of an Automobile-Subsupplier, P. Schwindt (Brose Fahrzeugteile GmbH & Co.KG, FRG) Using CAD/CAM in a Medium-Sized Company in Sealing Industry, K.M. Allweil (KACO GmbH & Co. FRG) Experiences in Using CAD/CAM-Systems in 2D- and 3DEnvironment, G. Pia (Stars Grupo, Fiat, Italy) Graphical NC-Programming, A. O'Toole (MDSI, UK) Computer Graphics Works in Manufacturing at ARMCO, J. Essex (ARMCO National Supply, USA) Graphicals in Automated Process Planning, W. Turowski and W. Grottke (IPK Berlin, FRG) Computer Aided Procedure for the Application Planning of Industrial Robots, U. Schmidt-Streier and A. Altenheim (IPA Stuttgart, FRG) Computer Graphics for Standard Parts: Problems and Procedures, W. R6ttger (M.A.N., FRG) CAD/CAM Application in Production Planning, 5 Years of Experience, T. Fi~rst (FAG Kugelfischer, FRG) Integration in CAD - Desire and Reality, H. Staubli (SiemensAlbis AG, Switzerland) How to integrate Construction, Geometry Processing and Production Planning by Using APS, F.-L. Krause (IPK Berlin, FRG) CAD/CAM Integration, D.O. Christensen (CAE, USA) An Integrated CAE Environment for Concept Design Engineering, W.A. McClelland (Structural Dynamics Research Corp, USA)
67
Computer Aided Design of Thinwalled Machine Building Parts, J. Widyanata and U. Feldhaus (MEC Maschinenbau, Entwicklung Consulting GmbH, FRG) How to Generate 3D-FE-Structures when Using CAD-Systems, Chr. Troder, Ch. Lenssen and A. Spielvogel (RWTHAachen, FRG) The Alignment of Associated Spaces in an Automated CADKinematics-Procedure, A.J. Medland (Brunel University, UK) CASS: A CAD-System for Styling at Volkswagenwerk AG, L. Pazsitka, J. Hoyer and H. Peter (Volkswagenwerk AG, FRG) Effective Information flow for Design, Production Planning and Production of Double bended Surfaces, D. Hochan, Zehe and Bonitz (TU Dresden, VEB Automobilbau, GDR) Solid Modelling in Manufacturing, R.J. Doty (Applicon, Inc., USA) CAD Solid Models for New Toothed Gear Constructions, U. Lindemann (Renk AG, FRG) Enabling "CIM" via Generalized Data Services and User Services, R. Salas (IBM Corp., USA) A Modular and lntegratable Approach to CIM, T.J. Schaefer (Manufacturing Data Systems, Inc., USA) CAD-Application: Standalone vs. Integrated Solution, W.F. Klos (Daimler Benz AG, FRG) and H. Poths (VDMA, FRG) General Overview on CAD~CAM Research, G. Spur (IPK Berlin, FRG) Geometric Modelling in CAD/CAM - from 2D-Drawings to 3D-Solids, R. Johnson (R.H. Johnson + Ass., Inc., USA) NCG-3D - a Graphic-lnteractive 3D-NC-(2 l/2D)-Partprogramming System, W. Fischer and H. Eckert (Messerschmitt-BOlkow-Blohm (GmbH, FRG) Modelling and Simulation of Systems of Computer Circuits, R. Ercole (Valid Logic Systems, UK) What the Electronic Design Workstation can do for you now, J. Houlton (Daisy Systems, UK) The Mentor Approach to Computer Integrated Engineering, R. Beswick (Mentor Ltd., UK) The Engineer Workstation - a new VLSI Design Tool, K. Webb and R. Collins (ITT Europe, UK) Semicustom: The Way Forward, J.S. Brothers (Plessey, Lid, UK) CAD for Uncommitted Logic Array Design, F.R. Ramsey (Ferranti Electronics Ltd., UK) The Meds (R) Program for the Automated Layout of ICs, R.P. Bayley (Scientific Calculations Ltd., UK) The Trade offs between Manufacturing and Design Objectives, J. Golovin (Consilium Ass., USA) Electronics CAD/CAM Systems in the Industrial Automation Context, P.M. Dawson (GE-Calma, UK) A Survey of Electronics R and D in the USA, M.D. Prince (Lockheed-Marietta, USA) Economic Applications of CAD-Data in Testing, D. Mialler (BBC, Switzerland) Combined Application of Heuristical and Mathematical Algorithms in PCB Routing, J. Grami (Grado GmbH, FRG) An Approach of Topological Pin Assignment, N. Brady (VR Information Systems, USA) Display Technologies, J. Blanks (VR Information Systems, USA)
68
Conference Reports
EDMS-An Integrating Concept in CAE Electronics, H. Gotz (Prime Computer GmbH, FRG) Wiring in Plant Design, K. Suyker (Intergraph Europa B.V.. The Netherlands) CAD-System for Circuit Diagrams in the Plant Sector. M. Himmelstein and W. Fischer (AEG-Telefunken SoftwareTechnik, FRG) Automated Mapping in Nuremburg. B. Wilmerstadt (Stadtvermessungsamt Niimberg, FRG) Topographical Maps from Air Photographs: Photogrammetry as a CAD-Tool, M.B. Amu (FRG) State of the Art in Mapping Applications, J. Ulc (Intergraph Europe, The Netherlands) Practical Experiences in CAD-Applications for Construction Engineering, E. Tamm (PGN, FRG) Integration of Town Planning, Landscaping and 3D-Architecture: Results and Future Enhancements since Camp’83, R. Joosten (Graphicomp N.V., Belgium) A Description of the Methodology and Analysis Procedure. J. Dangermond and C. Freedman (Environmental Systems Research Inst., Redlands. CA, USA) CAD in the Building Process, J. Brown (E.I. Brown Company. USA) CAD Application in Steel Construction, G. Strigl (M.A.N. FRG) A Building Energy Design Tool That Draws Pictures of Thermal Performance, M. Milne (UCLA, USA) The Design and Implementation of a Computer Aided Design System for Construction, Space and Facilities Management at a US Government Agency, J.B. Hoffmann (USA) Painting in Architecture and Plant Design: Integrating Graphic Arts and CAD, J.R. Sosoka and W.J. Johnson (Technology Applications Group, USA) Carrying and Planning Programmes for Electrification and Instrumentation at Tampella. H. Rusanen (Tampella Ltd., Finland) The Importance of Data Management in Process Plant CAD. M. Leesley (USA) Plant Layout and Design Optimization System (PLADO). R.C. Krumme, J.A. Torres, A. Chose1 and R.L. Rotblatt (Impell Corp., USA) The Application of Graphical I/O to Construction Management, N.J.A. Pears-Wallace and P. Harrison (University of Newcastle, UK) 3D-Modelling in Plant Design N. Harris (Computervision A/S, Norway) A 3D-Design System for Plant Construction,
Combining VLSI and Graphics, S. IMolnar (Silicon Graphics. Inc.. USA) VLSI-Chip to support GKS, M. Mehl and S. Nell (TH Darmstadt. FRG) Planning of Highduty-Graphics Systems by means of VLSI-Arithmetic Processors. E. Sun (Weitek Corp.. USA) Development of Parallel Graphical Algorithms. R. Lenzer (TH Darmstadt, FRG) Real Interactive Graphical Techniques. R. Neuser and II. Schweitzer (CCC. FRG) VLSI Technology for Real Time Visualisation Processes. M. Engelhorn and H. Schmieder (Tti Berlin. FRG) Multiple Workstation Implementations in GKS. R.M. Parent (Tektronix. Inc.. USA) Successfully Implementing GKS on Micro Computers. M.G. Rawlins (Graphic Software Systems Inc.. USA) 3D-Extension to GKS. K. Kansy (GMD, FRG) GKS in a Distributed Graphics Environment, H. Kuhlmann. B.W. Altheit and H. Hanusa (TH Darmstadt. FRG) Towards an Artist-Oriented Approach to 3DComputer Animation. D. Thalmann and N. Thalmann (Universite de Montreal, Canada) A Digitally Perceived World, F. Dietrich (West Coast University, USA) The Effective Use of Illustrations in Computer Graphics Documentation, M.D. Brown (MBA. USA) Creative Computer Imaging, J. Truckenbrod (Art Institute of Chicago, USA) Computer Graphics and Major Motion Pictures, T.K. Porter (USA) The Demands
of Television
The proceedings G. Herndl
(Prime
Computer GmbH, FRG) Design and Application of Graphics Display, K.T. Rudahl (Goldin Rudahl Ass., USA) High Performance Color Displays for Computer Graphics. D. Denham (Tektronix Inc., USA) Paint Systems for Computer Graphics, J. Rix and K. Wimmelmann (TH Darmstadt, FRG)
- a Producer‘s
View. L. John (BBC.
London, UK) A Training and Education Programme for CAD, V. Vassilakopoulos (FH Hamburg, FRG) CAD-Education, J. Stanek (Schweizerische ‘Treuhandges.. Switzerland) Computer Graphics Education for CAD. F.-L. Krause (IPK Berlin. FRG) and Strasser (TH Darmstadt. FRG) Drawing Conversion: The Next Step to MaJor Improvements in CAD/CAM System Productivity. T.E. Bailey. Jr. (Metagraphics, Inc., USA) The Impact of Image Enhancement and Digital Analysis on Image to Vector Conversion, P. Scoggins (SCITEX Europe. Belgium)
of CAMP’84
Computer
Graphics
have been published by AMK Berlin, Company for Exhibitions,
Fairs and Congresses,
Congress
and
Convention Division, P.O. Box 19 17 40, Messedamm 22, D-1000 Berlin 19, FRG, 1984. Price DM 98.00.
Conference Reports
CAMP ‘84 - Computer Graphics The
World
Computer
Graphics
(Washington
D.C., USA) sponsored
Conference
on
ference,
organized
from September ferent chaired Berlin Europe,
Computer
I. I. Effective Communication
Association the CAMP ‘84
Graphics.
This
Con-
by AMK Berlin, was held in Berlin 25-28,
countries
1984. Experts
joined
by G. Spur
the
(IPK
West, FRG). More
Berlin than
USA, and Canada
the applications
Program and
Committee, IWF Berlin,
100 speakers
presented
for management
of Computer Graphics. The Conference Program
from six dif-
lectures
from on
and productivity
was divided
into nine
sessions dealing with the following topics. Graphics and Data Representation 1. Management 2. Mechanical Design and Manufacturing 3. The Electrical and Electronics Industry 4. Architecture
and Construction
5. Design of Graphic
Engineering
Systems
6. Computer 7. Computer
Graphics
and Standards
Graphics
in Publishing
8. Computer
Graphics
in Arts
1.2. Design Aspects and User Interfaces
9. Special Topics such as Education, Image to Vector Conversion, and Future Trends. We present
below summaries
of some selected
lec-
tures.
1. Management
Kredel told the audience that the expressiveness and communicative of visualizations can be much increased by skillfully using the proper rules. The latest research shows that there can be no effective communication with regard to certain objectives without an optimum combination of graphic elements, he said. In his lecture entitled “Behavioural Sciences Based Rules for Effective Communication by Management Graphics” Kredel indicated the most important rules and demonstrated their separate effects. He also summarized some additional rules with regard to the information content of works of graphic art. Finally Kredel referred to the methods of manipulation which can be used in combination with display graphics.
Graphics and Data Representation
The behavioural sciences, in particular perceptual psychology and behavioural biology, supply a multitude of useful rules for shaping display documents, L. Kredel (Technische Universitat Berlin, FRG) observed. Unfortunately the theories, though recognized and long tested, are known to a few experts only, he said.
P. Mross (Nectronic Standard Software, Aachen, FRG) told the audience that graphical representation of information by means of charts becomes more and more important nowadays. He observed that a chart is more than just a functional mapping of data on to an output device, it is an arrangement of colours, lines, and words over a given space. In his lecture entitled “Design Aspects and User Interfaces of Graphical Systems”, Mross emphasized that the user-interface of graphical systems must reflect the structure of a chart from a graphic designer’s perspective. The idea which underlies the construction of a good user-interface should be the intention to design a chart that will be understood by the “reader”. Mross presented as an example a user-interface which was designed to reflect the structure of a good chart.
1.3. Artificial Intelligence North-Holland Computers in Industry 0166-3615/85/$03.30
6 (1985) 59-68 0 1985 Elsevier Science Publishers
According to R.M. Bertrand (Standard Oil Corp., USA) fourth generation languages, knowlB.V. (North-Holland)
60
Conference Reports
edge based systems, and artificial intelligence are the tools of the modem information centre providing applications of data access and graphics. In his lecture entitled “Artificial Intelligence in Management Graphics”, Bertrand reviewed the state-of-common-practice through the state-of-theart in this area.
1.4. Day-to-Day
Application
As J. May (CCS, FRG) observed, computer technology is now penetrating all regions of everyday life. A graphic design studio can extend its scope of services considerably by using modern technology in production and communication. he said. In his lecture “Day-to-Day Application of Computer Graphics” May mentioned the requirements which a computer system should meet when used by a graphic designer in his day-to-day work.
1.5. Implementation
According to L. Ferrara (Decision Resource Corp., USA) computer-generated slide making has matured in the past 18 months with the advent of economical, high resolution devices capable of producing quality output. Today, she said, slide makers can be driven digitally and set up on the computer as a truly shared peripheral. In Ferraru’s opinion this new approach has enormous benefits. For example, it enables many users to produce slides simultaneously from remote locations. an Affordable In her lecture “Implementing High-Quality Slide-Maker” Ferraru discussed the three major tasks involved with slide making systems: 1. Creating the chart: a review of the computer software available which can produce output to a high quality slide maker. 2. Connecting the slide maker to the computer: a “how to” description of the data communications, electrical connections, and operating system implications, with special considerations given to the IBM environment. 3. Developing the film: in terms of security, speed, and cost, Ferruru observed, new methods of film development are an important though often overlooked, consideration.
1.6. Integrating
Graphics
J.R. Squillu (Eastman Kodak Co., USA) told the audience that graphics create special situations which cannot always be handled efficiently in a single operating environment. He observed that applications such as production graphics, publication quality, and ad-hoc presentation graphics are best handled at the main-frame level. Graphics for special sheet analysis, and dedicated graphics service bureaus, on the other hand. are better handled at micro level. In his lecture entitled “Integrating Graphics on Micros and Main-frames” Squilla discussed some of the methods employed to integrate graphics in these two environments and show how this idea can fit into a corporate decision support scheme. 1.7. Advancing
the State-of-the-Art
In a lecture entitled “Advancing the State of the Art in Management Graphics”, G. Beshara (Amoco, USA) introduced to the audience the Computer Graphics Research Program at AMOCO which is responsible for searching out and implementing the most advanced graphics applications on IBM computer. The speaker showed the results of the work in 3-D and other special effects applied to management graphics and defined the principal areas in which the state-of-the-art of management graphics may be pushed ahead. 1.8. Business Graphics D. Ackmann (Monsanto, USA) observed in his lecture “Advanced Business Graphics Forms” that the increasing use of business graphics tends to progress through a series of identifiable stages. He explained to the audience that these stages are characterized by the types of formats used (bar charts, illustrations, advanced formats), the setting in which the visual entities are used, recognition of quality needs, devices used, training needs, support needs, utilities, and data access requirements. Ackmann explored the benefits of moving from one stage to another, as well as the reasons why some groups do not progress beyond a given stage. The realization that there are stages in evolution, he found useful in educating managers in his company on the opportunities and costs related to computer graphics.
Computers in Industry
1.9. Applications According to A. Schmitz (Nectronic Standard Software GmbH, Aachen, FRG) graphics has been important means of communication in project management, long before it could be produced by the computer. Its importance has increased with the present possibilities of modern computer graphics, the speaker said. In a lecture entitled "Computer Aided Project Management", Schmitz indicated in which form different project graphics can be represented and adapted to the requirements of the user. The lecturer also explained which rules are to be followed in order to obtain a definitive set of graphics. Furthermore Schmitz discussed which user surface is to be used and how the interface problems can be solved with respect to existing data collections. In conclusion Schmitz indicated some trends in the development of computer graphics.
2. Applications for Mechanical Design
2.1. Integration Aspects of CAD In a lecture entitled "Integration Aspects of Selecting, Implementing, and Applying of CAD", F. Gellner (Steyr Daimler Puch AG, Austria) observed that long-term efficiency of a CAD system cannot be measured by the acceleration factors which are to be achieved in design. From his personal experience with CAD at Steyr Daimler Puch Gellner learned that the application of "computer-aided" techniques and methods is an unqualified prerequisite for competition. He believes that it is only by means of integration that the economic potentialities can be fully used. Finally he observed that the growing level of integration requires more and more qualified employees. In this lecture Gellner also dealt with a decision-making process initiated approximately three years ago, which in particular referred to the requirements specific to industry and to the general influences and effects of the use of the computer. This process resulted in the idea of integration of all sectors which in the widest sense are involved in compiling or further processing technical documentation. Gellner concluded by giving a short description of the project organization and of the applications
Conference Reports
61
realized today. He also summarized some recent experience and finally mentioned which steps are to be undertaken next. 2.2. Micro-based CA D G.S. Goldman (Cascade Graphics Development, USA) presented two case studies to illustrate how low cost, microcomputer-based CAD can be a viable production tool for engineering and manufacturing disciplines. This lecture is entitled "Micro-based CAD: a Production Tool for Manufacturing Engineering". The first case study concerned an engineering and manufacturing company before and after the introduction of CAD. The second study documented how micro-based CAD performs sixty to seventy percent of the 2-D drafting needs formerly addressed by more costly mini-based systems, with no sacrifice in performance. As Goldman observed, in the fast growing CAD industry, a new micro-based CAD system is introduced each week. According to the speaker, evaluating these many systems can be a source of frustration and confusion. For example, after watching a CAD demonstration it is often difficult to determine if you have seen most of the system's capability or only a very small portion of the overall software, Goldman told the audience. Since not all micro-based CAD systems can produce the successful results given in the two case studies and since they exhibit a wide range of performance levels, the speaker also presented hardware and software considerations to show how common pitfalls of evaluating system performance can be avoided. 2.3. Automated Manufacturing According to J. Clancy (McDonnell Douglas Automation, USA) American manufacturing has been moving toward automated manufacturing since World War II. He told the audience in his lecture entitled "The Automated Factory Business - The U.S. Position", that McDonnell Douglas Corporation, MDC, has been at the forefront of automated manufacturing developments. The commitment to new electronic data processing technology was such that a large department evolved and eventually became McDonnell Douglas Automation Company, McAuto, he said.
62
Conjerence Reports
<‘omputers rn Industrb~
Clancy continued to explain how from this organization, a new subsidiary, McAuto Computer Integrated Manufacturing Technology (Cimtek), recently was formed. This new company is chartered to provide CAD/CAM and other related CIM products. In Cfuncy’s opinion modernization of American factories is essential to the survival of U.S. manufacturers. Recent increases in high-tech investment are significant, but we will not get to the automated factory in one step, he said. CIM is still just a concept, Chancy observed, but it will evolve to meet the needs of individual manufacturers. In its broadest sense CIM can take in planning operations for the entire plant as well as systems that perform and control plant processes. Cluncy believes that the automated factory will come, although the initial costs will be great. McAuto and Cimtek can make the investment because their customers demand the best in software. he said. Cluncy finally remarked that people who are eager to get CIM systems installed will find a way to push their organizations forward. This will force others to follow. 2.4. CAD Data Exchange CJ. Arndt and P. Benini (Audi, FRG) in their lecture entitled “CAD-Data-Exchange using IGES and VDA-Databases at Audi”, presented the experience gained in developing CAD Data Exchange with the aid of IGES and VDA data sets at Audi. The speaker reported on the connection between different CAD systems by means of an historic outline. He also gave an explanation of the grounds on which the present solution is based, followed by a description of the preprocessors and postprocessors written by himself and his co-author. The lecturer gave an example to show the realization of CAD Data Exchange. Finally he presented to the audience details of the experience with CAD Data Exchange using IGES and VDA Data sets. 2.5. Computer
Integrated
Manufacturing
According to R.M. Salzmann and A.D. Little (Belgium) many manufacturing companies, and even entire industry segments, are approaching critical phases in their quest for improved produc-
tivity and marked shape. Computer assistance in engineering and manufacturing offers a significant potential as a technological resource, the speaker said. He observed that despite significant investment in isolated applications CAD/CAM to present operations, there is no broad penetration. There are many barriers to effective implementation at present, the lecturer continued. But at the same time, rapid technological advances are providing a realistic future goal of linking CAD/CAM with other computer-based methods (MRP, AMH. ROBOTICS, GT) to achieve Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM). In a lecture entitled “The Evolution from CAD/CAM to CIM: Possibilities, Problems, and Strategies for the Future” the speaker examined the key factors influencing the evolution from CAD/CAM to CIM. He suggested that a companywide strategic planning perspective - where CIM is linked to overall corporate objectives and interacts with related planning issues of marketing. organization. investment, and human resources is necessary to achieve maximum integration and full corporate benefit. According to the lecturer. management of CIM as a strategic instrument also provides a clearer framework for deriving a detailed CIM-implementation and operational plan. In conclusion he reviewed the methodologies for planning and controlling effective CIM-implementation.
3. Applications in Electronics 3. I. Design
Verification
L. Rizzatti (Teradyne GmbH, FRG) stated that three processes - Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE), Computer-Aided Design (CAD), and Computer-Aided Testing (CAT) -- are commonly grouped together under the acronym CADMAT. CAE workstations enable engineers to design circuits more quickly. experiment with alternative design approaches more easily, and check their designs for logic and timing accuracy and for conformity to the rules prevailing before committing them to production prototypes, he told the audience. Rizzatti also observed that CAD systems for layout reduce drafting time, check the design implementation, and provide information useful to
Computers in Indust O'
the manufacturing process. Finally, CAT systems verify wether an electronic assembly has been manufactured correctly and whether it meets its performance specifications. One common tool used by all three processes is simulation, Rizzatti explained. In his lecture entitled "Simulation: Linking Design to Test" he examined the specifications a logic simulator package should possess in order to earn common acceptance from the design engineers as well as from the testing engineer. For this purpose he focused on one of the latest and most advanced of such commercial packages, Teradyne LASAR Version 6.
3.2. Fault Diagnosis The evolution of new VSLI/Microprocess and Computer Support Chips is causing a revolution in test techniques for electronic manufacturing, B. Childs (Gen Rad Ltd., U.K.) remarked. He told the audience that the new high performance subsystems have proved to be far more complex to test and diagnose than previous designs and require a new look at traditional testing approaches. In his lecture "Performance Testing - The Way Ahead" he discussed a combination of techniques for solving these problems using a proprietary technique of memory emulation, along with a sophisticated system of high speed sensors and qualifiers. Childs explained that this technique enables the identification and diagnosis of faults on PCBs which manifest themselves only when the PCB is in its final environment running at normal operating speed. The use of sensors and data collectors running at speeds up to 32 MHZ enable the speedy location of dynamic faults on even the most complex circuits.
3.3. Systems Cabeling Design Schaaf and Oleschkewitz (AEG-Telefunken, FRG) informed the audience on an interactive graphics system used by the Postal Service of the FRG, in third lecture entitled "An Interactive Graphics System for Documentation and Information of Cable Networks". The speaker told the audience that the Postal Service of the FRG has documented the complete telephone and telegraph system mapping. About 600.000 plans need to be redesigned or corrected
Conference Reports
63
each year. The introduction of the system GRADAS-PTT considerably reduced costs and duration of all this, the lecturer observed. This system was developed by AEG-Telefunken, together with the FRG's Postal Service.
4. Applications in Architecture and Construction Engineering
4.1. Off-Shore Applications In a lecture entitled "Using Computers from Modelling to Plumbing", W. Thomsen (Maschinenbau Gabler, Li~beck, FRG) presented a system for the computer-aid production of pipeline isometric drawings which has been successfully employed in Li~beck since the beginning of 1983 at the firms of Maschinenbau Gabler GmbH (MG) and Ingenieurkontor Li~beck, Prof. Gabler successors GmbH (IKL). Thomsen explained to the audience that the system uses the known advantages of construction model building in conjunction with the capacity of modern computer and software systems and presents in this way a possibility to rationalize the construction of pipelines.
5. Computer Graphics and Standards
5.1. Distributed Graphics P. Egloff (Hahn-Meitner-Institut, FRG) told the audience how the increasing use of means for graphic data processing in developing complex technical products, as well as the increasing number of public and local computer networks made it necessary to combine research and development work from both fields. Previously this had been pursued independently of each other, he said. Egloff noted that in the past years various international standardization bodies have made considerable progress, both in the field of graphic data processing and the sector of network technology. In his lecture "Computer Graphics in Networks" Egloff presented work conducted within the scope of building up the German Research Network, which will lead eventually to the uniform processing of graphic data in computer networks.
64
Conference Reports
6. Computer Graphics in P&dishing 6.1. Digitally Based Systems As G.Th. Dunn (Dunn Technology Inc., USA) remarked, the proliferation of computer-based design, manufacturing, text entry, image processing, high resolution output and electronic publishing systems has led to a menagerie of product concepts and strategies. It requires a thorough understanding of the technologies on which the digitalization, image processing (both hardware and software), and output devices are based, in order to design and utilize new components and peripheral equipment for these applications successfully. he added. In a lecture entitled “Successful Automation of Digitally Based Information Processing Systems”, Dunn dealt with the evolution of presenting input text, image processing, and output systems, and examined which technologies will dominate for specific applications as well as why they will dominate. He went on to discuss the advances in the area of array processing and other strategies for increased image manipulation speed along with the current state of raster image processing and the developments at the multitude of companies which are pursuing this area. Dunn also addressed digital proofing to color and black and white photographic materials along with unconventional image recording materials. Finally, he discussed several items, such as data compression, transmission, the integration of text and graphics, and the recording and archiving of digital information onto conventional magnetic media, the potential of optical storage in this application, as well as the economics of these options. 6.2. Integrating
Symbols
on the Picture Screen
The picture screen is encroaching more and more on all sectors of professional, public, and private life, as well as on all kinds of training institutions, K. Flammann (FRG) observed. In a lecture entitled “Integration of Picture Orientated, Graphical and Alpha Numeric Symbols on Screen”, Flammann told the audience that usually much thought is given to the contents presented, whereas the design of what is presented is left to the designers. He pointed out that scientific find-
ings - stemming predominantly from the AngloAmerican sector of perceptual, cognitive, and social psychology, as well as from the theory of teaching and semiotics -- are scarcely ever considered in producing materials for teaching, learning, working, and information. In order to improve this situation it seems necessary to apply the rules relating to those forms of representation which are of particular importance for the screen: texts, tables, charts, and structural and sequence diagrams. he said. It also seems important to gain new experience within the scope of interdisciplinary work and research program, Flammann remarked. 6.3. Technical Publications In a lecture entitled “Computer Aided Technical Publications” D.G. Brown (Ford Motor Comp.. USA) discussed the process of automating a technical publications group involved in the production of manuals for a high technology corporation. She mentioned that several companies advertise “complete technical publication systems” which provide both drawing capability and text handling features. The layout of a manual page requires placing text and graphics on the same page. This process may be done automatically on an interactive graphics display terminal or manually by cutting text apart and pasting it on the artwork, Brown explained. On account of the numerous problems and shortcomings of these systems, she concluded that the application is too new and the understanding too infantile to produce a “good” technical publications system. 6.4. Graphics Integration
using GKS
In their lecture “Integration of Text, Graphics, and Images on a Workstation Using GKS”, R. Thiemann and R. Mertens (IBAG. FRG) introduced to the audience the IPD integral graphic presentation and documentation systems, which serves to produce, change and store pictures by means of a computer and a graphic workstation. The software is based on the standardized graphic core system GKS. Since computer services are becoming increasingly cheaper today, an attempt can be made to combine techniques from the fields of picture processing, graphic data processing, and text processing, the speaker said. He explained that the
Computers in lndustr)'
Conference Reports
65
IPD workstation system consists of a colour screen systems to represent and process individual data. Various specific acquisition systems and well-defined data interfaces serve as input, while standard equipment is available for output on such media as paper, foil, or film. One requirement the IPD concept must come up to, according to the lecturer, is the integrated design of hardware and software with a user-oriented interaction, which can also be accepted by data processing laymen. Likewise, flexibility in the configuration of standard components related both to the field application and to use in communication networks is required, the speaker told the audience.
to high resolution All Point Addressable (APA) bit mapped displays. New user interfaces are being designed with advanced windowing, icons, graphics, and image functions, and multiple proportional founts, the speaker observed. In a lecture entitled "Display Technologies trends in Screen Technology and Screen Management", Sellinger summarized the trends which have led us to where we are today. The lecturer explained many of the ergonomic and ease-of-use considerations which demand greater function and higher performance, and explored many of the evolving hardware and software technologies which may be applied to future raster displays.
6.5. Graphics Integration Using C A D / C A M Systems
7.2. Hardware Technologies
As O. Bjorke (Production Engineering Laboratory NTH-SINTEF, Norway) observed, most technical documents contain illustrations, figures, or drawings integrated into pages of text. In the C A D / C A M field such illustrations often have their origin in information already stored in a computer, for instance in a product model. In a lecture entitled "Integration of Text and Figures taken from C A D / C A M Systems", Bjorke introduced to the audience the VTLTEXT-system, which was designed to compose phototypeset camera-ready text pages including illustrations. The VTLTEXT-system can handle text-styling, mathematical equations, tables, and figures. Bjorke explained that the pages are composed on a VAXcomputer and that the result is transferred online to a phototypesetting machine. With this system figures can be transferred from any C A D / C A M system provided. There also exists a GPGS-F (GKS-like) interface. Figures can also be directly composed using the graphic package GPGS-F itself. According to Bjorke this system results in a great increase in productivity of the output of high quality reports or other technical documents.
7.
Future
Trends
7.1. Display Technologies R. Sellinger (IBM, USA) stated that advances in hardware technology and memory prices are expected to lead to much wider usage of medium
According to Th. McKenna (Tektronix Inc., USA) in the past, electronic colour printers were considered an interesting accessory for a computer system, not a necessary component. Several market trends have combined to change this conception. Perhaps the biggest reason for the increased acceptance of colour printers has been the rapid improvement of many colour printing technologies, he said. In his lecture "Hardware Technologies Hardcopy Technologies: Status and Trends" McKenna highlighted colour printing technologies and the applications they serve. He dealt with the following subtopics: - How colour hardcopy helps the user - Overview of market size and growth for colour printers Basic considerations in colour printer design Components of a quality print and a quality printer - Todays available technology: strengths, weaknesses, and applications fit Trends to watch for the future.
7.3. Ergonomic Aspects In a lecture entitled "Ergonomic Aspects of CAD" G.H. van der Heiden (ETH-Zentrum, Switzerland) presented research aimed at inventorizing the most important ergonomic problems in relation to the use of interactive graphic screens. For that purpose field research was set up at picture screen workshops within the area of Computer Aided Design. The handling of key-
66
Conjerence Reports
board, digitalization tablet and graphic screen was registered in a multi-moment study. Subjective impressions were recorded with regard to CAD hardware, CAD software, environmental influences, and health aspects. The most important aspects on which CAD differed from data and text processing van der Heiden found to be as follows: 1. The dynamics of work sequences involve regular physical activity and prevent the occurrence of forced body positions. 2. The eyes of the user are directed to the screen more frequently (46-68% of CAD working time). Finally this research gives suggestions for an ergonomically suitable construction of CAD terminals as well as for improving existing CAD workshops. 7.4. Data Input Technologies A multitude of possibilities are available for data input at graphic workshops, L. Beilschmidt and W. Gnettner (Siemens AG, FRG) observed in their lecture entitled “Data Input Technologies on Graphic Workstations”. The logic input classes Localizer, Line Generator, Value Generator, Selector, Picker, and Code Generator defined in the standard (GKS) can be realized by means of all types of physical the speaker said. The available equipment, equipment was briefly introduced and its aptitude for the different input classes was evaluated. The speaker also considered the reciprocal effects from graphic interaction. As for the user-optimization of a graphic system, the composition of the different input devices within the scope of a graphic workshop plays an essential part. From a technological and ergonomic point of view it does not make sense to configure all types of input equipment at one workshop, the lecturer stated. Possible efficient and user-optimized combinations of input equipment which cover all logic input classes were introduced in this lecture. In conclusion the speaker indicated some future developments, which lie mainly in the sphere of user-optimization. 7.5 Technology
Trenak
A number of technology trends, many of which are similar to those affecting the computer industry in general, are having a major impact on the CAD/CAM industry, D. Weisberg (Autotrol
Deutschland, FRG) stated. As a result of these changes in the CAD/CAM industry efficiency for a broader range of users should increase, he said. Tasks that previously could not be undertaken because of time, expense or lack of appropriate techniques are now feasible. The subjects covered in this lecture are as follows: 1. Distributed/Networked Systems 2. Open System Architecture 3. Standardized Computers and Operating Systems 4. 32-bit Computers with Virtual Memory 5. High Performance Graphics 6. Colour Displays 7. Image Generation Hardware 8. Geometry Engines 9. Logic Engines 10. Memory Costs 11. Automated Data Capture 12. Cost vs. Function 13. Productivity. 7.6. Personal Computer
Based CA D-Systems
D. Straub (First Charter Corp., USA) observed that drawing software has become available on personal computers only within the last year and a half. Given the wider availability and relatively low cost of personal computers and the great benefits that can be gained from their use as drawing processors, hundreds of thousands of people will within a few years be using these tools. he predicted. Since the drawing software that is now available is impressive and in some cases provides better performance than software available on mini-computers, Straub expects that competitive pressures and a large market for this type of software will continue to encourage manufacturers to enhance the capabilities of their packages. In a lecturer entitled “A Comparison of and Future Trends in Personal Computer-based Computer-Aided Design and Drafting Software”. Straub discussed the varieties of drawing processor software that are available on personal computer. In particular personal computers running the MSDOS operating system and adhering closely to the IBM-PC software and hardware standards. In addition, he examined the features that one might expect to get with drawing processor software as well as the future trends one can expect.
Computers in Industry
ConfereneeReports
Straub b e l i e v e s t h a t in the n e x t few years there will c o n t i n u e to be a r a p i d g r o w t h in the v a r i e t y a n d p o w e r of C A D s o f t w a r e r u n n i n g o n p e r s o n a l c o m puters. P e r s o n a l c o m p u t e r C A D w o r k s t a t i o n s will vastly outnumber those on mini-computers within five years. T h e f e a t u r e s a v a i l a b l e in the p e r s o n a l c o m p u t e r C A D s o f t w a r e will e q u a l t h o s e a v a i l a b l e o n m i n i - c o m p u t e r s y s t e m s t o d a y , Straub c o n cluded. The following lectures CAMP'84.
were
also
presented
at
Problems of Legibility in Presentation Graphics, H.J. Ehlers (Ernst Klett Verlag, F.R.G.) Next Twelve Months in Computerized Management Graphics, A. Paller (AUI Data Graphics/ISSCO, U.S.A.) Application of Graphics Software in Statistics, A. Andersson (Bureau of Statistics, Sweden) A Geographic Information System Based on Computer Graphics, E. Wilmersdorf (ADV, Austria) Marriage between Graphics Designer and Computer: An upto-date, B.A. Clark (Union Carbide Corp., U.S.A.) Supporting Financial Controlling by Management Graphics, K. Bickell (Austria) New Tools in Data Representation in Management, M. Bi~hlmann (Schweizerische Bundesbahnen, Switzerland) New Generation in Management Graphics, J. Lutum (Lutum + Tappert, DV-Beratung, FRG) Graphics Software within a Decision Support System, P. Winters (SAS-Institute, FRG) Introducing a Turnkey CAD/CAM-System in the Construction Division of an Automobile-Subsupplier, P. Schwindt (Brose Fahrzeugteile GmbH & Co.KG, FRG) Using CAD/CAM in a Medium-Sized Company in Sealing Industry, K.M. Allweil (KACO GmbH & Co. FRG) Experiences in Using CAD/CAM-Systems in 2D- and 3DEnvironment, G. Pia (Stars Grupo, Fiat, Italy) Graphical NC-Programming, A. O'Toole (MDSI, UK) Computer Graphics Works in Manufacturing at ARMCO, J. Essex (ARMCO National Supply, USA) Graphicals in Automated Process Planning, W. Turowski and W. Grottke (IPK Berlin, FRG) Computer Aided Procedure for the Application Planning of Industrial Robots, U. Schmidt-Streier and A. Altenheim (IPA Stuttgart, FRG) Computer Graphics for Standard Parts: Problems and Procedures, W. R6ttger (M.A.N., FRG) CAD/CAM Application in Production Planning, 5 Years of Experience, T. Fi~rst (FAG Kugelfischer, FRG) Integration in CAD - Desire and Reality, H. Staubli (SiemensAlbis AG, Switzerland) How to integrate Construction, Geometry Processing and Production Planning by Using APS, F.-L. Krause (IPK Berlin, FRG) CAD/CAM Integration, D.O. Christensen (CAE, USA) An Integrated CAE Environment for Concept Design Engineering, W.A. McClelland (Structural Dynamics Research Corp, USA)
67
Computer Aided Design of Thinwalled Machine Building Parts, J. Widyanata and U. Feldhaus (MEC Maschinenbau, Entwicklung Consulting GmbH, FRG) How to Generate 3D-FE-Structures when Using CAD-Systems, Chr. Troder, Ch. Lenssen and A. Spielvogel (RWTHAachen, FRG) The Alignment of Associated Spaces in an Automated CADKinematics-Procedure, A.J. Medland (Brunel University, UK) CASS: A CAD-System for Styling at Volkswagenwerk AG, L. Pazsitka, J. Hoyer and H. Peter (Volkswagenwerk AG, FRG) Effective Information flow for Design, Production Planning and Production of Double bended Surfaces, D. Hochan, Zehe and Bonitz (TU Dresden, VEB Automobilbau, GDR) Solid Modelling in Manufacturing, R.J. Doty (Applicon, Inc., USA) CAD Solid Models for New Toothed Gear Constructions, U. Lindemann (Renk AG, FRG) Enabling "CIM" via Generalized Data Services and User Services, R. Salas (IBM Corp., USA) A Modular and lntegratable Approach to CIM, T.J. Schaefer (Manufacturing Data Systems, Inc., USA) CAD-Application: Standalone vs. Integrated Solution, W.F. Klos (Daimler Benz AG, FRG) and H. Poths (VDMA, FRG) General Overview on CAD~CAM Research, G. Spur (IPK Berlin, FRG) Geometric Modelling in CAD/CAM - from 2D-Drawings to 3D-Solids, R. Johnson (R.H. Johnson + Ass., Inc., USA) NCG-3D - a Graphic-lnteractive 3D-NC-(2 l/2D)-Partprogramming System, W. Fischer and H. Eckert (Messerschmitt-BOlkow-Blohm (GmbH, FRG) Modelling and Simulation of Systems of Computer Circuits, R. Ercole (Valid Logic Systems, UK) What the Electronic Design Workstation can do for you now, J. Houlton (Daisy Systems, UK) The Mentor Approach to Computer Integrated Engineering, R. Beswick (Mentor Ltd., UK) The Engineer Workstation - a new VLSI Design Tool, K. Webb and R. Collins (ITT Europe, UK) Semicustom: The Way Forward, J.S. Brothers (Plessey, Lid, UK) CAD for Uncommitted Logic Array Design, F.R. Ramsey (Ferranti Electronics Ltd., UK) The Meds (R) Program for the Automated Layout of ICs, R.P. Bayley (Scientific Calculations Ltd., UK) The Trade offs between Manufacturing and Design Objectives, J. Golovin (Consilium Ass., USA) Electronics CAD/CAM Systems in the Industrial Automation Context, P.M. Dawson (GE-Calma, UK) A Survey of Electronics R and D in the USA, M.D. Prince (Lockheed-Marietta, USA) Economic Applications of CAD-Data in Testing, D. Mialler (BBC, Switzerland) Combined Application of Heuristical and Mathematical Algorithms in PCB Routing, J. Grami (Grado GmbH, FRG) An Approach of Topological Pin Assignment, N. Brady (VR Information Systems, USA) Display Technologies, J. Blanks (VR Information Systems, USA)
68
Conference Reports
EDMS-An Integrating Concept in CAE Electronics, H. Gotz (Prime Computer GmbH, FRG) Wiring in Plant Design, K. Suyker (Intergraph Europa B.V.. The Netherlands) CAD-System for Circuit Diagrams in the Plant Sector. M. Himmelstein and W. Fischer (AEG-Telefunken SoftwareTechnik, FRG) Automated Mapping in Nuremburg. B. Wilmerstadt (Stadtvermessungsamt Niimberg, FRG) Topographical Maps from Air Photographs: Photogrammetry as a CAD-Tool, M.B. Amu (FRG) State of the Art in Mapping Applications, J. Ulc (Intergraph Europe, The Netherlands) Practical Experiences in CAD-Applications for Construction Engineering, E. Tamm (PGN, FRG) Integration of Town Planning, Landscaping and 3D-Architecture: Results and Future Enhancements since Camp’83, R. Joosten (Graphicomp N.V., Belgium) A Description of the Methodology and Analysis Procedure. J. Dangermond and C. Freedman (Environmental Systems Research Inst., Redlands. CA, USA) CAD in the Building Process, J. Brown (E.I. Brown Company. USA) CAD Application in Steel Construction, G. Strigl (M.A.N. FRG) A Building Energy Design Tool That Draws Pictures of Thermal Performance, M. Milne (UCLA, USA) The Design and Implementation of a Computer Aided Design System for Construction, Space and Facilities Management at a US Government Agency, J.B. Hoffmann (USA) Painting in Architecture and Plant Design: Integrating Graphic Arts and CAD, J.R. Sosoka and W.J. Johnson (Technology Applications Group, USA) Carrying and Planning Programmes for Electrification and Instrumentation at Tampella. H. Rusanen (Tampella Ltd., Finland) The Importance of Data Management in Process Plant CAD. M. Leesley (USA) Plant Layout and Design Optimization System (PLADO). R.C. Krumme, J.A. Torres, A. Chose1 and R.L. Rotblatt (Impell Corp., USA) The Application of Graphical I/O to Construction Management, N.J.A. Pears-Wallace and P. Harrison (University of Newcastle, UK) 3D-Modelling in Plant Design N. Harris (Computervision A/S, Norway) A 3D-Design System for Plant Construction,
Combining VLSI and Graphics, S. IMolnar (Silicon Graphics. Inc.. USA) VLSI-Chip to support GKS, M. Mehl and S. Nell (TH Darmstadt. FRG) Planning of Highduty-Graphics Systems by means of VLSI-Arithmetic Processors. E. Sun (Weitek Corp.. USA) Development of Parallel Graphical Algorithms. R. Lenzer (TH Darmstadt, FRG) Real Interactive Graphical Techniques. R. Neuser and II. Schweitzer (CCC. FRG) VLSI Technology for Real Time Visualisation Processes. M. Engelhorn and H. Schmieder (Tti Berlin. FRG) Multiple Workstation Implementations in GKS. R.M. Parent (Tektronix. Inc.. USA) Successfully Implementing GKS on Micro Computers. M.G. Rawlins (Graphic Software Systems Inc.. USA) 3D-Extension to GKS. K. Kansy (GMD, FRG) GKS in a Distributed Graphics Environment, H. Kuhlmann. B.W. Altheit and H. Hanusa (TH Darmstadt. FRG) Towards an Artist-Oriented Approach to 3DComputer Animation. D. Thalmann and N. Thalmann (Universite de Montreal, Canada) A Digitally Perceived World, F. Dietrich (West Coast University, USA) The Effective Use of Illustrations in Computer Graphics Documentation, M.D. Brown (MBA. USA) Creative Computer Imaging, J. Truckenbrod (Art Institute of Chicago, USA) Computer Graphics and Major Motion Pictures, T.K. Porter (USA) The Demands
of Television
The proceedings G. Herndl
(Prime
Computer GmbH, FRG) Design and Application of Graphics Display, K.T. Rudahl (Goldin Rudahl Ass., USA) High Performance Color Displays for Computer Graphics. D. Denham (Tektronix Inc., USA) Paint Systems for Computer Graphics, J. Rix and K. Wimmelmann (TH Darmstadt, FRG)
- a Producer‘s
View. L. John (BBC.
London, UK) A Training and Education Programme for CAD, V. Vassilakopoulos (FH Hamburg, FRG) CAD-Education, J. Stanek (Schweizerische ‘Treuhandges.. Switzerland) Computer Graphics Education for CAD. F.-L. Krause (IPK Berlin. FRG) and Strasser (TH Darmstadt. FRG) Drawing Conversion: The Next Step to MaJor Improvements in CAD/CAM System Productivity. T.E. Bailey. Jr. (Metagraphics, Inc., USA) The Impact of Image Enhancement and Digital Analysis on Image to Vector Conversion, P. Scoggins (SCITEX Europe. Belgium)
of CAMP’84
Computer
Graphics
have been published by AMK Berlin, Company for Exhibitions,
Fairs and Congresses,
Congress
and
Convention Division, P.O. Box 19 17 40, Messedamm 22, D-1000 Berlin 19, FRG, 1984. Price DM 98.00.