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Canine blood-typing methods
Advances
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Clinical Pathology Canine Blood-Typing Methods Background Canine blood typing is done by a variety of means. The Michigan State University (MSU) test is currently the only canine blood-typing method available in which polyclonal antisera reagents against Dog Erythrocyte Antigen (DEA) 1.1 (also known as A1), DEA 1.2 (A2), DEA 3 (C), DEA 4 (D), and DEA 5 are used. The card (CARD) test is a commercially available agglutination-based reaction blood-typing card in which a DEA 1.1 monoclonal antibody is used. Newer canine blood-typing methods include the gel (GEL) test which is based on erythrocyte agglutination in microcolumns that contain a DEA 1.1 monoclonal antibody and the tube (TUBE) test. In the TUBE test, 4 monoclonal antibodies that differentiate blood types A, B, D, and E are used. However, the TUBE test results have not been correlated with the DEA system. Objectives To compare canine blood-typing results using the CARD, GEL, MSU, and TUBE tests. Procedure Blood samples anticoagulated with EDTA from 23 clinically healthy dogs were blood-typed by use of the CARD, GEL, MSU, and TUBE methods. Results Nine samples had strong erythrocyte agglutination reactions with DEA 1.1 reagents of the CARD, GEL, and, after adding Coombs’ reagent, MSU tests. Four additional dogs which were DEA 1.2 positive on the MSU test agglutinated weakly using the CARD test. All blood samples agglutinated with the B antigen reagent of the TUBE test. Twenty-one of 23 samples had strong positive reactions with the DEA 4 reagent of the MSU test. Twenty reacted with the E antigen reagent of the TUBE test. Only 3 samples agglutinated with DEA 3 using the MSU test and the A antigen of the TUBE test. Five samples strongly agglutinated with the DEA 5 using the MSU test.
Advances
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Author Conclusion The CARD test produces unequivocal and rapid identification of DEA 1.1, but it may produce weak reactions from DEA 1.2-positive dogs. The GEL test is also a reliable and rapid clinical laboratory method for identification of DEA 1.1. The MSU test requires Coombs’ reagent for identification of DEA 1.1 and 1.2. Inclusions Two tables, 8 references. Editor Annotation Blood typing in dogs and cats has become a prominent topic in the last several years. These and other researchers have identified several blood types in the dog. The dog studies showed that there is at least one blood type (DEA 1.1) that is important to evaluate in the dog when transfusing blood. There are rare dogs that may react on the initial transfusion, but most will not. Following the first transfusion, dogs commonly will react to incompatible blood. These dogs should certainly be blood typed before additional blood is given. A strong indication from this group is that any blood donor dog should never have received a transfusion. They encourage evaluation only for the DEA 1.1 and have listed several important reasons for that recommendation. These testing antibodies and typing materials are available for in-clinic as well as in-laboratory use. Feline blood types are completely different than the dog. Cats have predetermined blood types A, B, and occasionally AB. Cats also have naturally occurring alloantibodies. Cats need to be typed prior to becoming a donor. There really are no universal donor cats. Blood typing materials are available for the cat. Blood incompatibilities are common in the cat and can result in acute hemolytic transfusion reaction even on first transfusion. There are cases where neonatal isoerythrolysis have occurred, and this may be the cause for neonatal death in some kittens. In the past, donors in the hospital situation were not typed, but typing needs to be utilized more stringently in the future and all potential blood donors, either feline or canine, must be blood typed. Blood typing donors and recipients can be accomplished in-house with procedures available. Additional studies will be necessary to make veterinary medicine more current in transfusion medicine. (LDM)
Giger U, Stieger K, Palos H. Comparison of various canine blood-typing methods. Am J Vet Res 2005;66:1386-1392.
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Clinical Pathology Canine Blood-Typing Methods Background Canine blood typing is done by a variety of means. The Michigan State University (MSU) test is currently the only canine blood-typing method available in which polyclonal antisera reagents against Dog Erythrocyte Antigen (DEA) 1.1 (also known as A1), DEA 1.2 (A2), DEA 3 (C), DEA 4 (D), and DEA 5 are used. The card (CARD) test is a commercially available agglutination-based reaction blood-typing card in which a DEA 1.1 monoclonal antibody is used. Newer canine blood-typing methods include the gel (GEL) test which is based on erythrocyte agglutination in microcolumns that contain a DEA 1.1 monoclonal antibody and the tube (TUBE) test. In the TUBE test, 4 monoclonal antibodies that differentiate blood types A, B, D, and E are used. However, the TUBE test results have not been correlated with the DEA system. Objectives To compare canine blood-typing results using the CARD, GEL, MSU, and TUBE tests. Procedure Blood samples anticoagulated with EDTA from 23 clinically healthy dogs were blood-typed by use of the CARD, GEL, MSU, and TUBE methods. Results Nine samples had strong erythrocyte agglutination reactions with DEA 1.1 reagents of the CARD, GEL, and, after adding Coombs’ reagent, MSU tests. Four additional dogs which were DEA 1.2 positive on the MSU test agglutinated weakly using the CARD test. All blood samples agglutinated with the B antigen reagent of the TUBE test. Twenty-one of 23 samples had strong positive reactions with the DEA 4 reagent of the MSU test. Twenty reacted with the E antigen reagent of the TUBE test. Only 3 samples agglutinated with DEA 3 using the MSU test and the A antigen of the TUBE test. Five samples strongly agglutinated with the DEA 5 using the MSU test.
Advances
Page 4
Author Conclusion The CARD test produces unequivocal and rapid identification of DEA 1.1, but it may produce weak reactions from DEA 1.2-positive dogs. The GEL test is also a reliable and rapid clinical laboratory method for identification of DEA 1.1. The MSU test requires Coombs’ reagent for identification of DEA 1.1 and 1.2. Inclusions Two tables, 8 references. Editor Annotation Blood typing in dogs and cats has become a prominent topic in the last several years. These and other researchers have identified several blood types in the dog. The dog studies showed that there is at least one blood type (DEA 1.1) that is important to evaluate in the dog when transfusing blood. There are rare dogs that may react on the initial transfusion, but most will not. Following the first transfusion, dogs commonly will react to incompatible blood. These dogs should certainly be blood typed before additional blood is given. A strong indication from this group is that any blood donor dog should never have received a transfusion. They encourage evaluation only for the DEA 1.1 and have listed several important reasons for that recommendation. These testing antibodies and typing materials are available for in-clinic as well as in-laboratory use. Feline blood types are completely different than the dog. Cats have predetermined blood types A, B, and occasionally AB. Cats also have naturally occurring alloantibodies. Cats need to be typed prior to becoming a donor. There really are no universal donor cats. Blood typing materials are available for the cat. Blood incompatibilities are common in the cat and can result in acute hemolytic transfusion reaction even on first transfusion. There are cases where neonatal isoerythrolysis have occurred, and this may be the cause for neonatal death in some kittens. In the past, donors in the hospital situation were not typed, but typing needs to be utilized more stringently in the future and all potential blood donors, either feline or canine, must be blood typed. Blood typing donors and recipients can be accomplished in-house with procedures available. Additional studies will be necessary to make veterinary medicine more current in transfusion medicine. (LDM)
Giger U, Stieger K, Palos H. Comparison of various canine blood-typing methods. Am J Vet Res 2005;66:1386-1392.