Abstracts / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 171 (2017) e2–e226
Financial Support: This research was conducted during C. A. Arout’s postdoctoral fellowship (NIDA T32 DA007238; PI: I.L. Petrakis), and is supported by MIRECC. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.044 Energy drink use trajectories predict substance use outcomes Amelia M. Arria 1,∗ , Kimberly M. Caldeira 1 , Brittany A. Bugbee 1 , Kathryn B. Vincent 1 , K.E. O’Grady 2 1 School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States 2 Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
Aims: Group-based trajectory modeling was used to characterize longitudinal patterns of energy drink consumption. A pattern of persistent use of energy drinks was hypothesized to predict higher probability of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and other drug use. Methods: Five years of data spanning modal ages 21 through 25 were analyzed from a sample (N = 1099) interviewed since college entry (modal age 18). Five-year trajectories of energy drink use were examined based on probability of use once or more in the past year, and group membership was used to predict 6 substance use outcomes at age 25 (AUD; past-year use of tobacco, marijuana, cocaine, and prescription stimulants and analgesics used nonmedically), holding constant demographics, sensation-seeking, caffeine consumption, and baseline substance use. Results: Half the sample (47%) had a Persistent trajectory, with probability of energy drink use ≥90% annually. The other 3 trajectory groups exhibited Minimal (29%), Desisting (19%), or Incident (4%) use patterns. Relative to those who Desisted from using energy drinks, Persisting individuals had significantly higher risk of using cocaine (19% vs. 3%) and nonmedically using stimulants (11% vs. 4%) and analgesics (8% vs. 1%; all p’s < .001). Relative to the Minimal group, the Persistent group had significantly greater risk for AUD (54% vs. 37%), cocaine use (19% vs. 5%), and nonmedical stimulant use (11% vs. 4%) at age 25 (all p’s < .01), and the Incident group had significantly higher risk for nonmedical stimulant use (14% vs. 11%; p < .001). Neither marijuana nor tobacco use were associated with energy drink trajectory group membership, after accounting for demographics and other background variables. Conclusions: The typical pattern of energy drink consumption in this college-educated sample was sustained use over several years in young adulthood. Such individuals appear to be at high risk for ongoing involvement in other substance use. More research is needed to understand the mechanisms underlying the connection between energy drink use and substance use. Financial Support: NIH R01DA014845, R03DA037936. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.045 Alcohol, cannabis, and cigarette use and non-medical prescription drug use stages Brooke J. Arterberry 2,∗ , Steven R. Horbal 1 , Hsien-Chang Lin 1 , Anne Buu 2 1
Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States 2
Aims: Non-medical prescription drug use (NMPDU) has reached epidemic levels. Alcohol, cannabis, and cigarette use has a relation
e11
to NMPDU initiation. Yet, studies have not examined NMPDU stages in relation to other drug use. Thus, we hypothesized 1) early-onset and frequency of alcohol, cannabis, and cigarette use differentiates stages (initiation, reinitiation, and persistence) of opioid use (OU) and sedative/tranquilizer use (STU); and 2) alcohol, cannabis, and cigarette use is related to OU and STU stages. Methods: An adult sample from the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions Wave 1 (W1; 2001–2002) and Wave 2 (W2; 2004–2005) was used. Three groups of OU and STU were identified: (1) never used at W1, risk of initiation at W2 (OU n = 33,154; STU n = 33,312); (2) prior/stopped use at/before W1, risk of reinitiation at W2 (OU n = 948; STU n = 1,282); and (3) continued use at W1, risk of persistence at W2 (OU n = 547; STU n = 563). OU and STU initiation/reinitiation/persistence were binary outcomes. We specified logistic regression models. Also, we computed predicted probabilities using estimates from the specified models as absolute risk of initiation, reinitiation, and persistence of OU and STU by low- or high-risk groups of cannabis and cigarette use, given all other covariates at their means. Results: Findings indicated early-onset of cannabis/cigarette/ alcohol increased the odds of OU reinitiation/persistence and STU initiation. Early-onset cannabis increased the odds of STU reinitiation/persistence. Cannabis/cigarette use predicted all OU stages and STU initiation/reinitiation. Cannabis use predicted STU persistence. High-risk cannabis/cigarette use compared to low- risk had 13.48% increased odds of OU reinitiation. For low-risk cigarette use, high-risk cannabis use compared to low-risk had 12.08% increased odds of STU persistence. Conclusions: This study suggested early-onset and frequency of drug use differentiates NMPDU stages. Thus, tailoring interventions by stage to reduce NMPDU is crucial. Financial Support: No financial support was provided for this study. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.046 Cannabinoid receptor gene polymorphism (rs2023239) associated with demand for marijuana Elizabeth R. Aston 1,∗ , Valerie Knopik 3,4 , John McGeary 2,3,4 , James MacKillop 5,1 , Jane Metrik 1,2 1 Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 2 Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, United States 3 Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States 4 Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States 5 Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Aims: Demand for marijuana, or reinforcing value, has been associated with marijuana use and symptoms of cannabis dependence. Similarly, polymorphisms in the CNR1 (Cannabinoid Receptor 1) gene have been associated with cannabis dependence, however, the relationship between CNR1 variation and marijuana demand has not yet been investigated. Genetic influences may significantly contribute to variability in intermediate phenotypes related to cannabis use disorder, such as heightened demand for marijuana.
e12
Abstracts / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 171 (2017) e2–e226
This study explored associations between a CNR1 polymorphism and key indices of marijuana demand. Methods: Participants were frequent marijuana users (n = 99, 37% female, 15% cannabis dependent) who provided DNA and completed self-report measures, including a Marijuana Purchase Task, during a baseline laboratory session. Prospective genotyping was utilized to balance the sample by rs2023239 SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) status (C carriers: n = 47; T/T homozygotes: n = 52). Results: CNR1 rs2023239 SNP was significantly associated with (sr2 = .05–.07) key indices of marijuana demand (intensity, Omax, and elasticity; p’s < .05), controlling for marijuana use frequency, cannabis dependence, and income. Conclusions: These findings support the role of variation in the CNR1 gene in increasing the reinforcing value of marijuana, suggesting that genetic factors may contribute to greater and more persistent motivation to use marijuana. Financial Support: K01DA039311 (Aston) and R03DA27484 (Metrik, Knopik). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.047 Contribution of e-learning to addiction teaching: A successful experience at the university of bordeaux, France Marc Auriacombe 1,∗ , Jean-Marc Alexandre 1 , Jacques Dubernet 1 , Jerome Tanguy 2 , M. Fatseas 1 1
Addiction Psychiatry (CNRS USR 3413), Universite Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France 2 MAPI, University Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France Aims: New information technologies and communication media have a potential to improve teaching. Our objective was to describe the new e-learning course of addiction medicine at the University of Bordeaux (France, EU) and to provide evidences of success. Methods: Program description: This course is intended for students of medicine, psychiatry, neurosciences, and midwifes. It has a hybrid structure, mixing distance learning and on-site workshops. Students are instructed to connect to an online platform (Moodle), to study by themselves short videos designed by the teachers (10–20 min sequences, for a total of 90 min). To ensure comprehension of key concepts, students must validate a quiz to unlock the next video. If unsuccessful, they are invited to review the problem areas. Documentation to download is proposed to complete videos. Students can ask questions directly to the teachers via an online forum. Answers remain visible for all. At the end of the semester, a face-to-face workshop is proposed with a teacher, in small groups (20 students). Content is determined by the performance of students with a quiz, and addresses clinical cases. Finally, students are asked to fill a form to improve the program. Results: Since 2012, 2,000 students were involved. Validation of the online quiz (distance learning) varied between 85% and 96% of the students. Workshop participation increased from 80% to 95% (face-to-face learning). We noted a remarkable increase in participation, since less then 20% of the students participated in the previous usual group conference teaching process. Conclusions: This e-learning program provides quality education for addiction. Students where able to organize themselves and take into account their optimal time for study, which allowed more participation. We think that stepped e-learning combined with small-group workshops is a very efficient method to make addiction teaching more accessible and valid.
Financial Support: University of Bordeaux. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.048 Psychometric assessment of the marijuana adolescent problem inventory Steven F. Babbin ∗ , Catherine Stanger, Alan J. Budney Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States Aims: Adolescent cannabis use has multiple consequences including academic, health, and psychiatric problems. The Marijuana Adolescent Problem Inventory (MAPI) is a 23-item scale developed to assess cannabis use problems, adapted from the Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index (RAPI). This study assessed psychometrics of the MAPI with adolescents enrolled in three clinical trials evaluating treatment for cannabis use disorders. Methods: Analyses were performed on 275 adolescents (mean age = 15.9, 84.4% male, 57.5% white) who were randomized into treatment. The sample was randomly divided in half to assess MAPI factor structure. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on one half, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed on the other. Convergent and predictive validity analyses were performed using the full sample at intake, end of treatment, and 6 months post-treatment. Results: PCA (n = 138) results suggested a 1-component solution, with loadings ranging from .32 to .77 (mean = .59). CFA (n = 137), with 23 items loading on 1 factor, had acceptable fit statistics (CFI = .75, RMSEA = .06). With the full sample, internal consistency reliability was .90, and split-half reliability was .87. MAPI scores at intake, end of treatment, and 6 months were all significantly correlated (p < .05). MAPI intake score was significantly correlated with diagnosis of cannabis dependence and measures for internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. At each assessment, MAPI scores were significantly correlated with cannabis use frequency. MAPI score at end of treatment significantly predicted cannabis use frequency at the 6-month follow-up. Conclusions: Psychometric analyses suggest that the MAPI is a reliable and valid measure of cannabis use problems in adolescents. The MAPI has strong associations with frequency of cannabis use and has potential utility as a brief, self-administered screening tool for assessing cannabis use severity, with scores above 8 strongly predicting dependence. Financial Support: Research supported by T32DA037202 and R01DA015186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.049 Estradiol increases choice of cocaine over food in male rats: The effect of estradiol on cocaine choice generalizes to both sexes Jared Robert Bagley ∗ , Tod Edward Kippin Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States Aims: Female rodents display greater cocaine intake over food relative to males in a choice self-administration procedure. We have previously shown that ovariectomy reduces cocaine preference while exogenous estradiol rescues preference in females. However, the effects of estradiol on male cocaine behavior are less studied. Therefore, we sought to characterize the effects of estra-