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Cardiac imaging for determining the effectiveness of exercise therapy
Abstracts / Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 12 (2010) e1–e232
e175
tic concerns, fear of failure, performance avoidance goals, integrated regulation, and self-presentational concerns of mental composure and appearing athletically untalented. Specifically, “non-susceptible” athletes scored higher on integrated regulation (a form of intrinsic motivation) and lower on the other nine variables than “susceptible” athletes. When predicting group membership, 69% of athletes were correctly classified; 64% of “susceptible” and 70% of “non-susceptible” athletes were correctly classified. Conclusion: In addition to advancing theory on the psychology of doping in sport, these findings provide preliminary support for the usefulness of a psychological profile in identifying at-risk athletes for doping in sport. Information generated using this psychological profile will have important implications for the development and assessment of educational, deterrent, and motivational strategies designed to minimise an athlete’s willingness to engage in doping activities.
(p = 0.720) and simple reaction times (p = 0.149), there was no significant difference found between groups. Conclusion: Both 20 min and 40 min of exercise did not result in a statistically significant improvement in executive function and cognitive speed. Our findings were limited by a relatively small sample size, which could have incurred a Type 2 error. A lack of standardized cognitive tests limited our ability to compare our findings across studies. This is important since tests used must be sensitive to the changes proposed to be effected. We recommend that future research study the effects of single session exercise duration using more complex and common testing paradigms. This will then allow comparison across studies and enable ‘pooling’ of results. Researchers should also look into studying the optimal duration using an exercise paradigm that spans over a longer period of time. This would ensure that cognitive changes are more permanent and likely to be detected by cognitive tests.
doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2009.10.367
doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2009.10.368
SYMPOSIUM
INVITED
367
368
Effects of exercise duration on cognition in tertiary students
Cardiac imaging for determining the effectiveness of exercise therapy
B. Liew ∗ , L. Tan ∗ , C. Lim ∗ , J. Zheng ∗
T. Marwick
Nanyang Polytechnic, Singapore
School of Medicine, The University of Queensland
Introduction: Recent trends show that exercise does benefit cognition. This has been supported by well conducted clinical trials, prospective and retrospective studies. A downside to this is a lack of uniformity over what constitutes the optimal amount of exercise for cognitive improvements. Exercise is normally prescribed using the F (frequency), I (intensity), T (type) and T (timing) principle. Objective: To establish the optimal duration of a single session exercise of cognitive performances in tertiary educated students. Methods: In a single blinded, randomized controlled trial, tertiary students were recruited from various tertiary education institutions in Singapore. Recruitment took place from November 2008 to December 2008. Participants were between 17 and 30 years of age. Participants were randomized to receive either 40 min, 20 min or no exercise (control). The primary outcome measures were the Stroop test, Digit Ordering Test-Adaptive (DOT-A) and simple reaction time. Outcome measures were assessed after the intervention. Results: Our baseline measures were homogeneous for age sex, level of physical activity and level of education. Stroop interference T-score showed no significant difference between the groups (p = 0.656). Similarly for DOTA scores
Exercise interventions are sometimes undertaken in the hope of improving cardiac function. Until recently, the tools for studying cardiac function were insensitive and unreliable for repeat testing. The consequence is that exercise interventions are thought to work through peripheral rather than central effects. Recently, a number of techniques have become available to understand myocardial deformation, torsion and untwist, as well as to study ventriculo-arterial interaction. This presentation will review these new technologies and the evidence that they may be altered by exercise therapy. Perhaps these new tools will provide a more sophisticated understanding of the effects of exercise on cardiac function. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2009.10.369
e175
tic concerns, fear of failure, performance avoidance goals, integrated regulation, and self-presentational concerns of mental composure and appearing athletically untalented. Specifically, “non-susceptible” athletes scored higher on integrated regulation (a form of intrinsic motivation) and lower on the other nine variables than “susceptible” athletes. When predicting group membership, 69% of athletes were correctly classified; 64% of “susceptible” and 70% of “non-susceptible” athletes were correctly classified. Conclusion: In addition to advancing theory on the psychology of doping in sport, these findings provide preliminary support for the usefulness of a psychological profile in identifying at-risk athletes for doping in sport. Information generated using this psychological profile will have important implications for the development and assessment of educational, deterrent, and motivational strategies designed to minimise an athlete’s willingness to engage in doping activities.
(p = 0.720) and simple reaction times (p = 0.149), there was no significant difference found between groups. Conclusion: Both 20 min and 40 min of exercise did not result in a statistically significant improvement in executive function and cognitive speed. Our findings were limited by a relatively small sample size, which could have incurred a Type 2 error. A lack of standardized cognitive tests limited our ability to compare our findings across studies. This is important since tests used must be sensitive to the changes proposed to be effected. We recommend that future research study the effects of single session exercise duration using more complex and common testing paradigms. This will then allow comparison across studies and enable ‘pooling’ of results. Researchers should also look into studying the optimal duration using an exercise paradigm that spans over a longer period of time. This would ensure that cognitive changes are more permanent and likely to be detected by cognitive tests.
doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2009.10.367
doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2009.10.368
SYMPOSIUM
INVITED
367
368
Effects of exercise duration on cognition in tertiary students
Cardiac imaging for determining the effectiveness of exercise therapy
B. Liew ∗ , L. Tan ∗ , C. Lim ∗ , J. Zheng ∗
T. Marwick
Nanyang Polytechnic, Singapore
School of Medicine, The University of Queensland
Introduction: Recent trends show that exercise does benefit cognition. This has been supported by well conducted clinical trials, prospective and retrospective studies. A downside to this is a lack of uniformity over what constitutes the optimal amount of exercise for cognitive improvements. Exercise is normally prescribed using the F (frequency), I (intensity), T (type) and T (timing) principle. Objective: To establish the optimal duration of a single session exercise of cognitive performances in tertiary educated students. Methods: In a single blinded, randomized controlled trial, tertiary students were recruited from various tertiary education institutions in Singapore. Recruitment took place from November 2008 to December 2008. Participants were between 17 and 30 years of age. Participants were randomized to receive either 40 min, 20 min or no exercise (control). The primary outcome measures were the Stroop test, Digit Ordering Test-Adaptive (DOT-A) and simple reaction time. Outcome measures were assessed after the intervention. Results: Our baseline measures were homogeneous for age sex, level of physical activity and level of education. Stroop interference T-score showed no significant difference between the groups (p = 0.656). Similarly for DOTA scores
Exercise interventions are sometimes undertaken in the hope of improving cardiac function. Until recently, the tools for studying cardiac function were insensitive and unreliable for repeat testing. The consequence is that exercise interventions are thought to work through peripheral rather than central effects. Recently, a number of techniques have become available to understand myocardial deformation, torsion and untwist, as well as to study ventriculo-arterial interaction. This presentation will review these new technologies and the evidence that they may be altered by exercise therapy. Perhaps these new tools will provide a more sophisticated understanding of the effects of exercise on cardiac function. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2009.10.369