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Cefadroxil
Cefadroxil 117
Large Animal Dosage • No dose has been reported for large animals.
Regulatory Information The extra-label administration of cephalosporins to food-producing animals in the United States is a violation of FDA regulations. Withdrawal times are not established for animals that produce food.
Cefadroxil sef-ah-drox’il
Trade and other names: Cefa-Tabs and Cefa-Drops (veterinary preparations) and Duricef and generic (human preparation) Functional classification: Antibacterial
Pharmacology and Mechanism of Action Cephalosporin antibiotic. Action is similar to other beta-lactam antibiotics, which inhibit synthesis of the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell death. Cephalosporins are divided into first-, second-, third-, and fourth-generation drugs depending on spectrum of activity. Cefadroxil is a first-generation cephalosporin, and activity and clinical use are similar to cephalexin. Like other first-generation cephalosporins, it is active against Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species and some gram-negative bacilli, such as Pasteurella, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. However, resistance is common among gram-negative bacteria. It is not active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRS) that are resistant to oxacillin will be resistant to first-generation cephalosporins.
Indications and Clinical Uses Like other first-generation cephalosporins, it is indicated for treating common infections in animals, including UTIs, skin and soft tissue infections, pyoderma and other dermal infections, and pneumonia. Efficacy against infections caused by anaerobic bacteria is unpredictable. Adequate oral absorption has been shown for foals but not for adult horses.
Precautionary Information Adverse Reactions and Side Effects All cephalosporins are generally safe; however, sensitivity can occur in individuals (allergy). Cross-reactivity between penicillin allergy and cephalosporin allergy is low. Rare bleeding disorders have been known to occur with some cephalosporins. Cefadroxil has been known to cause vomiting after oral administration in dogs. Some estimates show that this can occur in up to 10% of treated dogs. If administered orally to adult horses, diarrhea is possible. Contraindications and Precautions Do not use in animals with allergic sensitivity to other beta-lactams, especially other cephalosporins. However, the incidence of cross sensitivity between penicillins and cephalosporins is small (less than 10% in people). Some cephalosporins should not be used in animals with bleeding problems or that are receiving warfarin anticoagulants. These cephalosporins are those that have an NMTT side chain and include cefotetan, cefamandole, and cefoperazone.
C
118 Cefazolin Sodium Drug Interactions No drug interactions are reported in animals. However, do not mix with other drugs in a compounded formulation because inactivation may result.
Instructions for Use Spectrum of cefadroxil is similar to other first-generation cephalosporins. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved label is appropriate for dosing ranges. For susceptibility test, use cephalothin as test drug.
Patient Monitoring and Laboratory Tests Susceptibility testing: CLSI break point for susceptible organisms is #2 mcg/mL for all organisms. Cephalothin is used as a marker to test for sensitivity to cephalexin, cefadroxil, and cephradine.
Formulations • Cefadroxil is available in 50-mg/mL oral suspension and 50-, 100-, 200-, and 1000-mg tablets for veterinary use. However, availability of veterinary-labeled tablets has been inconsistent. It is also available in 500-mg capsules and 25-, 50-, and 100-mg/mL suspension for human use.
Stability and Storage Store in a tightly sealed container, protected from light, and at room temperature. Stability of compounded formulations has not been evaluated. Avoid moisture to prevent hydrolysis. Suspension is stable for 14 days refrigerated and 10 days at room temperature. Stability of compounded formulations has not been evaluated.
Small Animal Dosage Dogs • 22 mg/kg q12h PO, up to 30 mg/kg q12h PO.
Cats • 22 mg/kg q24h PO.
Large Animal Dosage Foals • 30 mg/kg q12h PO. Note: Oral absorption is adequate only in foals and not in adults or ruminants.
Regulatory Information The extra-label administration of cephalosporins to food-producing animals in the United States is a violation of FDA regulations. Withdrawal times are not established for animals that produce food.
Cefazolin Sodium sef-ah’zoe-lin so’dee-um
Trade and other names: Ancef, Kefzol, and generic brands Functional classification: Antibacterial
Pharmacology and Mechanism of Action Cephalosporin antibiotic. Action is similar to other beta-lactam antibiotics, which inhibits synthesis of the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell death. Cephalosporins are
Large Animal Dosage • No dose has been reported for large animals.
Regulatory Information The extra-label administration of cephalosporins to food-producing animals in the United States is a violation of FDA regulations. Withdrawal times are not established for animals that produce food.
Cefadroxil sef-ah-drox’il
Trade and other names: Cefa-Tabs and Cefa-Drops (veterinary preparations) and Duricef and generic (human preparation) Functional classification: Antibacterial
Pharmacology and Mechanism of Action Cephalosporin antibiotic. Action is similar to other beta-lactam antibiotics, which inhibit synthesis of the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell death. Cephalosporins are divided into first-, second-, third-, and fourth-generation drugs depending on spectrum of activity. Cefadroxil is a first-generation cephalosporin, and activity and clinical use are similar to cephalexin. Like other first-generation cephalosporins, it is active against Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species and some gram-negative bacilli, such as Pasteurella, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. However, resistance is common among gram-negative bacteria. It is not active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRS) that are resistant to oxacillin will be resistant to first-generation cephalosporins.
Indications and Clinical Uses Like other first-generation cephalosporins, it is indicated for treating common infections in animals, including UTIs, skin and soft tissue infections, pyoderma and other dermal infections, and pneumonia. Efficacy against infections caused by anaerobic bacteria is unpredictable. Adequate oral absorption has been shown for foals but not for adult horses.
Precautionary Information Adverse Reactions and Side Effects All cephalosporins are generally safe; however, sensitivity can occur in individuals (allergy). Cross-reactivity between penicillin allergy and cephalosporin allergy is low. Rare bleeding disorders have been known to occur with some cephalosporins. Cefadroxil has been known to cause vomiting after oral administration in dogs. Some estimates show that this can occur in up to 10% of treated dogs. If administered orally to adult horses, diarrhea is possible. Contraindications and Precautions Do not use in animals with allergic sensitivity to other beta-lactams, especially other cephalosporins. However, the incidence of cross sensitivity between penicillins and cephalosporins is small (less than 10% in people). Some cephalosporins should not be used in animals with bleeding problems or that are receiving warfarin anticoagulants. These cephalosporins are those that have an NMTT side chain and include cefotetan, cefamandole, and cefoperazone.
C
118 Cefazolin Sodium Drug Interactions No drug interactions are reported in animals. However, do not mix with other drugs in a compounded formulation because inactivation may result.
Instructions for Use Spectrum of cefadroxil is similar to other first-generation cephalosporins. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved label is appropriate for dosing ranges. For susceptibility test, use cephalothin as test drug.
Patient Monitoring and Laboratory Tests Susceptibility testing: CLSI break point for susceptible organisms is #2 mcg/mL for all organisms. Cephalothin is used as a marker to test for sensitivity to cephalexin, cefadroxil, and cephradine.
Formulations • Cefadroxil is available in 50-mg/mL oral suspension and 50-, 100-, 200-, and 1000-mg tablets for veterinary use. However, availability of veterinary-labeled tablets has been inconsistent. It is also available in 500-mg capsules and 25-, 50-, and 100-mg/mL suspension for human use.
Stability and Storage Store in a tightly sealed container, protected from light, and at room temperature. Stability of compounded formulations has not been evaluated. Avoid moisture to prevent hydrolysis. Suspension is stable for 14 days refrigerated and 10 days at room temperature. Stability of compounded formulations has not been evaluated.
Small Animal Dosage Dogs • 22 mg/kg q12h PO, up to 30 mg/kg q12h PO.
Cats • 22 mg/kg q24h PO.
Large Animal Dosage Foals • 30 mg/kg q12h PO. Note: Oral absorption is adequate only in foals and not in adults or ruminants.
Regulatory Information The extra-label administration of cephalosporins to food-producing animals in the United States is a violation of FDA regulations. Withdrawal times are not established for animals that produce food.
Cefazolin Sodium sef-ah’zoe-lin so’dee-um
Trade and other names: Ancef, Kefzol, and generic brands Functional classification: Antibacterial
Pharmacology and Mechanism of Action Cephalosporin antibiotic. Action is similar to other beta-lactam antibiotics, which inhibits synthesis of the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell death. Cephalosporins are