Cenozoic Marine Ostracoda of the South Atlantic

495 C E N O Z O I C 1,lARINE OSTRACODA OF THE SOUTH ATLANTIC W.

A . van d e n Bold

L o u i s i a n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , Baton Rouge

Abstract T e r t i a r y O s t r a c o d a o f t h e A t l a n t i c Ocean s o u t h o f t h e T r o p i c o f Cancer a r e known from w i d e l y s c a t t e r e d c l u s t e r s o f l o c a l i t i e s on t h e c o n t i n e n t and from a number o f d e e p - s e a c o r e s . The l a t t e r h a v e o n l y b e e n s t u d i e d i n d e t a i l f o r p a r t o f t h e i r f a u n a . P a l e o c e n e o s t r a c o d e s have b e e n s t u d i e d i n f o u r a r e a s : C e n t r a l America (Guatemala and B r i t i s h H o n d u r a s ) , n o r t h e r n S o u t h America ( V e n e z u e l a , T r i n i d a d , Guiana ) , A r g e n t i n a and West A f r i c a . The d i s t r i b u t i o n o f some g e n e r a ( e . g . B u n t o n i a , S o u d a n e l l a , T o g o i n a ) i n d i c a t e s s i m i l a r i t i e s between f a u n a s from w i d e l y d i f f e r e n t a r e a s and s u g g e s t s t h a t c u r i n g o r s h o r t l y p r i o r t o t h e e a r l y T e r t i a r y some s h a l l o w - w a t e r o s t r a c o d e s made t h e i r way a c r o s s t h e A t l a n t i c e i t h e r t h r o u g h s h a l l o w p a s s a g e s o r a t t a c h e d t o seaweed d r i f t i n g w i t h p r e v a i l i n g c u r r e n t s . Eocene o s t r a c o d e s a r e known from West A f r i c a and T r i n i d a d , b u t from v e r y d i f f e r e n t env i r o n m e n t s , which makes comparison h a z a r d o u s . O l i g o c e n e o s t r a c o d e s have o n l y b e e n r e p o r t e d from t h e C a r i b b e a n and from some d e e p - s e a c o r e s . Mioc e n e o n e s h a v e b e e n d e s c r i b e d from West A f r i c a ( G a b o n ) , t h e C a r i b b e a n , n o r t h e r n S o u t h America and A r g e n t i n a ( i n c l u d i n g s o u t h e r n B r a z i l ) . Here t h e p r e s e n c e o f m o r p h o l o g i c a l l y s i m i l a r g r o u p s ( S o u d a n e l l a ) i n West A f r i c a and s o u t h e r n S o u t h America and t h e r e p o r t o f t h e M u n s e y e l l a ? p u n c t a t a g r o u p from s o u t h e r n B r a z i l and n o r t h e r n S o u t h America s u g g e s t c o n n e c t i o n s o r par a l l e l f a u n a l d e v e l o p m e n t s which w i l l have t o be i n v e s t i g a t e d i n more det a i l . The West A f r i c a n f a u n a b e a r s a s t r o n g s i m i l a r i t y t o t h e M e d i t e r r a n ean o n e . F o r t h e P l i o c e n e - H o l o c e n e , o s t r a c o d e s a r e known from t h e same a r e a s a s i n . t h e Miocene and t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e a u s t r a l form Patagonocythere as w e l l a s t h e p o s s i b l e p r o v i n c i a l i t y o f s u c h forms a s C y p r i d e i s , P e r i s s o c y t h e r i d e a , S u l c o s t o c y t h e r e and t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f C a l l i s t o c y t h e r e and N e o m o n o c e r a t i n a a p p e a r t o b e o f g r e a t p o t e n t i a l i n t e r e s t .

Zusammenfassung T e r t i z r - O s t r a c o d e n d e s A t l a n t i s c h e n Ozeans s i d l i c h d e r Krebstwende s i n d von r a u m l i c h w e i t v e r b r e i t e t e n L o k a l i t z t e n und e i n e r Anzahl T i e f s e e - B o h r k e r n e b e k a n n t . Nur e i n k l e i n e s T e i l d e r Fauna d i e s e r l e t z t e n i s t e i n e r grundl i c h e n D e t a i l - F o r s c h u n g a u s g e s e t z t worden. Palaozsne Ostracoden s i n d i n v i e r Gebiete s t u d i e r t worden, n h l i c h Z e n t r a l Amerika, n o r d l i c h e s SudameriF a u n i s t i s c h e c b e r e i n s t i m m i n g zwischen k a , A r g e n t i n i e n und West A f r i k a . einzelnen Gebiete i s t angedeutet durch k a r a k t e r i s t i s c h e Verbreitung e i n i g e r G e s c h l e c h t e und l h s t f r z h t e r t i & e o d e r e i n wenig a l t e r e s e i c h t e t r a n s a t l a n t i s c h e M e e r e s v e r b i n d u n g e n , o d e r a b e r B e f o r d e r u n g von F l a c h w a s s e r a t r a c o d e n m i t t e l s von Meeres-Stromungen v e r f r a c h t e t e s P f l a n z e n m a t e r i a l s , vermuten. Eozzne A r t e n s i n d a u s West A f r i k a und T r i n i d a d b e s c h r i e b e n , a b e r Nur a u s den f a z i e l l e t i n t e r s c h i e d e v e r s c h w e r e n e i n V e r g l e i c h d e r Faunen. K a r i b e n und e i n i g e n Tiefsee-Bohrungen s i n d O l i g o z 2 n e O s t r a c o d e n b e k a n n t . Miozane A r t e n s i n d von West A f r i k a ( G a b o n ) , dem K a r a i b i s c h e n G e b i e t , Venezu e l a , K o l o n b i e n , A r g e n t i n i e n und sGdlichem B r a z i l g e m e l d e t und d a s Vorkommen m o r p h o l o g i s c h a h n l i c h e r Formen ( w i e S o u d a n e l l a i n A f r i k a und SGdamerika) und d i e M u n s e y e l l a ? p u n c t a t a Gruppe i n n o r d l i c h e m und s g d l i c h e m sifdam e r i k a ) z e i g e n Verbindungen o d e r p a r a l l e l e E n t w i c k l u n g s g e s c h i c h t e n an. D i e

496 West A f r i k a n i s c h e Fauna h a t v i e l e m e d i t e r r a n e E l e m e n t e . I m Jung-Caenozoicum s i n d d i e Faunen u n t e r s u c h t i n f a s ; d e n s e l b e n G e b i e t e n und w e i t e r e S t u d i e n d e r V e r b r e i t u n g und P r o v i n c i a l i t a t d e r G a t t u n g e n P a t a q o n o c y t h e r e , Cyp r i d e i s , Perissocytheridea,Callistocythere,S u l c o s t o c y t h e r e , Neomonocerak 8 n n t e w i c h t i g e n w e i t e r e n Daten h e r v o r b r i n g e n . t i n a U.S.W. PREVIOUS WORK D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Recent O s t r a c o d a was summarized by P u r i ( 1 9 6 7 ) , who r e c o g n i z e d a N o r t h American B o r e a l P r o v i n c e ( N . o f t h e C a r o l i n a s ) , a C a r i b b e a n P r o v i n c e , s u b d i v i d e d i n t o Bahaman, s o u t h F l o r i d a n and Venezuelan s u b p r o v i n c e s and a Gulf o f Mexico P r o v i n c e .

The S o u t h A t l a n t i c was n o t d i v i d e d i n t o

p r o v i n c e s b e c a u s e o f i n s u f f i c i e n t d a t a and t h e A n t a r c t i c was n o t d i s c u s s e d . Hartmann ( 1 9 7 5 ) summarized t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f R e c e n t O s t r a c o d e s from West A f r i c a and made c o m p a r i s o n s t o t h e P a c i f i c C o a s t o f S o u t h America.

But

a p a r t from H a r t m a n n ' s ( 1 9 5 5 , 1956) s t u d i e s o f t h e f a u n a of s x t h e r n B r a z i l and some i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e A r g e n t i n e c o a s t by Whatley and Moguilevs k y ( 1 9 7 5 ) n o t much i s known a b o u t t h e Recent o s t r a c o d e s o f t h e w e s t e r n s i d e of t h e A t l a n t i c .

The summary o f t h e A r g e n t i n e f o s s i l o s t r a c o d e - f a u n a s

by B e r t e l s ( 1 9 7 5 ) g r e a t l y f a c i l i t a t e s t h e t a s k o f making c o m p a r i s o n s w i t h other areas.

However, n o t h i n g i s known o f t h e f o s s i l . o s t r a c o d e s on t h i s

s i d e of t h e A t l a n t i c from. a b o u t 5'N

t o 30°S.

Data on t h e l o c a t i o n o f Neo-

g e n e C a r i b b e a n s u b p r o v i n c e s c a n be found i n van d e n Bold ( 1 9 7 0 a , 1 9 7 1 ~ ~ 1?74a, 1 9 7 5 ) . C o m p a r a t i v e l y l i t t l e i s known a b o u t T e r t i a r y f a u n a s from t h e w e s t c o a s t of A f r i c a (Paleogene: gene:

A p o s t o l e s c u , 1 9 6 1 and Reyment, 1963-1966; Neo-

van d e n B o l d , 1 9 6 6 h ) , and no i n f o r m a t i o n a t a l l e x i s t s s o u t h of t h e

5 O S p a r a l l e l e x c e p t a r e c e n t s t u d y b y . D i n g l e on t h e P a l e o c e n e o f t h e e a s t

coast. LIMITATIONS OF THE DATA Although i n t h e A t l a n t i c Ocean i t s e l f w e h a v e some v e r y d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n on some g r o u p s o f deep-water o s t r a c o d e s ( A q r e n o c y t h e r e , B r a d l e y a , P o s e i d o n a m i c u s , A b y s s o c y t h e r e ) t h a n k s t o Benson ( 1 9 7 1 , 1 9 7 2 ) and t h e Deeps e a D r i l l i n g Program, l i t t l e i s known o f some o f t h e o t h e r f o s s i l g r o u p s , and even t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f R e c e n t forms i s s t i l l v e r y i n s u f f i c i e n t l y known.

Also i n t h e b o r d e r l a n d s it i s d i f f i c u l t t o o b t a i n a n o v e r a l l p i c -

t u r e o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n b e c a u s e t h e i n f o r m a t i o n i s g e n e r a l l y from w i d e l y s e p a r a t e d l o c a l i t i e s and moreover s e v e r e l y r e s t r i c t e d s t r a t i g r a p h i c a l l y . From West A f r i c a t h e i n f o r m a t i o n i s l i m i t e d t o t h e Danian-Lower Eocene ( A p o s t o l e s c u , 1 9 6 1 , Reyment, 1963-1966) arid t h e Lower Miocene t o P l i o P l e i s t o c e n e o f o n e s m a l l a r e a o n l y (var. d e n B o l d , 1 9 6 6 h ) .

I n Argentina

497 T e r t i a r y f a u n a s a r e r e p o r t e d from t h e Danian, Miocene ( n o t always c e r t a i n from what l e v e l s ) and P l e i s t o c e n e ( B e r t e l s , R o s s i d e G a r c i a ) . o n l y P a l e o c e n e f a u n a s a r e known.

I n Guiana

I n Venezuela and T r i n i d a d t h e r e i s f a i r l y

c o n t i n u o u s c o v e r a g e from P a l e o c e n e t o P l e i s t o c e n e , b u t o n l y deep-water f a u n a s a r e known from Middle and Lower Eocene and o n l y s h a l l o w - w a t e r f a u n a s from t h e Upper Eocene.

I n t h e Caribbean t h e r e i s o n l y s c a t t e r e d (and

l a r g e l y u n p u b l i s h e d ) i n f o r m a t i o n on a n y t h i n g o l d e r t h a n O l i g o c e n e , a l t h o u g h t h e Neogene i s f a i r l y w e l l known.

I n C e n t r a l America P a l e o c e n e and some

Lower E o c e n e a r e known from Guatemala and B r i t i s h Honduras, no Middle and Upper Eocene f a u n a s h a v e been r e p o r t e d and t h e Neogene i s o n l y known r e l a t i v e l y w e l l from Panama, C o s t a Rica and Guatemala. T h e r e f o r e I have summarized t h e more i m p o r t a n t d a t a f o r each r e g i o n i n t a b u l a r form, u s i n g o n l y t h e s p e c i e s t h a t were f a i r l y common o r had a relat i v e l y wide d i s t r i b u t i o n ; i n p l a c e s where no d e t a i l e d s t r a t i g r a p h i c i n f o r mation was a v a i l a b l e t h e s p e c i e s a r e m e r e l y l i s t e d . Myodocopida and f r e s h w a t e r o s t r a c o d e s have been o m i t t e d from t h e d i s c u s s i o n b e c a u s e o f t h e s c a r c i t y o f r e f e r e n c e s t o them i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e on Tertiary ostracodes.

The l a s t were summarized by McKenzie (1973), w h i l e

K o r n i c k e r d e v o t e d many i m p o r t a n t p a p e r s t o t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of Recent Myodocopida.

A number o f o t h e r

forms h a v e been l e f t o u t o f t h e d i s c u s s i o n :

The s p e c i e s d e t e r m i n e d by A p o s t o l e s c u (1961) a s Orionina and Ambocythere a r e c e r t a i n l y d i f f e r e n t from t h e s e g e n e r a .

Several species referred t o

Anticythereis have been t r a n s f e r r e d t o o t h e r g e n e r a , b u t I have r e t a i n e d t h o s e t h a t r e s e m b l e t h e t y p e s p e c i e s a n d / o r s p e c i e s r e f e r r e d t o t h a t genus by B e r t e l s , i n o r d e r t o a r r i v e a t some c o n s i s t e n c y .

Some o f t h e s p e c i e s

d e s c r i b e d as Phacorhabdotus ( s e e a l s o Omatsola, 1 9 7 2 ) d o n o t b e l o n g t o t h a t genus.

I n t h e s e and some o t h e r c a s e s i t becomes v i r t u a l l y i m p o s s i b l e t o

make c o r r e c t g e n e r i c a s s i g n m e n t s w i t h o u t s t u d y o f t h e o r i g i n a l m a t e r i a l and t h e r e f o r e t h e s p e c i e s c a n n o t b e u s e d f o r comparison w i t h p o s s i b l y similar groups i n o t h e r a r e a s . A l s o many o f t h e unornamented g r o u p s have been l e f t o u t a s i t is v e r y

d i f f i c u l t t o draw c o n c l u s i o n s from t h e d i s p e r s a l o f s u c h g e n e r a a s Cyther-

ella, Bythocypris, Bairdia, Propontocypris and o t h e r s , and it would be o u t s i d e t h e s c o p e o f t h i s p a p e r t o i n c l u d e d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e s e .

The

same i s t r u e of t h e g e n e r a Haplocytheridea, Cyamocytheridea, Ovocytheridea,

Cyprideis, Cushmanidea and o t h e r s w i t h o u t s t u d y o f t h e o r i g i n a l m a t e r i a l . One f u r t h e r problem i s t h e i d e n t i t y o f t h e g e n u s Rocaleberis B e r t e l s ,

1969.

The d i s t i n c t i o n from Henryhowella l i e s , a c c o r d i n g t o B e r t e l s , i n t h e

p r e s e n c e o f a v e s t i b u l e and o c c a s i o n a l b r a n c h i n g o f t h e m a r g i n a l p o r e c a n a l s

However, i n Henryhowella ex g r . a s p e r r i m a , t h e r e i s a v e s t i b u l e and b r a n c h i n g p o r e c a n a l s b o t h i n t h e European material ( e . g . K e i j , 1957, R u g g i e r i ,

1 9 6 2 ) and i n t h e C a r i b b e a n ( v a n den B o l d , 1 9 6 0 ) .

Therefore, a t t h e present

t i m e , I c a n n o t s e p a r a t e t h e two f o r m s , and I have k e p t t h e name R o c a l e b e r i s f o r t h e Danian s p e c i e s and i n d i c a t e d t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f Henryhowella i n o t h e r areas u n d e r t h e same h e a d i n g w i t h q u e s t i o n m a r k s .

I t should be noted

t h a t R o s s i d e G a r c i a m e n t i o n s a Henryhowella c f . evax from t h e E n t e r r i e n s e i n n o r t h e r n A r g e n t i n a , and S a n g u i n e t t i o n e from t h e Miocene o f t h e P e l o t a s basin i n southern Brazil. The genus M a s i u k c y t h e r e R o s s i d e Garcia (1968) is d e s c r i b e d from t h e Danian o f A r g e n t i n a .

B e r t e l s h a s i g n o r e d t h i s genus i n h e r summary o f

A r g e n t i n i a n o s t r a c o d e s (1975) and d o e s n o t r e f e r t o it i n o t h e r p u b l i c a tions.

I have t h e r e f o r e i g n o r e d i t i n t h i s p a p e r .

A number o f o t h e r

u n c e r t a i n t i e s w i l l b e mentioned i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e t a b l e s , t h e i n f o r mation on which i s s e l e c t i v e and t h e r e f o r e o b v i o u s l y b i a s e d . ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Noordermeer and Wagner c o n t r i b u t e d a s l i d e o f t h e more p r o l i f i c s p e c i e s o f t h e P a l e o c e n e o f G u i a n a , which o f f e r e d a n o p p o r t u n i t y f o r comparison w i t h s p e c i e s from t h e P a l e o c e n e of Venezuela and T r i n i d a d .

B e r t e l s , by s e n d i n g

r e p r e s e n t a t i v e specimens o f a number o f A r g e n t i n e f o r m s , h e l p e d m e t o devel-

op

a b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e f a u n a of t h a t r e g i o n . OSTRACODB DISTRIBUTION

There i s a number of g e n e r a , which h a v e been r e p o r t e d from s i n g l e a r e a s o n l y and t h e s e a r e c o n s i d e r e d h e r e t o b e more o r l e s s p r o v i n c i a l .

Some

o t h e r s a r e d i s t r i b u t e d o v e r much l a r g e r r e g i o n s and t h e r e f o r e may b e c o n s i d e r e d t o i n d i c a t e p o s s i b i l i t i e s of communication between f a u n a s o f t h o s e regions.

Genera which a r e o f i n t e r e s t i n t h e s e two ways have b e e n summar-

i z e d i n T a b l e 7 and s u g g e s t i o n s f o r d i r e c t i o n s of d i s p e r s a l a r e found i n Text-fig.

6.

I t must b e p o i n t e d o u t , t h a t t h i s m i g r a t i o n - p a t t e r n

e n t i r e l y on what h a s been o b s e r v e d up t o t h e p r e s e n t .

i s based

We have t o a c c e p t

t h e o l d e s t r e p o r t e d o c c u r r e n c e as t h e f i r s t r e a l p r e s e n c e o f a g e n u s , unl e s s t h e r e i s good r e a s o n t o d o u b t t h i s .

I n some c a s e s e x t e n s i v e s t u d i e s

have been p u b l i s h e d on the f a u n a o f t h e u n d e r l y i n g s t r a t a .

If a particular

genus i s n o t r e p o r t e d from t h e s e , i t i s assumed t h a t t h e genus d i d n o t ex-

i s t p r i o r t o i t s f i r s t reported occurrence.

As b o t h i n A r g e n t i n a and West

A f r i c a t h e Cretaceous beds a r e reasonably w e l l explored; I t h i n k w e can a c c e p t t h a t a f i r s t o c c u r r e n c e r e p o r t e d i n t h e Danian o f t h e s e r e g i o n s i s i n d e e d t h e f i r s t p r e s e n c e of t h e g e n u s .

I n n o r t h e r n S o u t h America t h e

Upper C r e t a c e o u s i s much l e s s known and h a r d l y a n y t h i n g i s known a t p r e s e n t

499 on t h e o s t r a c o d e s of t h e C r e t a c e o u s of t h e C a r i b b e a n and C e n t r a l America. O n t h e o t h e r hand t h e C r e t a c e o u s o f North America i s much more e x t e n s i v e l y

s t u d i e d and may b e u s e d i n c o n s i d e r a t i o n s o f m i g r a t i o n of o s t r a c o d e - g e n e r a . To t h e c o n t r a r y i n S o u t h A f r i c a t h e r e i s a f a i r amount o f i n f o r m a t i o n of

C r e t a c e o u s s p e c i e s , b u t n o t h i n g a t a l l i s known from t h e T e r t i a r y .

In the

f o l l o w i n g t a b l e s and l i s t s ( i n t h e a p p e n d i x ) o u r knowledge of t h e Cenozoic o s t r a c o d e s o f t h e S o u t h A t l a n t i c i s summarized by r e g i o n and s t r a t i g r a p h i c level.

Text-fig.

1:

D i s t r i b u t i o n of f o s s i l d e p o s i t s from which o s t r a c o d e s

have b e e n d e s c r i b e d i n and around t h e S o u t h A t l a n t i c , w i t h t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of some deep-water

species.

500

T e x t - f i g s . 2-3: L o c a t i o n map of t h e w e s t e r n South A t l a n t i c . L e t t e r symbols i n d i c a t e a u t h o r o r sample: B : B e r t e l s ; D : Drooger; H : Hartmann; HB: Hulings & Baker; J : J o n e s ; K : K e i j ; N : Noordermeer & Wagner; R o : Rcssi de Garcia; S: S a n g u i n e t t i ; T . Teeter; V: van den Bold; W : Whatley & Moguilevsky.

501

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Text-figs. 4-5: L o c a t i o n map e a s t e r n A t l a n t i c Ocean. A: Apostolescu; F: Brady (Fonds d e l a Mer); G : Grekoff; M: Maddocks o r Benson & Maddocks; 0: Omatsola; R: R e p e n t ; 11-11: DSDP ( B e n s o n ) ; V : Vema; A: A t l a n t i c ; Am: A l b a t r o s ; RC: Chain ( a l l Benson) ; CH : C h a l l e n g e r ,

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Xerioleberir muuryoe van den Bold Uroleberir sp off. U romkormno (Lothorn)

Cylherople,on sp, off. C. d e v u Aportolercu Eucyiheruro decorota Wemgetsi

Cylherella guomreniirran den Bold Cylherella kellettae (Munsey) Cyiherella s p Cylherelloideo ~p Propontoryprll 'p Parorypr~rcornmuntr van den Beld Boirdia rnagna Alexander Bode dolirha van den Bald Boirdio soldodensir v m den Bold Bowdm aH hondurorenrtr yon den Bold Bawdia sp Krilhe sp off K peronoro Alexander Clithroryther#dea'p. off C. lombqbeenrtr (Stephenlon) Clilhrorylheridea sp Munreyollo hyolokyrljr (Munley) logoma7 kuglcr, ("on den Bald) logomo? kuglcri soldadoenru (van den Bold) Bvnronio olabarnenrrr (Hawe L Pyeatt) Bvntonia sp Lrgurnmxylherear sp off 1 logoghwoboenrtr A p o d e s c u Acanlho
Rvggierio tottvmi Reyment Nigeroloroconcho oniseguni Reyment Loxoconcho logorensis Reyment Xertoleberir kelere Reyment Schizocythere edominnini Reyment

Soudonerlo lociniora Apostolescu Soudonem trionguloto Apostolercu Soudonello nebuloro Aportolescu Hoielino rongolkomenris (Apostolercu)

Protobuntonio keiji (Reyment) Phocorhobdotur songolkomensir Aportolercu

Cythereir deltoensir Reyment Cythereir teiskotenrir (Apostolercu) Trachyleberis teirkotensis (Apostolercu) Corto dohomeyi (Aportolescu) Borrleriter obolidiegwuenrir Reyment Veenio worrienris Reyment Veenio owticortoto Reyment Bvntonio fortunano Aportolercu Buntonio ottitogoenris Aportolercu Bvntonio pukinoto Apostolercu Bvntonio bopoensis Aportolescu Bvntonio livid0 Apostolescu Protobuntonio pundoto (Reyment)

Ovocyfherideo pulchro Reyment Meherello biofrenwr Reyment Cytheropteron obo Reyment Poijenborchellino ijinenrir Reyment Togoino ottitogoenrir Aportolescu Togorno obero Aportolercu loruboello ologuni Reyment Brochycythere ogboni Reyment Dohomeyello oloto Aportolercu Leguminocythereir bopoenris (Apostolercu) Leguminocythereir logoghiroboenrir Apostolescu Leguminocythereissenegolensis Aportolescu Quodrocythere logoghiroboenrir (Apostolercu)

N

u1 0

503

Table 3 :

Range of s e l e c t e d o s t r a c o d e s p e c i e s :n t h e P a l e o g e n e of Argentina. DISCUSSION

The f o l l o w i n g g e n e r a show a p a t t e r n i n t h e i r d i s t r i b u t i o n , which makes them of s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t . 1:

B u n t o n i a i s r e p o r t e d from t h e C e n t r a l A f r i c a n C r e t a c e o u s (Aposto-

l e s c u , Keyment), and shows i n t h i s r e g i o n a c o n t i n u o u s development througho u t t h e known T e r t i a r y .

I n B r a z i l Krommelbein (1975) r e p o r t s t h i s genus i n

t h e uppermost C r e t a c e o u s .

I n Venezuela i t s e a r l i e s t known p r e s e n c e i s i n

t h e M i t o J u a n F o r m a t i o n ( D a n i a n ) , and i t c o n t i n u e s i n t o the Miocene.

In

C e n t r a l America i t s e a r l i e s t known o c c u r r e n c e i s i n t h e P a l e o g e n e ( v a n d e n B o l d , 1 9 4 6 ) , and i n North America i t h a s n o t been found u n t i l t h e e a r l y EOc e n e ( W i l c o x , Howe and G a r r e t t , 1 9 3 4 ) .

I n s o u t h e r n S o u t h America it h a s s o

f a r n o t b e e n r e p o r t e d b e f o r e t h e Miocene.

T h e r e f o r e , a d i s p e r s a l from

C e n t r a l A f r i c a t o n o r t h e r n S o u t h America and from t h e r e i n n o r t h e r l y and s o u t h e r l y d i r e c t i o n s seems i n d i c a t e d .

The genus d i s a p p e a r s i n t h e Gulf

C o a s t i n t h e O l i g o c e n e , b u t a t p r e s e n t i s found i n t h e Gulf of Mexico a t d e p t h o f 60-500 m , whereas i t s e a r l i e r forms a l l seem t o have been v e r y shallow-water s p e c i e s . 2:

S i m i l a r l y t h e g e n u s Soudanella d e v e l o p s i n t h e West A f r i c a n C r e t a -

c e o u s ( A p o s t o l e s c u , 1961) and h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d from t h e A f r i c a n Miocene ( q u e s t i o n a b l y ) ( v a n den B o l d , 1 9 6 6 h ) , and Recent ( O m a t s o l a , 1972) and from t h e Mediterranean Paleocene

-

Recent.

I n t h e C a r i b b e a n it a p p e a r s f o r t h e

f i r s t t i m e i n t h e Lower Eocene (Chiptown o f J a m a i c a ) and i n A r g e n t i n a

it h a s n o t b e e n r e p o r t e d e a r l i e r t h a n Miocene ( B e c k e r , 1 9 6 4 ) .

So f a r i t

504 i s n o t known from C e n t r a l America and North America. C e n t r a l A f r i c a , t h r o u g h S o u t h America, seems p r o b a b l e .

Here d i s p e r s a l from These two examples

of d i s p e r s a l may b e e x p l a i n e d by d o m i n a t i n g e a s t - w e s t c u r r e n t s i n t h e equat o r i a l A t l a n t i c i n C r e t a c e o u s - E a r l y T e r t i a r y t i m e s (compare Berggren and

[

Hollister, 1975, f i g . 16).

c 3

B

B

s

T a b l e 4 : Range o f s e l e c t e d o s t r a c o d e s p e c i e s i n t h e l a t e P a l e o g e n e P r o v i n c i a l i s m of s p e c i e s i n d i c a t e d . and Neogene of t h e C a r i b b e a n .

505

19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9

8 7 6 5 4

3 2

1 17 16

15 14 13 12 I1

10 9 8 7 6 5 4

3 2

I

P

T a b l e 5:

3:

Range o f deep-water o s t r a c o d e s i n t h e T e r t i a r y o f t h e C a r i b bean.

On t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e g e n u s T o g o i n a h a s been i d e n t i f i e d by B e r -

tels i n t h e Cretaceous of Argentina. formerly r e f e r r e d t o B r a c h y c y t h e r e

I n n o r t h e r n S o u t h America s p e c i e s ,

(van den Bold, 1 9 5 7 ) , belonging t o t h i s

g e n u s o c c u r i n t h e P a l e o c e n e , p o s s i b l y e x t e n d i n g i n t o t h e Upper Eocene ( v a n den Bold, 1 9 6 0 ) .

I n West A f r i c a i t was o r i g i n a l l y d e s c r i b e d from t h e Upper

P a l e o c e n e and L 3 w e r Eocene ( A p o s t o l e s c u , 1 9 6 1 ) .

T h e r e f o r e d i s p e r s a l seems

t o have t a k e n p l a c e i n t h e o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n from t h a t of B u n t o n i a and

Soudanella. 4:

The g e n u s B a s s l e r i t e s a p p e a r s t o have t a k e n t h e same p a t h as Bun-

t o n i a but a t a l a t e r time. o f N i g e r i a (Reyment, 1 9 6 6 ) .

I t s f i r s t r e p o r t e d o c c u r r e n c e i s i n t h e Eocene I n t h e whole American a r e a it f i r s t a p p e a r s

i n t h e Miocene, p r o b a b l y e a r l i e r i n n o r t h e r n S o u t h America t h a n i n t h e

506 C a r i b b e a n and North America.

So f a r it h a s n o t b e e n r e p o r t e d from s o u t h e r n

S o u t h America.

5:

P r o t o b u n t o n i a i s r e p o r t e d from t h e C r e t a c e o u s and P a l e o c e n e of

West A f r i c a (Reyment, 1 9 6 6 ) .

On t h e o t h e r s i d e o f t h e A t l a n t i c i t h a s been

r e p o r t e d from t h e C o n i a c i a n o f B r a z i l (Krommelbein, 1975) and t h e Eocene of T r i n i d a d

(van den Bold, 1 9 6 0 ) .

* I

* * * I

**

* * I

c

Mediferronean

** Table 6:

Range of o s t r a c o d e s p e c i e s i n t h e Neogene of Gabon.

6: Procythereis

.

Here w e a r e i n t h e p e c u l i a r p o s i t i o n t h a t t h e ear-

l i e s t s p e c i e s a t t r i b u t e d t o t h i s g e n u s ( i n t h e O l i g o c e n e and Miocene o f Europe and t h e C a r i b b e a n ) a r e q u e s t i o n a b l e .

I t h a s been s u g g e s t e d t h a t

t h e y may b e l o n g t o t h e g e n u s P o k o r n y e l l a ( b u t have numerous a n t e r i o r r a d i a l p o r e c a n a l s ) and c o u l d b e l o n g t o t h e r e c e n t l y e s t a b l i s h e d g e n u s P s e u d o a u r i l a o f I s h i z a k i and Kato ( 1 9 7 6 ) .

It is c e r t a i n l y peculiar t h a t these e a r l y

o c c u r r e n c e s a r e i n ( s u b ) t r o p i c a l r e g i o n s , whereas t h e Recent o c c u r r e n c e s of P r o c y t h e r e i s a r e from t h e a n t i b o r e a l p r o v i n c e s .

I f t h e f o s s i l and

r e c e n t forms r e a l l y b e l o n g t o t h e same g e n u s , t h e n t h i s must have been est a b l i s h e d on b o t h s i d e s o f t h e A t l a n t i c p r i o r t o Miocene t i m e s and s o u t h ward m i g r a t i o n t o w a r d s c o l d e r c l i m a t e s must have o c c u r r e d s i n c e t h e P l i o cene. 7:

Neononoceratina i s a common enough genus i n t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n and

A f r i c a n Miocene-Recent

t r o p i c a l m a r i n e environment.

So f a r i t ( N . m&i-

t e r r a n e a ) h a s o n l y shown up i n Recent d e p o s i t s on t h e o t h e r s i d e of t h e A t l a n t i c , where i t a p p e a r s r e s t r i c t e d t o v e r y s h a l l b w w a t e r ( z . g . , van Morkhoven, 1 9 7 2 ) . 8:

Another c a s e w o r t h m e n t i o n i n g h e r e i s t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of C a l l i s -

507 tocythere.

Whereas t h i s g e n u s i s common i n t h e l a t e Cenozoic of Europe

( e s p e c i a l l y M e d i t e r r a n e a n ) and h a s been r e p o r t e d from b o t h t h e Neogene and Recent d e p o s i t s of S o u t h America, i t i s c o n s p i c u o u s l y a b s e n t i n West Africa, t h e C a r i b b e a n and t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s A t l a n t i c c o a s t , e x c e p t f o r some r e c e n t There i s o n l y one o c c u r r e n c e

i n t r o d u c t i o n s i n F l o r i d a and t h e C a r i b b e a n .

r e p o r t e d i n t h e l a t e O l i g o c e n e ( ? e a r l y Miocene) o f t h e G u l f C o a s t ( P o a g ,

1972).

U

I1

E P

? ? ?

SOUTHERN

Q I

I I

I

P M

S.AMERlCA

0

I 1

I

E P

I

P

M

0

I

I'

1

3

I I

? ?

1

,

1

.

I

3

1

P M

AMERICA

?

7

I

?

I

I l l

?

I

Q CENTRAL

I

4 1 4 1 1

?

E P

I

I

1

1

?

I1

? 7 1 ?

11444 I I

I 1

Q CARIBBEAN NORTHERN S. AMERICA

I

I I

?

0 E P

Table 7:

1

1

1

South A t l a n t i c d i s t r i b u t i o n of s e l e c t c d o s t r a c o d e genera. 1: worldwide d i s t r i b u t i o n ; 2 : M e d i t e r r a n e a n forms; 3: A f r i c a n forms; 4 : S o u t h e r n South American forms; 5 : C a r i b b e a n forms.

Some g r o u p s w i t h American d i s t r i b u t i o n . 9.

The Genus O r i o n i n a a p p e a r s t o be a n American form.

p o r t e d o c c u r r e n c e i s i n t h e Chickasawhay of t h e Gulf C o a s t .

I t s o l d e s t re-

Its present

d i s t r i b u t i o n i s from s o u t h e r n B r a z i l t o o f f t h e A t l a n t i c c o a s t of N o r t h America, and i t a l s o o c c u r s on t h e P a c i f i c s i d e . 10:

M u n s e y e l l a i s a p p a r e n t l y o f worldwide d i s t r i b u t i o n , b u t t h e ques-

t i o n a b l y a s s i g n e d M u n s e y e l l a ? p u n c t a t a g r o u p i s o n l y known from Eocene t o Miocene i n n o r t h e r n South America ( v a n den Bold, 1 9 5 8 , 1960) and from t h e Niocene of s o u t h e r n B r a z i l , which may p o i n t t o a n e x t e n s i o n o f t h e C a r i b bean z o o g e o g r a p h i c p r o v i n c e t o t h a t r e g i o n i n t h e Miocene.

11:

The genus C a t i v e l l a h a s a l s o n o t c r o s s e d t h e A t l a n t i c .

Omatsola

(1972) r e p o r t s C a t i v e l l a and N e o c a u d i t e s from Recent d e p o s i t s of t h e N i g e r delta.

However, t h i s s p e c i e s of C a t i v e l l a ( C . i x e m o j a i l

and i s v e r y s i m i l a r t o s p e c i e s o f C h r y s o c y t h e r e . a s s i g n m e n t o f s p e c i e s of P u r i a n a from West A f r i c a .

seems d i f f e r e n t

I a l s o doubt t h e c o r r e c t

The e a r l i e s t o c c u r r e n c e

of C a t i v e l l a i s i n t h e l a t e Eocene of T r i n i d a d ( v a n den B o l d , 1 9 6 0 ) .

In

t h e C a r i b b e a n i t a p p e a r s i n l a t e r s t a g e s o f t h e Miocene a s one p r o g r e s s e s f a r t h e r n o r t h ( v a n den B o l d , 1 9 7 4 a ) , and i n North America i t o n l y makes i t s a p p e a r a n c e n e a r t h e P l i o c e n e boundary.

I t h a s been r e p o r t e d from t h e Qua-

t e r n a r y o f s o u t h e r n B r a z i l and t h e A n t a r c t i c .

Here a n o r t h w a r d and s o u t h -

ward d i s p e r s a l away from t r o p i c a l America seems i n d i c a t e d .

Recent d i s t r i -

b u t i o n of t h e genus i s s c a t t e r e d ; whereas i t i s common between 1 0 and 2 0 m d e p t h i n t h e Gulf o f P a r i a , i t o c c u r s s c a t t e r e d i n t h e Gulf of Mexico between 30 and 1 0 0 m . Brackish-water genera. 12:

P e r i s s o c y t h e r i d e a i s a genus t h a t w a s supposed t o b e r e s t r i c t e d t o

t r o p i c a l and s u b t r o p i c a l America till Benson and Maddocks ( 1 9 6 4 ) found it i n t h e Knysna e s t u a r y o f S o u t h A f r i c a .

According t o Hartmann ( 1 9 7 5 ) , how-

e v e r , t h i s s p e c i e s a p p e a r s t o b e a somewhat abnormal r e p r e s e n t a t i v e .

Di-

v e r s i f i c a t i o n of t h e g e n u s a p p e a r s s t r o n g e s t i n t h e C a r i b b e a n . 13:

The d i s t r i b u t i o n of C y p r i d e i s h a s been d i s c u s s e d by s e v e r a l a u t h -

o r s b o t h on t h e A t l a n t i c and A f r i c a n s i d e of t h e A t l a n t i c o c e a n . e r n A t l a n t i c s p e c i e s appear less d i v e r s i f i e d .

The e a s t -

Except f o r C y p r i d e i s sirnilis

none o f t h e s p e c i e s a p p e a r s t o o c c u r o n b o t h s i d e s , a l t h o u g h some r a n g e o v e r a c o n s i d e r a b l e nurnber o f l a t i t u d e s , p o s s i b l y c o n n e c t e d w i t h d i s p e r s a l by m i g r a t i n g w a t e r f o w l .

14:

S u l c o s t o c y t h e r e from S o u t h A f r i c a a p p e a r s t o r e p l a c e C y p r i d e i s

l o c a l l y (Hartmann, 1 9 7 5 ) i n b r a c k i s h - w a t e r e n v i r o n m e n t ; h s o l i however, m e n t i o n s it from t h e I v o r y C o a s t .

(1975),

509 Mediterranean forms i n A f r i c a . 15:

Among t h e s e a r e Chrysocythere, Ruggieria, Carinocythereis and pos-

sibly Mutilus.

They do n o t e x t e n d a c r o s s t h e A t l a n t i c a l t h o u g h a s p e c i e s ,

t e n t a t i v e l y i d e n t i f i e d as Huggieria h a s been r e p o r t e d from Recent Caribbean

waters (van den Bold, 1966c, Teeter, 1 9 7 5 ) .

T h i s s p e c i e s , however, i s

r a t h e r d i f f e r e n t from t h e Mediterranean forms (much s t r o n g e r r e t i c u i a t i o n ) .

Carinocythereis may be r e l a t e d t o C a t i v e l l a through common a n c e s t o r s . Paijenborchellina (L. Eocene and Recent of N i g e r i a ) h a s a l s o n o t been found s o f a r on t h i s s i d e of t h e A t l a n t i c . Endemic o r p r o v i n c i a l forms. 16:

Africa:

t h e r e , Isobuntonia

Reymentia, Dahomeyella I

Evisceratocythere

I

, Sulcostocythere,

Ovocytheridea

I

a l s o Isohabrocy-

Nigeroloxoconcha.

Some of t h e s e have been r e p o r t e d from North A f r i c a ( L i b y a , A l g e r i a , E g y p t ) . 17:

Southern South America:

Wichmannella , Huantraiconella, Protocosta,

Neoveenia have n o t been r e p o r t e d from o t h e r a r e a s .

However, forms resem-

b l i n g Protocosta o c c u r i n n o r t h e r n South America and A f r i c a . and Pericythere a l s o o c c u r i n t h e Caribbean a r e a .

Mesocythere

A new s p e c i e s of Austra-

l i c y t h e r e h a s been d e s c r i b e d from t h e Miocene of s o u t h e r n B r a z i l . indicated i n text-fig.

Although

6 , it i s s t i l l t o o e a r l y t o draw any c o n c l u s i o n s .

S i m i l a r i s t h e case of Patagonocythere. 18:

Also o f i n t e r e s t is the r e s t r i c t i o n of t h e genus Ruttenella t o t h e

Eocene o f t h e s o u t h e r n Caribbean (van den Bold, 1 9 6 0 ) . 19:

P u z z l i n g i s t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of Cobanocythere ( o r i g i n a l l y d e s c r i b -

ed from t h e P a c i f i c c o a s t o f C e n t r a l America, Hartmann, 1959) i n West A f r i ca (Hartmann, 1 9 7 5 ) , b u t a l s o mentioned by Reys from t h e Mediterranean and by Shornikov (1975) from J a p a n , w h i l e S i d d i q u i (1971) q u e s t i o n a b l y a s s i g n e d a s p e c i e s from t h e e a r l y T e r t i a r y o f P a k i s t a n t o t h i s genus. Deep-water Ostracoda. 20:

D i s t r i b u t i o n o f deep-water o s t r a c o a e s i n t h e Caribbean a r e a ( T a b l e

5) a f f o r d s some comparison w i t h t h a t i n deep-sea

cores.

Unfortunately the

s t u d y o f t h e l a t t e r h a s s o f a r been c o n f i n e d t o t h e g e n e r a Bradleya, Agren-

ocythere, Poseidonamicus and Abyssocythere (Benson, 1971, 1972)

.

In the

Caribbean, Agrenocythere i s known from Eocene t o l a t e Miocene, and Recent specimens have been found i n deep-water c o r e s i n t h e Gulf of Mexico.

In

t h e DSDP c o r e s Agrenocythere hazelae i s known from Oligocene t o e a r l y Miocene and from P l e i s t o c e n e from around 3OoS l a t i t u d e ( t e x t - f i g .

1).

Recent

specimens have been found i n t h e North A t l a n t i c , t h e Gulf o f Mexico and t h e P a c i f i c (Benson, 1 9 7 2 ) .

I t s p r e d e c e s s o r A . antiquata i s found i n t h e EO-

510 c e n e o f t h e C a r i b b e a n , t h e e a s t e r n N o r t h A t l a n t i c and I t a l y . A b y s s o c y t h e r e t r i n i d a d e n s i s i s s o f a r o n l y known i n t h e C a r i b b e a n , b u t a r e l a t e d species ( A . a t l a n t i c a ) occurs i n Quaternary cores i n t h e Central

1).

Atlantic (Text-fig.

The m a j o r i t y of s p e c i m e n s grouped under B r a d l e y a e x g r . d i c t y o n ( T a b l e

5) r e a l l y b e l o n g s t o t h a t s p e c i e s , b u t t h e y are accompanied o v e r t h e i r ent i r e s t r a t i g r a p h i c r a n g e by smaller s p e c i m e n s , which m i g h t r e p r e s e n t a F o r d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e s e g e n e r a t h e r e a d e r i s re-

shallow-water v a r i a n t .

f e r r e d t o Benson ( 1 9 7 1 , 1 9 7 2 )

.

So f a r n o t h i n g h a s been p u b l i s h e d on Recent r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of A b y s -

The l a t t e r h a s been found i n water i n e x c e s s o f

s o c y p r i s and C a r d o b a i r d i a .

?GO m d e p t h i n t h e Gulf of Mexico.

Although d e e p - w a t e r s p e c i e s of K r i t h e ,

C y t h e r e l l a , A r g i l l o e c i a , B y t h o c y p r i s and B a i r d i a a r e w e l l known, b o t h from Recent and fossil m a t e r i a l , a s t u d y o f t h e i r d i s t r i b u t i o n would r e q u i r e a more d e t a i l e d i n v e s t i g a t i o n t h a n c a n be u n d e r t a k e n h e r e .

I t may b e men-

t i o n e d , however, t h a t two s p e c i e s of B a i r d i a , common t o deep-water d e p o s i t s of t h e T e r t i a r y of t h e C a r i b b e a n , a r e r e p r e s e n t e d by i d e n t i c a l o r a t l e a s t s t r o n g l y r e l a t e d forms i n t h e Gulf o f Mexico, t y p i c a l l y a t d e p t h s between I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h e s i m i l a r i t y o f Maddock's

9 0 0 and 1 2 0 0 m e t e r s .

NORTH AMERICA Borileritei (M)

T CENTRAL

I

Bunionia (Pi

4

I

Barder'iter ( M )

Bvntonia

Coiirello ( M I

4

A

Chryrocythere (M)

Bvntanto (C)

*

Soudonella (E)

SOUTU AMERICA

*

+ 7

Barrler~ler(E)

I

Soudonello (C) Probbuntonio ( C )

c

Togolno

(P)

4

B ~ (MI ~ ~ . A ~ Soudonella ( M I Togo,na (C)

Cotirello (R)

I

Avrtrolicylhere ( M )

ANTARCTIC Ca'ivella

+

WEST AFRICA

Buntonio ( C )

Protobuntonia (C) 4

Cofirella (E)

SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA

MEDITERRANEAN

Mulilvr ( M I

A(?) U P )

Barrleritei (M) 4

CARIBBEAN A N D NORTHERN

(M)

Ruggieiio

A

A

(P)

lR)

1

Aurtrolqthere ( R )

T e x t - f i g . 6 : A p p a r e n t d i r e c t i o n o f d i s p e r s a l o f some s e l e c t e d O s t r a (R) Recent, code g e n e r a i n A f r i c a and t h e Americas d u r i n g t h e Cenozoic. resp. Plio-Pleistocene; ( M ) MloCene; (E) Eocene; ( P ) P a l e o c e n e .

511 s p e c i e s B a i r d o p p i l a t a s p . 3 , from t h e Mozambique c h a n n e l (1860

-

2980 m ) .

I n t h e C a r i b b e a n P l e i s t o c e n e ( A t l a n t i c 71A-4) Ambocythere c a u d a t a , N o r t h A t l a n t i c ) , T r a c h y l e b e r i s bermudezi a f f . c r e b r i p u s t u l o s a

(Recent,

(identical to

Recent form from Gulf o f M e x i c o ) , B y t h o c e r a t i n a s c a b r a and Z a b y t h o c y p r i s h e t e r o d o x a were found. Benson (1975) h a s a r g u e d on t h e b a s i s o f t h e deep-sea

ostracodes, t h a t

i n l a t e E o c e n e - e a r l y O l i g o c e n e t i m e s a change i n f a u n a l c o m p o s i t i o n t o o k p l a c e , which may b e c o r r e l a t e d w i t h l o w e r i n g of t e m p e r a t u r e c h a n g e s ) i n t h e deep-sea

(and o t h e r

watermass ( o r i g i n o f t h e p s y c h r o s p h e r e ) .

As t h e r e

i s a n o t a b l e l a c k o f d a t a on s h e l f f a u n a s of t h a t t i m e , no e f f e c t on shallow-water faunas can be observed.

I n T r i n i d a d , t h e o n l y p l a c e where

u p p e r P a l e o g e n e d e e p - w a t e r f a u n a s have been s t u d i e d , no s i g n i f i c a n t change c a n b e d e t e c t e d , a l t h o u g h minor changes

-

m a i n l y on t h e s p e c i e s l e v e l

-

t a k e p l a c e , b e g i n n i n g i n t h e l a t e Eocene ( T a b l e 5 ) . Conclusion Through t h e P a l e o c e n e and Eocene w e see a f a i r l y c l o s e r e l a t i o n s h i p between S o u t h American and West C e n t r a l A f r i c a n o s t r a c o d e f a u n a s .

This connection

c o u l d have been t h r o u g h f a i r l y s h a l l o w w a t e r , b u t more l i k e l y was a f f e c t e d by d i s p e r s a l o f s p e c i e s a t t a c h e d t o p l a n t m a t e r i a l d r i f t i n g m o s t l y i n e a s t -

w e s t direction.

Of i n t e r e s t h e r e i s t h e a l m o s t c o m p l e t e l a c k of r e l a t i o n -

s h i p between E a s t and West A f r i c a n f a u n a s ( D i n g l e , 1 9 7 6 ) .

A f t e r t h e Oligo-

c e n e , most d i s p e r s a l t o o k p l a c e a l o n g t h e A t l a n t i c c o a s t s i n n o r t h and south directions.

512 BIBLIOGRAPHY I n o r d e r t o keep t h e b i b l i o g r a p h y w i t h i n r e a s o n a b l e dimensions, I have o m i t t e d a l l r e f e r e n c e s t o R e c e n t f r e s h - w a t e r o s t r a c o d e s and R e c e n t Myodoc o p i d a , and p l a c e d the o n l y two on T e r t i a r y f r e s h - w a t e r o s t r a c o d e s i n brackets i n t h e b i b l i o g r a p h i c index.

T h i s i n d e x shows t h a t , w h e r e a s t h e r e

a r e e i g h t p u b l i c a t i o n s on t h e P a l e o g e n e o f C e n t r a l A f r i c a , t h e r e a r e o n l y two on t h e Neogene and f o u r on Recent o s t r a c o d e s .

F o r s o u t h e r n S o u t h Amer-

i c a t h e s e f i g u r e s a r e 9 , 7 and 4 ; i n C e n t r a l S o u t h America 0 , 0 , 8 ( a p a p e r by S a n g u i n e t t i on t h e Miocene o f t h e P e l o t a s b a s i n , s o u t h e r n B r a z i l , s h o u l d be i n p r e s s ) ; i n t h e C a r i b b e a n and n o r t h e r n S o u t h America t h e numbers a r e 1 3 , 31 and 11 r e s p e c t i v e l y .

In t h e A t l a n t i c basin i t s e l f 4 papers deal

w i t h P a l e o g e n e , Neogene and Recent o s t r a c o d e s , and s e v e n d e a l o n l y w i t h Rec e n t ones.

F i n a l l y , from t h e A n t a r c t i c p a r t o f t h e A t l a n t i c 4 p a p e r s d e s -

c r i b e R e c e n t o s t r a c o d e s , none a r e on T e r t i a r y f o r m s . dex t h e abbreviations P :

Palecgene, N:

I n the following in-

Neogene and R:

Recent have been

used. Bibliographic index AFRICA

Central:

South :

SOUTH ANERICA South :

Central :

A p o s t o l e s c u , 1961 ( P ) ; B o l d , 1966 (N), 1968c (N) (Grek o f f , 1958) ( P , N ) ; Keen, 1975 ( N , R ) ; Kogbe e t a l . , 1975 (P); M a s o l i , 1975 ( R ) ; O m a t s o l a , 1970a ( R ) , 1970b ( R ) , 1970c ( R ) , 1 9 7 1 ( R ) , 1972 ( R ) ; Reyment, 1959 ( P ) , 1960 (P), 1963 ( P ) , 1964 ( P I , 1965 ( P ) , 1966 ( P I ; Reyment and Reynent, 1959 ( P ) . Benson and Naddocks, 1964 ( R ) ; Hartmann and HartmannS c h r g d e r , 1975 ( R ) ; K l i e , 1940 ( R ) , Miiller, 1908 ( R ) . B e c k e r , 1964 ( R ) ; B e r t e l s , 1966a ( P ) , 196813 ( P ) , 1969a ( P ) , 1969b ( P ) , 1969c ( P ) , 1973 ( P ) , 1975 ( P , ? j ) ; H a l umian, 1970 (N); Ramirez, 1967 ( R ) ; Ramirez and Moguil e v s k y , 1 9 7 1 (R); R o s s i d e G a r c i a , 1966a (PI, 1966b (TJ), 1967a ( P ) , 196713 ( N ) , 1967c (N), 1 9 7 1 (N), 1972 ( 7 ) ; Whatley and C h o l i c h , 1974 ( R ) , Whatley and Moguil e v s k y , 1975 ( R ) . Brady, 1880 ( R ) ; Hartmann, 1955a ( R ) , 1955b ( R ) , 1956 ( R ) ,1957 ( R ) , 1959 ( R ) ; ( J o n e s , 1968) (N); Macedo, 1965 (R); P i n t o and O r n e l l a s , 1965 ( R ) ,1970 ( R ) .

CARIBBEAN A N D NORTHERN SOUTH A3lERICA Baker and H u l i n g s , 1966 ( R ) ; B o l d , 1946 ( P , K ) , 1950a ( P , N ) , 1950b ( P , N ) , 1957a ( P ) , 195723 ( N ) , 1958a ( R ) , 1958b ( N ) , 1 9 5 8 ~( N ) , 1960a ( P ) , 1960b ( P I t 1 9 6 1 ( P , ? : ) , 1963a (N) , 196333 ( R ) , 1963c ( P , N ) , 1963d (N), 1965a ( R ) , 1965b (P,N), 1966a (N), 1966b (N) , 1966c ( R ) ,

1966d (N), 1966e ( X ) , 1966f (N), 1966g ( N ) , 1 9 6 6 i (P, 1967b (N) t 1968a ( X ) r 196813 (N) t 196% ( N ) , 1969b ( P , N ) , 1970a ( K ) , 1970b (N), 1971a ( P , N ) ,

K ) , 1967a ( N ) ,

513 1971b ( N ) , 1 9 7 1 ~( N ) , 1972a ( P , N ) , 197213 ( N ) , 1 9 7 2 ~ (N), 1973 ( N ) , 1971c ( N ) , 1972a ( P , N ) , 197333 ( N ) , 1972c ( N ) , 1973 ( P , N ) , 1974a (N), 1974b ( N ) , 1974c ( N ) , 1975a (N) ; Brady, 1870 (R); Bronnimann and R i g a s s i , 1963 ( P ) , D r o o g e r , 1960 ( P ) , Drooger and K a a s s c h i e t e r , 1958 ( R ) 1 K e i j , 1954 (R); K l i e , 1939a ( R ) , 193923 (R) ; Lubimova and S a n c h e z , 1974 ( P , N ) ; Noordermeer a n d Wagn e r , 1969 ( P ) ; PokornG, 1968 (R); T e e t e r , 1975 ( R )

.

ATLANTIC

Benson, 1 9 6 9 , 1 9 7 1 , 1972; Benson and S y l v e s t e r - B r a d l e y , 19711 B r a d y , 1880 ( R ) , 1887 ( R ) , 1 9 1 1 ( R ) ; Hartmann, 1959a ( R ) ; Maddocks, 1969 ( R ) ; P u r i , 1967 (R), 1 9 7 1 (R)

ANT ARC T I C

.

B r a d y , 1907 (R), Neale, 1967 ( R ) , S c o t t , 1899 (R), 1912 (R). Bibliography

A p o s t o l e s c u , V . , 1961. C o n t r i b u t i o n 'a 1' g t u d e p a l g o n t o l o g i q u e ( o s t r a c o d e s ) e t s t r a t i g r a p h i q u e d e s b a s s i n s crgtacgs e t t e r t i a i r e s d e l ' A f r i q u e . Rev. I n s t . fran:. p g t r o l e e t a n n . combust. l i q . , v . 1 6 , no. 7-8, p . 779-867. B a k e r , J. H . and H u l i n g s , N . C . , 1 9 6 6 . R e c e n t Marine O s t r a c o d Assemblages o f P u e r t o R i c o . P u b l . I n s t . Mar. S c i . , T e x a s , v . 11, p . 108-125. B e c k e r , D . , 1 9 6 4 . M i c r o p a l e o n t o l o g l a d e l s u p e r p a t a g o n i e n s e de l a s l o c a l i d a d e s L a s Cuevas y Monte E n t r a n c e . Ameghiana, v. 3 , n o . 1 0 , p . 319340. Benson, R. H . , 1969. P r e l i m i n a r y R e p o r t on t h e s t u d y o f A b y s s a l O s t r a c o d a . I n : K e a l e , J . W . Tax. Morph. and E c o l . Rec. O s t r . , H u l l , O l i v e r & Boyd E d i n b u r g h , p . 475-478. 1 1971. A N e w Cenozoic Deep-sea Genus A b y s s o c y t h e r e ( C r u s t a c e a , Ost r a c o d a : T r a c h y l e b e r i d i d a e ) , w i t h D e s c r i p t i o n s o f f i v e new s p e c i e s . S m i t h s o n i a n C o n t r . P a l e o b i o l . , n o . 7 , p . 1-20. 1972. The B r a d l e y a Problem, w i t h d e s c r i p t i o n s o f two new Psychros p h e r i c O s t r a c o d e G e n e r a , A g r e n o c y t h e r e and P o s e i d o n a m i c u s ( O s t r a c o d a : C r u s t a c e a ) . S m i t h s o n i a n C o n t r . P a l e o b i o l . no. 1 2 , p . 1-138. 1975. The o r i g i n o f t h e p s y c h r o s p h e r e a s r e c o r d e d i n changes o f deep-sea o s t r a c o d e a s s e m b l a g e s . L e t h a i a , v o l . 8 , p . 69-83. Benson, R. H . and Maddocks, R. F . , 1964. R e c e n t O s t r a c o d e s o f Knysna e s t u a r y , Cape P r o v i n c e , Union o f S o u t h A f r i c a . Univ. Kansas P a l . C o n t r . , A r t . 5 , p . 1-39. Benson, R. H . and S y l v e s t e r - B r a d l e y , P . C . , 1971. Deep-sea o s t r a c o d e s and t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f o c e a n t o sea i n t h e T e t h y s . Bull. C e n t r e Rech. Pau-SNPA, v. 5 s u p p l . , p. 63-91. B e r g g r e n , W . A. and H o l l i s t e r , C . D . , 1974. P a l e o g e o g r a p h y , p a l e o b i o g e o graphy and h i s t o r y o f t h e c i r c u l a t i o n i n t h e A t l a n t i c Ocean. In: W . W . Hay ( e d i t . ) S t u d i e s i n paleo-oceanography. SOC. Econ. P a l e o n t . M i n e r a l . s p . p u b l . n o , 20, p . 126-186. B e r t e l s , A , , 1968a. H u a n t r a i c o n e l l a n . g e n . ( O s t r a c o d a , B u n t o n i i n a e ) d e l T e r t i a r i o i n f e r i o r ( D a n i a n o ) d e A r g e n t i n a . Ameghiana, V . 5 , no. 8 , p . 252-6. 1968b. M i c r o p a l e o n t o l o g T a y e s t r a t i g r a f i a d e l l i m i t e c r e t e t i c i c o t e r t i a r i o e n H u a n t r a i - c o ( P r o v i n c i a d e Neugugn). I b i d . , v. 5 , no. 8 , p. 279-295. , 1969a. E s t r a t i g r a f T a d e l l i m i t e C r e t i c i c o - T e r c i a r i o e n P a t a g o n i a septentrional. Rev. Asoc. G e o l . A r g e n t . , v. 2 4 , no. 1, p . 41-54.

-,

-,

-,

-

514 B e r t e l s , A . , 1969b. " R n c a l e b e r i d i n a e " , nueva s u b f a m i l i a ( " O s t r a c o d a , C r u s t a c e a " ) d e l l i m i t e C r e t & i c o - T e r t i a r i o de P a t a g o n i a s e p t e n t r i o n a l . Ameghiniana, v. 6 , no. 2 , p . 146-171. , 1 9 6 9 ~ . Micropaleontologia y e s t r a t i g r a f i a d e l l i m i t e CretgcicoT e r t i a r i o en Huantrai-Co ( P r o v i n c i a d e Neugugn). Ameghiniana, v . 6 , no. 4 , p. 253-280. 1973. O s t r a c o d e s o f t h e t y p e l o c a l i t y o f t h e Lower T e r t i a r y (lower Danian) Rocanian S t a g e and Roca Formation o f A r g e n t i n a . Micropal., v . 1 9 , no. 3 , p. 308-340. 1975. O s t r a c o d e e c o l o g y d u r i n g t h e u p p e r C r e t a c e o u s and Cenozoic i n A r g e n t i n a . B u l l . Amer. P a l e o n t . v . 65, no. 282, p . 317-341. Bold, W. A. van d e n , 1946. C o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e s t u d y o f O s t r a c o d a w i t h s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e t o t h e T e r t i a r y and C r e t a c e o u s m i c r o f a u n a o f t h e C a r i b b e a n Region. D i s s . U t r e c h t Univ., DeBussy, Amsterdam, 167 pp. 1950a. Miocene O s t r a c o d a from V e n e z u e l a . J o u r . P a l e o n t . , V . 24, no. 1, p . 76-88. , 1950b. A c h e c k l i s t o f Cuban O s t r a c o d a . I b i d . V . 24, no. 1, p. 107109. , 1957a. O s t r a c o d a from t h e P a l e o c e n e o f T r i n i d a d . M i c r o p a l . , V . 3 , no. 1, p . 1-18. , 1957b. Oligo-Miocene O s t r a c o d a from s o u t h e r n T r i n i d a d . I b i d . v. 3 , no. 3 , p. 231-254. 1958a. D i s t r i b u t i o n of f r e s h w a t e r o s t r a c o d e s i n T r i n i d a d . Ibid. v. 4 , no. 1, p . 71-74. , 1958b. O s t r a c o d a o f t h e B r a s s o F o r m a t i o n of T r i n i d a d . I b i d . v . 4 , no. 4 , p. 391-418. , 1 9 5 8 ~ . Ambocythere, a new g e n u s o f o s t r a c o d a . Ann. Mag. N a t . H i s t . , s . 1 2 , v . 1 0 , p . 801-813. , 1960a. Eocene and O l i g o c e n e O s t r a c o d a o f T r i n i d a d . M i c r o p a l . , V . 6, no. 2 , D . 145-196. Determination of o s t r a c o d e s , i n : Pessaqno, E . A , , S t r a t i graphy and m i c r o p a l e o n t o l o g y o f t h e C r e t a c e o u s and Lower T e r t i a r y o f P u e r t o Rico. M i c r o p a l . , v . 6 , no. 1, p . 87-110, O s t r a c o d a , p. 9 3 ; i n : M a t t s o n , P. H . , Geology o f t h e Mayaguez a r e a , P u e r t o Rico. B u l l . Geol. SOC. Am. V . 71, p. 310-362, O s t r a c o d a , p. 347. 1961. Some new O s t r a c o d a of t h e C a r i b b e a n T e r t i a r y . P r o c . Kon. PIederl. Akad. W e t e n s c h s e r . B . , V . 6 4 , no. 5 , p . 627-638. , 1963a. The o s t r a c o d e genus O r i o n i n a and i t s s p e c i e s . J o u r . P a l e o n t . , V . 3 7 , no. 1, p. 33-50. 1963b. Anomalous h i n g e s t r u c t u r e i n a new s p e c i e s o f C y t h e r e l l o i d e a M i c r o p a l e o n t o l o g y , V . 9 , no. 1, p . 75-78. , 1963c. O s t r a c o d s and t h e T e r t i a r y s t r a t i g r a p h y o f Guatemala. B u l l . Amer. Assoc. P e t r . G e o l . , v o l . 4 7 , no. 4 , p . 696-698. Upper Miocene and P l i o c e n e O s t r a c o d a of T r i n i d a d . Micropaleontology, v . 9 , no. 4 , p . 361-424. , 1965a. F s e u d o c e r a t i n a , a new genus o f O s t r a c o d a from t h e C a r i b b e a n . Kon. N e d e r l . Akad. Wetensch., P r o c . , s e r . B , v . 6 8 , no. 3 , 160-164. , 1965b. Middle T e r t i a r y O s t r a c o d a from n o r t h w e s t e r n P u e r t o Rico. M i c r o p a l e o n t o l o g y , v . 11, no. 4 , p . 381-414. 1966a. O s t r a c o d a from t h e Poz6n s e c t i o n , F a l c g n , Venezuela. Jour. P a l e o n t . , v. 4 0 , no. 1, p . 177-185. 196633. N e w s p e c i e s o f t h e o s t r a c o d e - g e n u s Ambocythere. Ann. Mag. -' Nat. H i s t . , s e r . 1 3 , v . 8 , no. 1, p . 1-18. 1 9 6 6 ~ . O s t r a c o d a from Colon H a r b o u r , Panama. C a r i b . J o u r . S c i . , v. 6 , no. 1 / 2 , p . 43-53. 1966d. O s t r a c o d e zones i n C a r i b b e a n Miocene. Bull. Amer. ASSOC, -1 P e t r . Geol. v. 50, no. 5 , p . 1029-1031.

-

-,

-, ,

-, -

-

-, -, -, -,

-,

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