- Email: [email protected]
beige fat
Annual Scientific Meeting Findings: BMI, WAISTC and RLF increased over time. Average growths and variations across individuals were statistically significant. As RLF rose over time, BMI and WAISTC decreased, that is, positive growth in RLF was associated with reduced growth in BMI and WAISTC. Statistically significant associations between growth intercepts remained even when accounting for individual- and area-level covariates. Conclusion: Longitudinal analysis using growth models enabled the estimation of individual trajectories and to examine the extent to which they are associated to each other. Although rising RLF was associated with reduced growth in BMI and WAISTC, other factors such as diet and active lifestyle could contribute to changes in BMI and WAISTC [1—3].
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[1] Coffee N, Lockwood T, Hugo G, Paquet C, Howard N, Daniel M. Relative residential property value as a socio-economic status indicator for health research. Int J Health Geogr 2013;12:22. [2] Khoo ST, Muthén B. Longitudinal data on families: growth modeling alternatives. In: Rose J, Chassin L, Presson C, Sherman J, editors. Multivariate applications in substance use research. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 2000. p. 43—78. [3] Ngo A, Paquet C, Howard NJ, Coffee NT, Taylor AW, Adams RJ, et al. Area-level socioeconomic characteristics, prevalence and trajectories of cardiometabolic risk. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2014;11(1):830—48.
years of age. Structural equation modelling was conducted to test hypothesised models relating dietary patterns, energy intake and adiposity (body mass index) at 14 years to adiposity and the pro-inflammatory adipokine (leptin), inflammation (high sensitivity C-reactive protein — hs-CRP) at 17 years, depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory) and internalising and externalising problem behaviours (Child Behaviour Check List Youth Self- Report) at 17 years. Results: The tested models provided a good fit to the data. A ‘Western’ dietary pattern (high intake of red meat, takeaway, refined foods and confectionary) at 14 years was independently associated with higher energy intake and BMI at 14 years and BMI and inflammation at 17 years. A ‘Healthy’ dietary pattern (high in fruit, vegetables, fish, whole-grains) was inversely correlated with BMI and inflammation at 17 years. Higher BMI at 14 was correlated with higher BMI, higher leptin and hs-CRP, depressive symptoms and mental health problems at 17 years. Conclusions: A ‘Western’ dietary pattern appears to increase the risk of mental health problems including depression in adolescents through biologically plausible pathways of adiposity and inflammation. A ‘Healthy’ dietary pattern is protective in these pathways. Further longitudinal modelling into young adulthood is indicated to confirm these complex associations.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2014.10.135
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2014.10.136
157
5
A ‘Western’ dietary pattern, adiposity and inflammation: Pathways to depression and mental health problems in adolescents
Central neural pathways directed to white, brown and transformed brite/beige fat
References
Wendy H. Oddy, Romy Gaillard ∗ , Rae-Chi Huang Population Science, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia Background: Observational studies suggest that dietary patterns may impact mental health outcomes, however biologically plausible pathways are yet to be tested. In this study we aimed to elucidate pathways between dietary patterns, adiposity, inflammation and mental health including depression longitudinally in a population-based cohort of adolescents. Methods: Data were provided from 843 adolescents participating in the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study at 14 and 17
Nicole M. Wiedmann ∗ , Aneta Stefanidis, Brian J. Oldfield Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a specialised type of ‘‘fat’’ that is responsible for the dissipation of energy in response to either lowered ambient temperature or elevated caloric intake. The realisation that BAT is present in adult humans in inverse proportion to BMI and fat mass as well as the discovery that white adipose tissue (WAT) can be transformed to ‘‘brown-like’’ (brite or beige) fat has necessitated a more complete understanding of the central neural control of BAT or ‘‘brown-like’’ fat cell function. We used neurotropic viruses injected into fat depots in rats to trace multisynaptic central neu-
76 ral pathways directed to WAT, BAT and brite/beige fat. Specifically, pseudorabies virus (PRV Bartha) was injected into inguinal WAT (iWAT), interscapular BAT (iBAT) and iWAT transformed to include brite/beige fat cells by exposure of rats to 8 ◦ C for 7 days. After injection of PRV with different fluorescent reporters (PRV-red/PRV-green) into the various fat pads, rats were allowed to survive for 5 days to allow transport through the autonomic neuraxis before sacrifice and subsequent histolological analysis to assess the distribution of transynaptically viral-infected neurons. After injection of PRV-red or PRV-green into each of the fat depots in the same animal, distinct labelling patterns were observed in 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th order neurons in paravertebral ganglia, spinal cord, brain stem, midbrain and hypothalamus. In addition to these ‘‘private lines’’ of communication to various fat pads, populations of ‘‘command neurons’’ were identified which had collateral axonal projections to different fat pads including those to both brown and white fat. Moreover, the relative percentage of these ‘‘command’’ neurons projecting to iBAT and beiged iWAT increased under conditions of cold exposure. These data including the unique identification of ‘‘command’’ controllers of fat involved with both storage and burning of energy provide a neuroanatomical basis for differentiating the central neural control of white, brown and white fat transferred into brite/beige fat. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2014.10.137
M. Pickford 163 Efficacy of the Omega-3 Index in predicting NAFLD in overweight and obese adults: A pilot study Helen Parker 1,∗ , Helen O’Connor 1,2 , Shelley Keating 1 , Jeffrey Cohn 3 , Manohar Garg 4 , Ian Caterson 5 , Jacob George 6 , Nathan Johnson 1,2 1 Faculty
of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia 2 Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia 3 Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia 4 School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia 5 Boden Institute of Obesity Nutrition Exercise and Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia 6 Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Background/aims: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with overweight/obesity, and is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in otherwise healthy individuals. Low intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) has been associated with NAFLD, however dietary reporting and analysis has many limitations. Therefore this study aimed to examine the relationship between a new biomarker of tissue n-3 (the Omega-3 Index) and liver fat, and to assess the predictive capacity of the Omega-3 Index for fatty liver. Methods: Eighty overweight/obese non-smoker adults (56 males) underwent proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H MRS) and MRI to measure liver fat concentration and abdominal adiposity within seven days of undergoing blood analysis and anthropometry measurements. Correlations with liver fat were examined, and linear regression for the prediction of liver fat was performed. Mean ± SEM are reported. Results: Omega-3 Index was high in participants with and without NAFLD (9.0 ± 0.3% and 8.4 ± 0.3% respectively), and was positively correlated with liver fat (r = 0.255, P = 0.03). Linear regression analysis found that simple routine clinical measurements (BMI, waist circumference, age) together explained a third (33%) of the variance in
75
[1] Coffee N, Lockwood T, Hugo G, Paquet C, Howard N, Daniel M. Relative residential property value as a socio-economic status indicator for health research. Int J Health Geogr 2013;12:22. [2] Khoo ST, Muthén B. Longitudinal data on families: growth modeling alternatives. In: Rose J, Chassin L, Presson C, Sherman J, editors. Multivariate applications in substance use research. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 2000. p. 43—78. [3] Ngo A, Paquet C, Howard NJ, Coffee NT, Taylor AW, Adams RJ, et al. Area-level socioeconomic characteristics, prevalence and trajectories of cardiometabolic risk. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2014;11(1):830—48.
years of age. Structural equation modelling was conducted to test hypothesised models relating dietary patterns, energy intake and adiposity (body mass index) at 14 years to adiposity and the pro-inflammatory adipokine (leptin), inflammation (high sensitivity C-reactive protein — hs-CRP) at 17 years, depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory) and internalising and externalising problem behaviours (Child Behaviour Check List Youth Self- Report) at 17 years. Results: The tested models provided a good fit to the data. A ‘Western’ dietary pattern (high intake of red meat, takeaway, refined foods and confectionary) at 14 years was independently associated with higher energy intake and BMI at 14 years and BMI and inflammation at 17 years. A ‘Healthy’ dietary pattern (high in fruit, vegetables, fish, whole-grains) was inversely correlated with BMI and inflammation at 17 years. Higher BMI at 14 was correlated with higher BMI, higher leptin and hs-CRP, depressive symptoms and mental health problems at 17 years. Conclusions: A ‘Western’ dietary pattern appears to increase the risk of mental health problems including depression in adolescents through biologically plausible pathways of adiposity and inflammation. A ‘Healthy’ dietary pattern is protective in these pathways. Further longitudinal modelling into young adulthood is indicated to confirm these complex associations.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2014.10.135
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2014.10.136
157
5
A ‘Western’ dietary pattern, adiposity and inflammation: Pathways to depression and mental health problems in adolescents
Central neural pathways directed to white, brown and transformed brite/beige fat
References
Wendy H. Oddy, Romy Gaillard ∗ , Rae-Chi Huang Population Science, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia Background: Observational studies suggest that dietary patterns may impact mental health outcomes, however biologically plausible pathways are yet to be tested. In this study we aimed to elucidate pathways between dietary patterns, adiposity, inflammation and mental health including depression longitudinally in a population-based cohort of adolescents. Methods: Data were provided from 843 adolescents participating in the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study at 14 and 17
Nicole M. Wiedmann ∗ , Aneta Stefanidis, Brian J. Oldfield Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a specialised type of ‘‘fat’’ that is responsible for the dissipation of energy in response to either lowered ambient temperature or elevated caloric intake. The realisation that BAT is present in adult humans in inverse proportion to BMI and fat mass as well as the discovery that white adipose tissue (WAT) can be transformed to ‘‘brown-like’’ (brite or beige) fat has necessitated a more complete understanding of the central neural control of BAT or ‘‘brown-like’’ fat cell function. We used neurotropic viruses injected into fat depots in rats to trace multisynaptic central neu-
76 ral pathways directed to WAT, BAT and brite/beige fat. Specifically, pseudorabies virus (PRV Bartha) was injected into inguinal WAT (iWAT), interscapular BAT (iBAT) and iWAT transformed to include brite/beige fat cells by exposure of rats to 8 ◦ C for 7 days. After injection of PRV with different fluorescent reporters (PRV-red/PRV-green) into the various fat pads, rats were allowed to survive for 5 days to allow transport through the autonomic neuraxis before sacrifice and subsequent histolological analysis to assess the distribution of transynaptically viral-infected neurons. After injection of PRV-red or PRV-green into each of the fat depots in the same animal, distinct labelling patterns were observed in 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th order neurons in paravertebral ganglia, spinal cord, brain stem, midbrain and hypothalamus. In addition to these ‘‘private lines’’ of communication to various fat pads, populations of ‘‘command neurons’’ were identified which had collateral axonal projections to different fat pads including those to both brown and white fat. Moreover, the relative percentage of these ‘‘command’’ neurons projecting to iBAT and beiged iWAT increased under conditions of cold exposure. These data including the unique identification of ‘‘command’’ controllers of fat involved with both storage and burning of energy provide a neuroanatomical basis for differentiating the central neural control of white, brown and white fat transferred into brite/beige fat. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2014.10.137
M. Pickford 163 Efficacy of the Omega-3 Index in predicting NAFLD in overweight and obese adults: A pilot study Helen Parker 1,∗ , Helen O’Connor 1,2 , Shelley Keating 1 , Jeffrey Cohn 3 , Manohar Garg 4 , Ian Caterson 5 , Jacob George 6 , Nathan Johnson 1,2 1 Faculty
of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia 2 Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia 3 Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia 4 School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia 5 Boden Institute of Obesity Nutrition Exercise and Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia 6 Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Background/aims: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with overweight/obesity, and is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in otherwise healthy individuals. Low intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) has been associated with NAFLD, however dietary reporting and analysis has many limitations. Therefore this study aimed to examine the relationship between a new biomarker of tissue n-3 (the Omega-3 Index) and liver fat, and to assess the predictive capacity of the Omega-3 Index for fatty liver. Methods: Eighty overweight/obese non-smoker adults (56 males) underwent proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H MRS) and MRI to measure liver fat concentration and abdominal adiposity within seven days of undergoing blood analysis and anthropometry measurements. Correlations with liver fat were examined, and linear regression for the prediction of liver fat was performed. Mean ± SEM are reported. Results: Omega-3 Index was high in participants with and without NAFLD (9.0 ± 0.3% and 8.4 ± 0.3% respectively), and was positively correlated with liver fat (r = 0.255, P = 0.03). Linear regression analysis found that simple routine clinical measurements (BMI, waist circumference, age) together explained a third (33%) of the variance in