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Cereal chaff: a renewable fuel for generating electricity
07 Alternative increased opportunities for farmers and land owners in supplying biomass raw material. In order to achieve these renewable energy and environmental benefits, the industry urgently needs to advance the technologies through large-scale demonstrations. These demonstrations will cost significantly more (40-50%) than subsequent installations. The industry has developed a partnership with the DOE to advance these technologies. DOE participation will not only make the demonstrations possible, it will also accelerate deployment of the technologies in the pulp and paper industry and ensure that results will be shared with other industries and the public. This paper will describe the background, vision and shared national and industry objectives. Subsequent papers in this session will describe the specific projects that are part of ‘The Forest Products Industry Gasification Combined Cycle Initiative’. 02/00497 Biomass gasification revision and technology description Ibanez, P.G., De Becerra, J.O. Energia (Madrid), 2000, 26, (I), 61-70. (In Spanish) Pyrolysis, combustion and gasification of biomass for fuel gas or synthesis gas production and power generation are discussed, including the state of the technology and useful reactors and scrubbers. 02/00498 Cereal chaff: a renewable fuel for generating electricity Bustamante, J.A. er al. Energiu (Madrid), 2000, 26, (I), 71-77. Spanish) Properties of cereal chaff (e.g. K, Cl content) and its combustion gasification for power generation are discussed.
(In or
02/00499 Energy applications of olive-oil industry by-products: - I. The exhaust foot cake Masghouni, M., Hassairi, M. Biomass Bioenergy, 2000, 18, (3), 257-262. The energy characteristics of the exhaust foot cake (EFC) from the olive-oil extraction industry are described in this paper. This biomass has proved to be an interesting energy source. The use of this solidwaste as a combustible in brick manufacture is economically profitable: 1100 tons of EFC yearly substitute 420 EOT of No. 2 heavy fuel containing 4% of sulphur. The use of this solid-waste as an energy source is environment friendly, as it reduces the nuisance of solid-waste and gas emissions to the atmosphere, particularly sulphur oxides. 02lOO500 Energy conversion from biomass Kitani, 0. T&o Enerugi, 2000, 26, (I), 3-1. (In Japanese) A review with 12 references. 02/00501 Energy production from contaminated biomass. Progress of on-going collaboration projects Grebenkov, A. et al. Impact Miner. Impurities Solid Fuel Cornbust., [Proc. Eng. Found. Conf. Miner. Matter Fuelsj, 1997, 635-643. Edited by Gupta R.P., Wall T.F., Baxter L. Feasibility study results are presented on the use of contaminated forests as sustainable renewable fuel resources. The bench-scale experiment was carried out to testify aerosol modelling and combustion properties of forest litter and duff. The results showed that: a conventional type boiler can effectively burn the new biofuel, radionuclide emission may not exceed the permissible concentration, ash residues can be effectively stabilized and handled, proposed action will reduce risk and doses to pupulation, and use of contaminated forest will lead to termination of its deterioration and improve social activity of local communities. 02/00502 Method and apparatus for gasification and incineration of biomass with manufacture of a tar-free gas Kiefer, C. Ger. Offen. DE 19,846,805 (Cl. ClOB53/00), 13 Apr 2000, Appl. 19,846,805, 10 Ott 1998. 6. (In German) The biomass, either agricultural materials or wastes: are first pyrolysed to form a pyrolysis gas and coke, the coke is comminuted, and the coke and gas mixture is then pyrolysed over a bed of glowing coke to form a synthesis gas. The synthesis gas and the coke are recycled to maintain high incineration levels. Excess synthesis gas and coke are recovered. 02100503 Power production from wood - comparison of the Rankine cycle to concepts using gasification and fast pyrolysis Solantausta, Y., Huotari, J. VTT Tied., 2000, 2024, Part3/l-Part3/46. A study of small scale power production from woody biomass was carried out within the IEA Bioenergy Task ‘Techno-Economic Assessments for Bioenergy Applications’. The task had the following objectives: to compare the common steam boiler power plant (the Rankine cycle) to two alternative new power plant concepts, to assess the uncertainties within these new concepts, to estimate the development potential of these concepts. The study was carried out comparing production of electricity at 2 MWe. The scale was selected to study:
energy sources (solar energy)
how well the common steam boiler power plant competes with the new power plant concepts especially in the small scale, what is the future estimates for cost and performance of the new concepts. The systems compared were: the Rankine steam boiler power plant, the gas engine power plant using gasification fuel gas. The gasifier and the engine are integrated, the diesel power plant using fast pyrolysis liquid as a fuel. Liquid production and the power plant are de-coupled. Overall efficiencies for these systems are: the Rankine cycle 17.5%, gasification-gas engine 23.9%, and pyrolysis-diesel engine 24.7%. Potential improved efficiencies for the three technologies are 23,32.4, and 31.5%, respectively. Estimated specific investment costs for the base power plants are 2300, 4200, and 3600 US$/kWe, respectively. It is shown that the Rankine cycle is superior compared to the gasification-gas engine and pyrolysis-diesel engine with current cost data. Increasing fuel cost 50% from the base value FIM 45/MWh (USD 2.3/GJ) improves the competitiveness of new concepts, but the Rankine is continuously more economic over the whole annual operation time. At high fuel costs, the difference between the diesel and the Rankine is negligible below 4000 h/a. In a very long-term operation time, the gas engine is not much more expensive than the Rankine power plant. Differences between the alternatives are fairly small over the whole range, where improvements for technologies are assumed valid. The range of variation with the Rankine and the least-cost new cycle is about lo%, which is not a significant difference within the accuracy of the study. It is shown that co-generation improves the economics of small-scale power production considerably. The Rankine cycle remains as the least-cost option in all cases studied. It is concluded that for the new power plant technologies to be competitive compared to the Rankine cycle, especially capital costs have to be reduced. Without such reductions it is hard to compete with the Rankine cycle in a small scale either in power-only or cogeneration mode of operation.
Geothermal
energy
02/00504 Paleotemperature analysis of Aliaga (Izmir, Turkey) geothermal field Senguler, I. et al. Energy Sources, 2000, 22, (4), 357-362. Mineralogical and organopetrography analysis were carried out on core samples of four geothermal wells from the Aliaga geothermal field located in western Turkey. Whole rock mineralogy and clay minerals were determined, and thermal maturity of the different levels of the formation was defined by means of vitrinite reflectance measurements. The measured maturity gradients complied from analysis data for four wells and outcrops ranged from low to very high values. 02/00505 The status of world geothermal power generation 1995-2000 Huttrer, G.W. Geothermics, 2001, 30, l-27. In order to assess the current status of international geothermal power generation, the author has reviewed the Country Update (CIJ) papers submitted to the World Geothermal Conference 2000 in Japan from nations generating or planning to generate electricity. Salient facts in these papers have been synthesized and summary descriptions of geothermally-related activities written. Finally, following a brief discussion, conclusions are drawn and appropriate tables and graphs presented. The CU reviews revealed that: (1) geothermally-fuelled electric power is being generated in 21 nations as of February 2000; (2) the installed capacity has reached 7974 MWe, which is a 16.7% increase since 1995; the total energy generated during the past 5 years has been at least 49,261 GWh; about 1165 wells more than 100 m deep have been drilled, and at least 13,621 person-years of professional geothermists’ time has been expended in the nations that reported this statistic.
Solar energy 02/00508 Coal gasification by CO2 gas bubbling in molten salt for solar/fossil energy hybridization Matsunami, J. et al. Sol. Energy, 2000, 68, (3), 257-261. Coal gasification with COz (the Boudouard reaction: C + CO2 = 2C0, A,H” = 169.2 kJ/mol at 1150 K), which can be applied to a solar thermochemical process to convert concentrated solar heat into chemical energy, was conducted in the molten salt medium (eutectic mixture of NazCOs and KzCOs, weight ratio = l/l) to provide thermal storage. When COz gas was bubbled through the molten salt, higher reaction rates were observed compared to the case without COz gas bubbling (CO* gas was streamed over the surface of the molten salt). Thus the coke formed by coal pyrolysis was well suspended in the Fuel and Energy
Abstracts
January 2002
51
(In or
02/00499 Energy applications of olive-oil industry by-products: - I. The exhaust foot cake Masghouni, M., Hassairi, M. Biomass Bioenergy, 2000, 18, (3), 257-262. The energy characteristics of the exhaust foot cake (EFC) from the olive-oil extraction industry are described in this paper. This biomass has proved to be an interesting energy source. The use of this solidwaste as a combustible in brick manufacture is economically profitable: 1100 tons of EFC yearly substitute 420 EOT of No. 2 heavy fuel containing 4% of sulphur. The use of this solid-waste as an energy source is environment friendly, as it reduces the nuisance of solid-waste and gas emissions to the atmosphere, particularly sulphur oxides. 02lOO500 Energy conversion from biomass Kitani, 0. T&o Enerugi, 2000, 26, (I), 3-1. (In Japanese) A review with 12 references. 02/00501 Energy production from contaminated biomass. Progress of on-going collaboration projects Grebenkov, A. et al. Impact Miner. Impurities Solid Fuel Cornbust., [Proc. Eng. Found. Conf. Miner. Matter Fuelsj, 1997, 635-643. Edited by Gupta R.P., Wall T.F., Baxter L. Feasibility study results are presented on the use of contaminated forests as sustainable renewable fuel resources. The bench-scale experiment was carried out to testify aerosol modelling and combustion properties of forest litter and duff. The results showed that: a conventional type boiler can effectively burn the new biofuel, radionuclide emission may not exceed the permissible concentration, ash residues can be effectively stabilized and handled, proposed action will reduce risk and doses to pupulation, and use of contaminated forest will lead to termination of its deterioration and improve social activity of local communities. 02/00502 Method and apparatus for gasification and incineration of biomass with manufacture of a tar-free gas Kiefer, C. Ger. Offen. DE 19,846,805 (Cl. ClOB53/00), 13 Apr 2000, Appl. 19,846,805, 10 Ott 1998. 6. (In German) The biomass, either agricultural materials or wastes: are first pyrolysed to form a pyrolysis gas and coke, the coke is comminuted, and the coke and gas mixture is then pyrolysed over a bed of glowing coke to form a synthesis gas. The synthesis gas and the coke are recycled to maintain high incineration levels. Excess synthesis gas and coke are recovered. 02100503 Power production from wood - comparison of the Rankine cycle to concepts using gasification and fast pyrolysis Solantausta, Y., Huotari, J. VTT Tied., 2000, 2024, Part3/l-Part3/46. A study of small scale power production from woody biomass was carried out within the IEA Bioenergy Task ‘Techno-Economic Assessments for Bioenergy Applications’. The task had the following objectives: to compare the common steam boiler power plant (the Rankine cycle) to two alternative new power plant concepts, to assess the uncertainties within these new concepts, to estimate the development potential of these concepts. The study was carried out comparing production of electricity at 2 MWe. The scale was selected to study:
energy sources (solar energy)
how well the common steam boiler power plant competes with the new power plant concepts especially in the small scale, what is the future estimates for cost and performance of the new concepts. The systems compared were: the Rankine steam boiler power plant, the gas engine power plant using gasification fuel gas. The gasifier and the engine are integrated, the diesel power plant using fast pyrolysis liquid as a fuel. Liquid production and the power plant are de-coupled. Overall efficiencies for these systems are: the Rankine cycle 17.5%, gasification-gas engine 23.9%, and pyrolysis-diesel engine 24.7%. Potential improved efficiencies for the three technologies are 23,32.4, and 31.5%, respectively. Estimated specific investment costs for the base power plants are 2300, 4200, and 3600 US$/kWe, respectively. It is shown that the Rankine cycle is superior compared to the gasification-gas engine and pyrolysis-diesel engine with current cost data. Increasing fuel cost 50% from the base value FIM 45/MWh (USD 2.3/GJ) improves the competitiveness of new concepts, but the Rankine is continuously more economic over the whole annual operation time. At high fuel costs, the difference between the diesel and the Rankine is negligible below 4000 h/a. In a very long-term operation time, the gas engine is not much more expensive than the Rankine power plant. Differences between the alternatives are fairly small over the whole range, where improvements for technologies are assumed valid. The range of variation with the Rankine and the least-cost new cycle is about lo%, which is not a significant difference within the accuracy of the study. It is shown that co-generation improves the economics of small-scale power production considerably. The Rankine cycle remains as the least-cost option in all cases studied. It is concluded that for the new power plant technologies to be competitive compared to the Rankine cycle, especially capital costs have to be reduced. Without such reductions it is hard to compete with the Rankine cycle in a small scale either in power-only or cogeneration mode of operation.
Geothermal
energy
02/00504 Paleotemperature analysis of Aliaga (Izmir, Turkey) geothermal field Senguler, I. et al. Energy Sources, 2000, 22, (4), 357-362. Mineralogical and organopetrography analysis were carried out on core samples of four geothermal wells from the Aliaga geothermal field located in western Turkey. Whole rock mineralogy and clay minerals were determined, and thermal maturity of the different levels of the formation was defined by means of vitrinite reflectance measurements. The measured maturity gradients complied from analysis data for four wells and outcrops ranged from low to very high values. 02/00505 The status of world geothermal power generation 1995-2000 Huttrer, G.W. Geothermics, 2001, 30, l-27. In order to assess the current status of international geothermal power generation, the author has reviewed the Country Update (CIJ) papers submitted to the World Geothermal Conference 2000 in Japan from nations generating or planning to generate electricity. Salient facts in these papers have been synthesized and summary descriptions of geothermally-related activities written. Finally, following a brief discussion, conclusions are drawn and appropriate tables and graphs presented. The CU reviews revealed that: (1) geothermally-fuelled electric power is being generated in 21 nations as of February 2000; (2) the installed capacity has reached 7974 MWe, which is a 16.7% increase since 1995; the total energy generated during the past 5 years has been at least 49,261 GWh; about 1165 wells more than 100 m deep have been drilled, and at least 13,621 person-years of professional geothermists’ time has been expended in the nations that reported this statistic.
Solar energy 02/00508 Coal gasification by CO2 gas bubbling in molten salt for solar/fossil energy hybridization Matsunami, J. et al. Sol. Energy, 2000, 68, (3), 257-261. Coal gasification with COz (the Boudouard reaction: C + CO2 = 2C0, A,H” = 169.2 kJ/mol at 1150 K), which can be applied to a solar thermochemical process to convert concentrated solar heat into chemical energy, was conducted in the molten salt medium (eutectic mixture of NazCOs and KzCOs, weight ratio = l/l) to provide thermal storage. When COz gas was bubbled through the molten salt, higher reaction rates were observed compared to the case without COz gas bubbling (CO* gas was streamed over the surface of the molten salt). Thus the coke formed by coal pyrolysis was well suspended in the Fuel and Energy
Abstracts
January 2002
51