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Changes in Total Body Water and Dry Body Weight with Age and Body Weight in Friesians and Water Buffaloes
Changes in Total Body Water and Dry Body Weight with Age and Body Weight in Friesians and Water Buffaloes T. H. KAMAL and S. M. SElF Bioclimatology Unit, Radiobiology Division Atomic Energy Establishment, Cairo, United Arab Republic Abstract
and live body weight with age in female Friesians and W a t e r Buffaloes. W e also attempted to establish age averages for these measurements in the two species, as such infm~mtion is not available.
Ninety Friesian and 153 W a t e r Buffalo cows, 6 to 60 months and 100 to 500 kg body weight, were used in this study. Total body water was determined by 3H-radioisotope dilution technique and dry body weight deduced by subtracting total body water from live body weight. I n Friesians and Buffaloes there were significant positive correlations (P < 0.01) between age and each of live body weight (r : 0.7228, 0.8990), dry body weight (r : 0.6728, 0.8305), and total body water in liters (r : 0.3860, 0.6150), whereas there were significant negative correlations (P < 0.0]) between age and total body water in liters/ :100 kg live body weight ( r : 0 . 2 9 6 8 , --0.3795) and in liters/]00 kg dry body weight (r : --0.2427, --0.2990). Moreover, live body weights in Friesians and Buffaloes were positively correlated with dry body weight at P < 0.01 (r : 0.8450, 0.9167) and with total body water in liters at P < 0.0i (r : 0.8972, 0.9508). Linear regressions were made for each of live body weight, dry body weight, and total body water, in liters, liters/100 kg live body weight, and liters/100 kg dry body weight, on age, as well as for each of total body water in liters, and dry body weight on live body weight.
Experimental Procedure
Growth is commonly estimated by the increase in live body weight, which comprises total solids and total body water. W a t e r retention is "known to vary considerably between animals during growth, due to difference in the rate of accumulation of the less hydrated fat, collagen, and fibrous tissues in replacement of the more hydrated functioning protoplasmic mass, and to the age difference in response to nutritional and climatic factors. I t seems, therefore, that dry body weight would represent a better index than live body weight for an accurate estimation of growth in living animMs. The objective of this study was to determine the change in dry body weight, total body water, Received for pub]icatlon September 9, :1968.
Ninety Friesians and 153 W a t e r Buffaloes of ages ranging from one month to five years of age and from 100 to 500 kg of body weight were used in this study. The animals were maintained under open sheds throughout the year and were fed on concentrates, wheat straw, mad small amounts of green fodder according to body weight (13). They were watered ad libitum three times daily. Total body water was determined with the isotope dilution technique. A single dose of 2 mCi/100 kg live body weight of tritiated water was injected subcutaneously 3 hr after the morning feeding and watering. To assure uniform distribution of tritiated water, feeding and watering were restricted for 6 hr after dosing. A blood sample was then collected from the jugular vein, after which feeding and watering were permitted. F o u r blood samples were also collected at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr after dosing', respectively. They were withdrawn without stasis, using a bleeding needle into sterile siliconized test tubes containing Nae EDTA. Blood samples were centrifuged and 1-ml aliquots of the separated plasma were transferred in duplicates, into the counting vials which contained 10 ml of liquid scintillator (4.0 g 2,5-diphenyloxazole, 0.1 g p-bis[2-(5-phenyloxazolyl) l-benzene, and 85 g naphthalene in one liter para-dioxane) and were counted in the automatic liquid scintillation spectrometer (Nuclear Chicago Model 724) after being stored under refrigeration in complete darkness overnight at 5 C. To correct for the samples quenching due to co/or, chemical composition, and precipitated protein, another 1-ml aliquot of each sample was mixed in the counting vial with 0.1 ml of the tritiated water standard and 10 ml of the fluor mixture. I t was counted by the same procedure and served as an internal standard. The equation used for quenching correction was: Corrected
1650
1651
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sample activity ~ standard activity × sample activity/internal standard activity -- sample activity. The corrected activities of the five samples, counts/rain, were plotted on a semilogarithmic p a p e r against time, hours after dosing, and the extrapolated activity at theoretical zero time of dosing was used in determining the total body water according to the following equation: Total body water, liters ----standard activity × standard dilution factor × dose volume/sample activity at zero time × 1,000. Live body weight was determined by weighing the animals a£ter morning feeding and watering every day of the experiment, and the weights were averaged. Dry body weight was determined by difference (live body w e i g h t - total body water). Total body water in liters, liters/100 kg live body weight, and liters/100 kg dry body weight, as well as live and dry body weights were correlated with age in months. Dry body weight and total body water in liters were also correlated with live body weight. Linear regressions were made and those shown to be statistically significant were used in this study. Averages of the five estimates were computed for each of the following age groups 1 to 12, 13 to 24, 25 to 36, 37 to 48, and over 48 months in Friesians and 1 to 12, 13 to 24, and over 24 months in Buffaloes. The simple correlation and linear regressions were made according to Snedecor (17).
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Results and Discussion
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Body "weight. The averages of live and dry body weights for Friesians and Buffaloes were higher in older than in younger groups (Table 1). When the pooled data were correlated with age in months, it was found that these characters increased with advancing age from six months to five years in Friesians and Buffaloes, as indicated by the significant positive correlation coefficients (P ~ 0.01) shown in Table 2. Dry body weight was also positively correlated with live body weights at P ~ 0.01 (Table 3). The aforementioned relatiSnships were also presented by linear regression curves and equations (Fig. 1 and 2), which were significant at 0.01 (Tables 4 and 5). Although several workers studied the relation between live body weight and age in cattle (2, 4, 8, 11, 15, 16), no information is available on dry body weight change with age or with live body weight. The increase in live or dry body weight with age, however, is because the advance in age is associated with growth, which is an increase in live matter or protoplasm including cellular multiplication and cellular en,.1". D A I R Y SCIE1Q'CE V O L . 5 2 , l~*o. 1 0
1652
KAMAL AND SEIF
TABLE 2. Correlations between age and each of live body weight, dry body weight, and total body water in Friesians and W a t e r Buffaloes. Friesians Measurements Body weight Live (kg) D r y (kg) Body water Liters Liters/100 kg live body weight Liters/100 kg dry body weight
Buffaloes
r
df
r
df
+0.7228 +0.6728
88 88
+0.8990 +0.8305
151 151
+0.3860 --0.2968 --0.2427
88 88 88
+0.6150 --0.3795 --0.2990
151 151 151
N.B. All r values are highly significant at 0.01. largement, and a deposition of organic and inorganic matter. Since live body weight includes water and total solids (dry body weight) which are not in the same proportion at various stages of growth, as will be discussed later, it is expected that dry body weight changes with age not at the same rate as that of live body weight with age. I n this study it was found that the increase in live body weight with age from 20 to 60 months of age was 64% in Friesians and 114% in Buffaloes, whereas the increase in dry body weight was greater, being 90% in Friesians and 138% in Buffaloes as computed from the aforementioned regression equations in Figure 1. This difference between these two growth rates is due to the fact that as the animal advances in age the ratio of the less hydrated adipose, fibrous, and collagen tissues to the more hydrated skeletal muscles is increased (6, 11, 14, 18). Total body water. Table 1 shows that the age averages of absolute total body water were higher in the older than in the younger age groups in Friesians and Buffaloes. The opposite was true, however, regarding the age averages of relative total body water in liters/100 kg live body weight and in liters/100 kg dry body weight. These results are continued by the significant positive correlation (P < 0.01) found between age in months and absolute total body water and by the significant negative
correlation (P < 0.01) found between age in month and both relative values of body water in Friesians and Buffaloes (Table 2). These relationships are also expressed by significant linear regression equations (Tables 4 and 5) and curves (Fig. 1) for ages between six months and five years. The relationship between total body water and live body weight from 100 to 500 kg in Friesians and Buffaloes was positive and significant at P < 0.01 using simple correlation (Table 3) and linear regression equations (Tables 4 and 5) and curves (Fig. 2). The decrease in total body water, liters/100 kg live body weight with age from six months to five years, can be attributed to aging during this growth period and is associated with building up of tissues of progressively low water content, as previously mentioned. Furthermore, it has been reported that young animals contained more lean tissues than older animals (7, 9) and such tissue contained 72% water, whereas it is only 20% in adipose tissues (5). The inverse relationship between body water content and body f a t content (10) also substantiates these results. Another factor contributing to decreased body water, liters 100 kg body weight, with age is the expected decrease in growth hormone secretion with advancing age. This hormone causes an increase in the extra-
TABLE 3. Correlations between live body weight and each of dry body weight and total body water in Friesians and W a t e r Buffaloes. Friesians
Buffaloes
Measurements
r
df
r
df
Dry body weight (kg) Total body weight (liters)
+0.8450 +0.8972
88 88
+0.9167 +0.9508
151 150
N.B. : All r values are highly significant at 0.01. ,T. DAIRY SCIENCE VOL. 52, NO. 10
TABLE 4. Analysis of variance for the regressions of Friesians. Regressions
Source
df
SS
MS
F
Live body weight/age
Total Regression Error
89
1233044 751806 481238
751806 5468
137.48"
Total Regression Error
89
631919 143302 488617
143302 5552
25.81"
Total Regression Error
89
238648 2732
87.34*
88
479090 238648 240442
Total Regression Error
89
5327
Dry body weight/age
Total body water/age
Total body water per 100 kg live body weight/age
Total body water per 100 kg dry body weight/age
Total body water/live body weight t~ Dry body weight/live body weight 5~
2
1
88 1
88 1
1
1199
4127
1199 46.9
25.58*
88
Total Regression Error
89
463192 213803 249389
213803 2833
75.44*
Total Regresmon Error
89
479090 466953 12136
466953 137.92
33.85*
Total Regression Error
89
631919 196300 435619
196300 4950
39.65*
1
88 1
88 1
88
O
* Significant at 0.01.
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TABLE 5. Analysis of variance for the regressions of Buffaloes. Regressions
Source
df
SS
MS
F
Live body weight/age
Total Regression Error
149 1 148
3162142 2632889 529252
2632889 3576
736.26 *
Total Regressmn Error
149 1 148
704587 480598 223988
480598 1513
317.56 ~
Total Regression Error
149 1 148
1080878 863718 21.7159
863718 1467
588"65~
Total Regression Error
149 1 148
13616 2227 11388
2227 76.95
28.95 ~
Total Regressmn Error
149 1 148
1262727 197252 1065474
197252 7199
27.40 ~:'
Total Regressmn Error
149 1 148
1080878 1066274 14603
1066274 98.67
10806 ¢:~
Total Regressmn Error
149 1 148
704587 568205 136381
568205 921.50
616.61 ~:~
Dry body weight/age
Total body water/age
Total body water per 100 kg live body weight/age
Total body water per 100 kg dry body weight/age
Total body water/live body weight
Dry body weight/live body weight
~:~Significant at 0.01.
1655
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cellular space and maintains the muscle potassium concentration (1), which eventually leads to high intracellular water. The relative volumes of extracellular and intraceIIular water were reported to decrease with aging (3, 12), thus causing the observed decrease in total body water concentration with advancing age in Friesians and Buffaloes.
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Acknowledgment
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We are grateful to the Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ein-Shams University, for providing most of the animals used in this study.
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FRIESIANS
BUFFALOES References
500[y.93.57+6.2455 X ) 200 P i Y =23.59+2.668/` X -
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60
AGE~ MONT HS
FZG. 1. Linear regressions of body weight and total body water on age in Frlesians and Water Buffaloes.
(1) Batts, A. A., L. B. Leslie, and S. Jerome. 1954. The effect of growth hormone on muscle potassium and extraeellular fluid. Endocrinology, 55: 456. (2) Brody, S. 1945. Bioenergetics and Growth. Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York. (3) Elkinton, J. R. 1950. Water metabolism. Ann. Rev. Physiol., 145: 178. (4) Engeler, W., and A. Gaillard. 1964. Weight increases of Brown Swiss bulls/ Mitt. Schweiz. Braun Viehz Verb., 4: 204. (5) Holmes, E. G. 1962. Changes in body water and body solids in African adults and their relation to nutrition. Quart. J. Exptl. Physiol., 47 : 15. (6) Hornicke, H. 1962. Methods for the deterruination of body composition of living animaJs with special reference to the pig.
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FRIESIANS BUFFALOES
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300 400
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BODY WEIGHT, KG
:FIG. 2. Linear regressions of dry body weight and total body water on llve body weight in Friesians and Water Buffaloes. J. DAIRY SCZE~eE V0L. 52, NO. 10
1656
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
KAMXS AND SEIP
V. The body composition of normally fed pigs during the time of growth. Z. Tierphysiol., Tierernaehr. Futtermittelk., 17: 28. Jelinek, J. 1961. The development of the regulation of water metabolism. VI. Changes in the content of water, potassium, sodium and chloride in body fluid of rats during development. Physiol. Bohemoslovaea, 10: 249. Johnson, H. D., and A. C. Ragsdale. 1959. Effect of constant environmental temperatures of 50 ° and 80 ° F on the growth responses of Holstein, Brown Swiss, and ffersey calves. Missouri Agr. Exp. Sta., Res. Bull. 705. Kraybil], H. F., O. G. Hankins, and H. L. Bitter. 1951. Body composition of cattle. I. Estimation of body f a t from measurement of in vivo body water by use of antipyrine. J. Appl. Physiol., 3: 681. Kraybill, H. F., E. R. Goode, and R. S. B. Robertson. 1953. I n vivo measurement of body f a t and body water in swine. J. App]. Physiol., 6: 27. Malkus, L. A., and R. L. Henrlekson. 1964. Growth and development of beef heifers from weaning to 18 months of age. Oklahoma Agr. Exp. Sta., Misc. Publ., 74 : 18.
J. DAIRY SCIB~CCE VOT.. 52, NO. 10
(12) Medway, W. 1958. Total body water in growing domestic fowl by antipyrine dilution technic. Proe. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med., 99 : 733. (13) Morrison, F. E. 1945. Feeds and Feeding. 20th ed. Morrison Publishing House, Ithaca, New York. (14) Panaretto, B. A. 1963. Body composition in vivo. I I I . The composition of living ruminants and its relation to the tritiated water spaces. Australiar~ J. Agr. Res., 114 : 944. (15) Ragsdale, &. C., C. S. Cheng, and H. D. Johnson. 1957. Effects of constant environmental temperatures of 50 ° F and 80 ° 1~ on the growth responses of Brahman, Santa Gertrudis, and Shorthorn calves. Missouri Agr. Exp. Sta., Res. Bull. 642. (16) Ridler, B., W. H. Broster, and A. S. Foot. 1961. The growth rate of heifers in dairy herd. J. Agr. Sci., 61:1. (17) Snedecor, G. W. 1962. Statistical Methods. 5th ed. Iowa State College Press, Ames. (18) Wood, A. J., and T. D. D. Groves. 1965. Body compositio~ studies on the suckling pig. I. Moisture, chemical fat, total protein, and total ash in relation to age and body weight. Canad. J. Anita. Sci., 4 5 : 8 .
and live body weight with age in female Friesians and W a t e r Buffaloes. W e also attempted to establish age averages for these measurements in the two species, as such infm~mtion is not available.
Ninety Friesian and 153 W a t e r Buffalo cows, 6 to 60 months and 100 to 500 kg body weight, were used in this study. Total body water was determined by 3H-radioisotope dilution technique and dry body weight deduced by subtracting total body water from live body weight. I n Friesians and Buffaloes there were significant positive correlations (P < 0.01) between age and each of live body weight (r : 0.7228, 0.8990), dry body weight (r : 0.6728, 0.8305), and total body water in liters (r : 0.3860, 0.6150), whereas there were significant negative correlations (P < 0.0]) between age and total body water in liters/ :100 kg live body weight ( r : 0 . 2 9 6 8 , --0.3795) and in liters/]00 kg dry body weight (r : --0.2427, --0.2990). Moreover, live body weights in Friesians and Buffaloes were positively correlated with dry body weight at P < 0.01 (r : 0.8450, 0.9167) and with total body water in liters at P < 0.0i (r : 0.8972, 0.9508). Linear regressions were made for each of live body weight, dry body weight, and total body water, in liters, liters/100 kg live body weight, and liters/100 kg dry body weight, on age, as well as for each of total body water in liters, and dry body weight on live body weight.
Experimental Procedure
Growth is commonly estimated by the increase in live body weight, which comprises total solids and total body water. W a t e r retention is "known to vary considerably between animals during growth, due to difference in the rate of accumulation of the less hydrated fat, collagen, and fibrous tissues in replacement of the more hydrated functioning protoplasmic mass, and to the age difference in response to nutritional and climatic factors. I t seems, therefore, that dry body weight would represent a better index than live body weight for an accurate estimation of growth in living animMs. The objective of this study was to determine the change in dry body weight, total body water, Received for pub]icatlon September 9, :1968.
Ninety Friesians and 153 W a t e r Buffaloes of ages ranging from one month to five years of age and from 100 to 500 kg of body weight were used in this study. The animals were maintained under open sheds throughout the year and were fed on concentrates, wheat straw, mad small amounts of green fodder according to body weight (13). They were watered ad libitum three times daily. Total body water was determined with the isotope dilution technique. A single dose of 2 mCi/100 kg live body weight of tritiated water was injected subcutaneously 3 hr after the morning feeding and watering. To assure uniform distribution of tritiated water, feeding and watering were restricted for 6 hr after dosing. A blood sample was then collected from the jugular vein, after which feeding and watering were permitted. F o u r blood samples were also collected at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr after dosing', respectively. They were withdrawn without stasis, using a bleeding needle into sterile siliconized test tubes containing Nae EDTA. Blood samples were centrifuged and 1-ml aliquots of the separated plasma were transferred in duplicates, into the counting vials which contained 10 ml of liquid scintillator (4.0 g 2,5-diphenyloxazole, 0.1 g p-bis[2-(5-phenyloxazolyl) l-benzene, and 85 g naphthalene in one liter para-dioxane) and were counted in the automatic liquid scintillation spectrometer (Nuclear Chicago Model 724) after being stored under refrigeration in complete darkness overnight at 5 C. To correct for the samples quenching due to co/or, chemical composition, and precipitated protein, another 1-ml aliquot of each sample was mixed in the counting vial with 0.1 ml of the tritiated water standard and 10 ml of the fluor mixture. I t was counted by the same procedure and served as an internal standard. The equation used for quenching correction was: Corrected
1650
1651
WATEI~ W~ETABOLIS~[
i
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sample activity ~ standard activity × sample activity/internal standard activity -- sample activity. The corrected activities of the five samples, counts/rain, were plotted on a semilogarithmic p a p e r against time, hours after dosing, and the extrapolated activity at theoretical zero time of dosing was used in determining the total body water according to the following equation: Total body water, liters ----standard activity × standard dilution factor × dose volume/sample activity at zero time × 1,000. Live body weight was determined by weighing the animals a£ter morning feeding and watering every day of the experiment, and the weights were averaged. Dry body weight was determined by difference (live body w e i g h t - total body water). Total body water in liters, liters/100 kg live body weight, and liters/100 kg dry body weight, as well as live and dry body weights were correlated with age in months. Dry body weight and total body water in liters were also correlated with live body weight. Linear regressions were made and those shown to be statistically significant were used in this study. Averages of the five estimates were computed for each of the following age groups 1 to 12, 13 to 24, 25 to 36, 37 to 48, and over 48 months in Friesians and 1 to 12, 13 to 24, and over 24 months in Buffaloes. The simple correlation and linear regressions were made according to Snedecor (17).
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Results and Discussion
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Body "weight. The averages of live and dry body weights for Friesians and Buffaloes were higher in older than in younger groups (Table 1). When the pooled data were correlated with age in months, it was found that these characters increased with advancing age from six months to five years in Friesians and Buffaloes, as indicated by the significant positive correlation coefficients (P ~ 0.01) shown in Table 2. Dry body weight was also positively correlated with live body weights at P ~ 0.01 (Table 3). The aforementioned relatiSnships were also presented by linear regression curves and equations (Fig. 1 and 2), which were significant at 0.01 (Tables 4 and 5). Although several workers studied the relation between live body weight and age in cattle (2, 4, 8, 11, 15, 16), no information is available on dry body weight change with age or with live body weight. The increase in live or dry body weight with age, however, is because the advance in age is associated with growth, which is an increase in live matter or protoplasm including cellular multiplication and cellular en,.1". D A I R Y SCIE1Q'CE V O L . 5 2 , l~*o. 1 0
1652
KAMAL AND SEIF
TABLE 2. Correlations between age and each of live body weight, dry body weight, and total body water in Friesians and W a t e r Buffaloes. Friesians Measurements Body weight Live (kg) D r y (kg) Body water Liters Liters/100 kg live body weight Liters/100 kg dry body weight
Buffaloes
r
df
r
df
+0.7228 +0.6728
88 88
+0.8990 +0.8305
151 151
+0.3860 --0.2968 --0.2427
88 88 88
+0.6150 --0.3795 --0.2990
151 151 151
N.B. All r values are highly significant at 0.01. largement, and a deposition of organic and inorganic matter. Since live body weight includes water and total solids (dry body weight) which are not in the same proportion at various stages of growth, as will be discussed later, it is expected that dry body weight changes with age not at the same rate as that of live body weight with age. I n this study it was found that the increase in live body weight with age from 20 to 60 months of age was 64% in Friesians and 114% in Buffaloes, whereas the increase in dry body weight was greater, being 90% in Friesians and 138% in Buffaloes as computed from the aforementioned regression equations in Figure 1. This difference between these two growth rates is due to the fact that as the animal advances in age the ratio of the less hydrated adipose, fibrous, and collagen tissues to the more hydrated skeletal muscles is increased (6, 11, 14, 18). Total body water. Table 1 shows that the age averages of absolute total body water were higher in the older than in the younger age groups in Friesians and Buffaloes. The opposite was true, however, regarding the age averages of relative total body water in liters/100 kg live body weight and in liters/100 kg dry body weight. These results are continued by the significant positive correlation (P < 0.01) found between age in months and absolute total body water and by the significant negative
correlation (P < 0.01) found between age in month and both relative values of body water in Friesians and Buffaloes (Table 2). These relationships are also expressed by significant linear regression equations (Tables 4 and 5) and curves (Fig. 1) for ages between six months and five years. The relationship between total body water and live body weight from 100 to 500 kg in Friesians and Buffaloes was positive and significant at P < 0.01 using simple correlation (Table 3) and linear regression equations (Tables 4 and 5) and curves (Fig. 2). The decrease in total body water, liters/100 kg live body weight with age from six months to five years, can be attributed to aging during this growth period and is associated with building up of tissues of progressively low water content, as previously mentioned. Furthermore, it has been reported that young animals contained more lean tissues than older animals (7, 9) and such tissue contained 72% water, whereas it is only 20% in adipose tissues (5). The inverse relationship between body water content and body f a t content (10) also substantiates these results. Another factor contributing to decreased body water, liters 100 kg body weight, with age is the expected decrease in growth hormone secretion with advancing age. This hormone causes an increase in the extra-
TABLE 3. Correlations between live body weight and each of dry body weight and total body water in Friesians and W a t e r Buffaloes. Friesians
Buffaloes
Measurements
r
df
r
df
Dry body weight (kg) Total body weight (liters)
+0.8450 +0.8972
88 88
+0.9167 +0.9508
151 150
N.B. : All r values are highly significant at 0.01. ,T. DAIRY SCIENCE VOL. 52, NO. 10
TABLE 4. Analysis of variance for the regressions of Friesians. Regressions
Source
df
SS
MS
F
Live body weight/age
Total Regression Error
89
1233044 751806 481238
751806 5468
137.48"
Total Regression Error
89
631919 143302 488617
143302 5552
25.81"
Total Regression Error
89
238648 2732
87.34*
88
479090 238648 240442
Total Regression Error
89
5327
Dry body weight/age
Total body water/age
Total body water per 100 kg live body weight/age
Total body water per 100 kg dry body weight/age
Total body water/live body weight t~ Dry body weight/live body weight 5~
2
1
88 1
88 1
1
1199
4127
1199 46.9
25.58*
88
Total Regression Error
89
463192 213803 249389
213803 2833
75.44*
Total Regresmon Error
89
479090 466953 12136
466953 137.92
33.85*
Total Regression Error
89
631919 196300 435619
196300 4950
39.65*
1
88 1
88 1
88
O
* Significant at 0.01.
.o
I..a
TABLE 5. Analysis of variance for the regressions of Buffaloes. Regressions
Source
df
SS
MS
F
Live body weight/age
Total Regression Error
149 1 148
3162142 2632889 529252
2632889 3576
736.26 *
Total Regressmn Error
149 1 148
704587 480598 223988
480598 1513
317.56 ~
Total Regression Error
149 1 148
1080878 863718 21.7159
863718 1467
588"65~
Total Regression Error
149 1 148
13616 2227 11388
2227 76.95
28.95 ~
Total Regressmn Error
149 1 148
1262727 197252 1065474
197252 7199
27.40 ~:'
Total Regressmn Error
149 1 148
1080878 1066274 14603
1066274 98.67
10806 ¢:~
Total Regressmn Error
149 1 148
704587 568205 136381
568205 921.50
616.61 ~:~
Dry body weight/age
Total body water/age
Total body water per 100 kg live body weight/age
Total body water per 100 kg dry body weight/age
Total body water/live body weight
Dry body weight/live body weight
~:~Significant at 0.01.
1655
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cellular space and maintains the muscle potassium concentration (1), which eventually leads to high intracellular water. The relative volumes of extracellular and intraceIIular water were reported to decrease with aging (3, 12), thus causing the observed decrease in total body water concentration with advancing age in Friesians and Buffaloes.
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Acknowledgment
•-J.300, 1 I Y "70-20 +3"5772 X--'./J 250i.,/" I
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We are grateful to the Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ein-Shams University, for providing most of the animals used in this study.
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FRIESIANS
BUFFALOES References
500[y.93.57+6.2455 X ) 200 P i Y =23.59+2.668/` X -
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AGE~ MONT HS
FZG. 1. Linear regressions of body weight and total body water on age in Frlesians and Water Buffaloes.
(1) Batts, A. A., L. B. Leslie, and S. Jerome. 1954. The effect of growth hormone on muscle potassium and extraeellular fluid. Endocrinology, 55: 456. (2) Brody, S. 1945. Bioenergetics and Growth. Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York. (3) Elkinton, J. R. 1950. Water metabolism. Ann. Rev. Physiol., 145: 178. (4) Engeler, W., and A. Gaillard. 1964. Weight increases of Brown Swiss bulls/ Mitt. Schweiz. Braun Viehz Verb., 4: 204. (5) Holmes, E. G. 1962. Changes in body water and body solids in African adults and their relation to nutrition. Quart. J. Exptl. Physiol., 47 : 15. (6) Hornicke, H. 1962. Methods for the deterruination of body composition of living animaJs with special reference to the pig.
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BODY WEIGHT, KG
:FIG. 2. Linear regressions of dry body weight and total body water on llve body weight in Friesians and Water Buffaloes. J. DAIRY SCZE~eE V0L. 52, NO. 10
1656
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
KAMXS AND SEIP
V. The body composition of normally fed pigs during the time of growth. Z. Tierphysiol., Tierernaehr. Futtermittelk., 17: 28. Jelinek, J. 1961. The development of the regulation of water metabolism. VI. Changes in the content of water, potassium, sodium and chloride in body fluid of rats during development. Physiol. Bohemoslovaea, 10: 249. Johnson, H. D., and A. C. Ragsdale. 1959. Effect of constant environmental temperatures of 50 ° and 80 ° F on the growth responses of Holstein, Brown Swiss, and ffersey calves. Missouri Agr. Exp. Sta., Res. Bull. 705. Kraybil], H. F., O. G. Hankins, and H. L. Bitter. 1951. Body composition of cattle. I. Estimation of body f a t from measurement of in vivo body water by use of antipyrine. J. Appl. Physiol., 3: 681. Kraybill, H. F., E. R. Goode, and R. S. B. Robertson. 1953. I n vivo measurement of body f a t and body water in swine. J. App]. Physiol., 6: 27. Malkus, L. A., and R. L. Henrlekson. 1964. Growth and development of beef heifers from weaning to 18 months of age. Oklahoma Agr. Exp. Sta., Misc. Publ., 74 : 18.
J. DAIRY SCIB~CCE VOT.. 52, NO. 10
(12) Medway, W. 1958. Total body water in growing domestic fowl by antipyrine dilution technic. Proe. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med., 99 : 733. (13) Morrison, F. E. 1945. Feeds and Feeding. 20th ed. Morrison Publishing House, Ithaca, New York. (14) Panaretto, B. A. 1963. Body composition in vivo. I I I . The composition of living ruminants and its relation to the tritiated water spaces. Australiar~ J. Agr. Res., 114 : 944. (15) Ragsdale, &. C., C. S. Cheng, and H. D. Johnson. 1957. Effects of constant environmental temperatures of 50 ° F and 80 ° 1~ on the growth responses of Brahman, Santa Gertrudis, and Shorthorn calves. Missouri Agr. Exp. Sta., Res. Bull. 642. (16) Ridler, B., W. H. Broster, and A. S. Foot. 1961. The growth rate of heifers in dairy herd. J. Agr. Sci., 61:1. (17) Snedecor, G. W. 1962. Statistical Methods. 5th ed. Iowa State College Press, Ames. (18) Wood, A. J., and T. D. D. Groves. 1965. Body compositio~ studies on the suckling pig. I. Moisture, chemical fat, total protein, and total ash in relation to age and body weight. Canad. J. Anita. Sci., 4 5 : 8 .