Chapter 10 Availability of Geospatial Data Through Libraries in the United States

159

CHAPTER 10

AVAILABILITY OF GEOSPATIAL DATA THROUGH LIBRARIES IN THE UNITED

STATES

MARY LYNETTE LARSGAARD

Map and Imagery Laboratory, Davidson Library University of California Santa Barbara, California 93106 USA

Introduction

So-called "map" libraries actually hold many other media, all the way from air photographs to globes to gazetteers, and indeed encompass any sort of geospatial data or what is called "supporting material". In the latter category are such items as cartographic journals. Map libraries are usually not only administratively but also physically part of larger libraries, e.g., university libraries; occasionally in the academic environment they are housed in the same building as a geography department. Wherever they are located, map libraries have long evidenced the library tradition of making information readily available to users. The digital revolution has affected these libraries, generally for the better, even before it made massive changes in life for the rest of LibraryLand. What has happened since approximately the 1950s, and what it means in terms of availability of information to users, is the focus of this paper.

Then Was T h e n .

Collection Building and Availability of lnformation The second half of the twentieth century has, in the world of map libraries, been an era in which geospatial-data collections in university and government libraries have grown to substantial sizes (by the late 1980s, more than twenty U.S. collections had more than

160 250,000 printed maps) and in some countries, such as Canada and the United States, have thus made research-level collections available to non-military users (Wolter 1973, p. 261; Guide to U.S. map resources 1990, p. x). By the late 1980s, there were held in the aggregate by map collections in the United States, about 38 million maps, 25 million air photographs, 8 million satellite images, nearly 300,000 atlases, and miscellaneous other materials. The average university map collection was housed in about 1,000 square feet; overall, the average area was about 850 square feet (Guide 1990, xiv). The collections in the United States were 46% in universities, 18 percent in public libraries, 17 percent in state or Federal agencies, 11 percent in private, and 8 percent in geoscience agencies (Guide to U.S. map resources 1990, p.x). This growth was also evidenced by the founding of the first map-library group (the Geography and Map Division of the Special Libraries Association) in the United States in 1941 - followed after a lengthy hiatus by the Map Curators' Group of the British Cartographic Society in 1966, the Western Association of Map Libraries in 1967, the Association of Canadian Map Libraries and Archives in 1968, the Geography and Map Section of the International Federation of Library Association in 1969, the Australian Map Curators Circle in 1973, the American Library Association's Map and Geography Round Table in 1980 - and thus by the presence of several map-library groups in the classic reference tool, the Encyclopedia of Associations. In addition, a spate of map societies was formed during the 1970s and early 1980s, such as the Chicago Map Society (1976), the Michigan Map Society (1977), the California Map Society (1978), and the Delaware Valley Map Society (1983) (Larsgaard 1987, p. 229). Why has this growth occurred? Overwhelmingly because of the substantial and longstanding distribution of materials through the U.S. depository program; before CD-ROMs came on the scene in strength, a full depository of all maps came to about 6,000 sheets per year. The U.S. depository program is enormous and complicated; for example, in 1994, the U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO) distributed 17.8 million copies of 45,800 titles to the approximately 1,400 depository libraries; these copies remain the property of the U.S. government, and may be recalled at any time (but seldom are). Libraries may be designated as depositories by Senators (each may designate two for that Senator's state) and Representatives (each may designate two for that Representative's Congressional district), as well as by law (USGPO 1996, pp. 30-33). Even though librarians mutter darkly about items that are free until the items come through the library door and then immediately start costing in terms of staff and space, this is just a cover for a deep-rooted dependence on and appreciation for the many, many items that flow through the depository system. Just a glance through the ca. 160 pages of classes of items offered in the periodical, List of classes of United States government publications available for selection by depository libraries (began 1960; Washington, D.C.: Superintendent of Documents) - with about fifty classes per page gives a strong indication of how important this program is. An example of a "class" is: I 19.81/2:

1:50,000 Series (Tennessee) (P) 0619-M-42

The first block is the Superintendent of Documents (SuDocs) call number for the class; the second block contains respectively the title of the class, whether it is in p (P) or CD-ROM form, and the class's item number. There are nine pages just for the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS; I 19. ), the primary producer of Federal maps.

161 Interestingly enough, USGS, the then (and now once again) Coast and Geodetic Survey (C&GS), and the then Army Map Service (AMS; next mainly the Defense Mapping Agency, and now part of the National Imagery and Mapping Agency) have each had a repository program for libraries long before their maps began to be distributed through the U.S. depository program that is run by the Superintendent of Documents - mainly in 1984, with the then National Ocean Survey (NOS) being added in several years later (Larsgaard 1987, p. 68). Folk wisdom says that USGS has the longest running gratis-maps automatic-distribution system to libraries, possibly dating back to the late nineteenth century. It would be impossible to overstate the importance of the repository/depository systems and of Federal mapping agencies, and more specifically USGS (over the years a stalwart friend to map collections), to U.S. map libraries. USGS has maintained for some years repository mailings to libraries in Canada, although these have become fewer in number as over the last five years or so, times have become financially tougher for the Survey. In addition, federal agencies in non-U.S, countries have automatic mailings of maps to a usually very limited number of libraries. For example, the University of California, Berkeley library receives mailings of the Canadian l:50,000-scale map series, and the University of California, Santa Barbara library receives the Canadian hydrographic-series sheets. Called by whatever name - depository; repository; automatic mailings - these programs are very much appreciated by map libraries and their users. Another reason for the substantial growth of map collections by the late twentieth century has been that it is impossible for any map library seeking to obtain base topographic mapping for a country to Think Small. It is usual for these series to be in the hundreds or thousands of sheets. Also, any map library seeking to obtain air photos even of just the county in which the library is located is looking at large numbers, easily in the hundreds or thousands of air photos. And since the federal topographic maps of any given country are base data, they tend to be the mainstays of the map collection, and the maps that almost any map library is most likely to purchase. One begins with the series one can afford, perhaps at 1:500,000 scale and then works one's way to larger and larger scales as user needs require and as the budget permits. As a result of the AMS's nasty experience at the beginning of World War II, at which point the Army discovered that when it came to mapping it hadn't been "caught with our pants down, [but rather] we had no pants at all," the U.S. military made a concerted effort during the War to beg, borrow, or salvage any maps it could get, and after the War to map all land surfaces, most notably in its classified JOG (Joint Operations Graphic) series 150 l, at a scale of 1:250,000 (Hagen 1979, p. 3). Not in the least coincidentally, the Soviet military was working at the same task, but in its case mapping at 1:200,000. While the JOG sheets remain classified, the current Russian agency in charge of these sheets is anxious for dollars (or any other relatively stable currencies), and has been selling the sheets to U.S. map libraries in large numbers, via vendors such as Brupbacher-Landkarten (Urdorf, Switzerland), East View, Four One, GeoCenter (Stuttgart, G e r m a n y ) a n d Omni (www.eastview.com; www.icis.net/fourone; www.omnimap.com ). The Soviet military general staff produced four series, three of topographic maps (1:200,000; l:100,000; 1:50,000) and one of city plans (1:25,000 or l:10,000). Since these sheets were produced by the military solely for its own use, they are quite accurate. Coverage varies, depending upon geographic area. The topographic series appear to be complete for the entire former Soviet Union. The 1:200,000-scale series covers

162 all of Asia and Europe, parts of Africa and North America, and almost none of South America; these sheets have text on the verso, mentioning physical features, weather, and cultural features of the area depicted on the map. The 1:100,000-scale series covers all of Europe and the Middle East, a large part of Asia and a ca. 200-mile swath along the African coast, from the Equator on the west to the Equator on the east coast. The 1:50,000-scale series covers all of Europe, nearly all of the Middle East, and parts of Asia (Guy 1997). Sample images and translated samples of text may be viewed on Omni's Web site, at: http://www.omnimap.com/catalog/russia/index.htm Prices have varied since these first became available for purchase, but generally they must be purchased an entire country at a time, costing between US$9 and US$12 per sheet. To give a feel for the number of sheets per country, here are some sheet totals for the 1:200,000-scale series, taken from a 1993 Omni pricelist: Afghanistan, 123; Algeria, 367; Angola, 192; Bulgaria, 34; Burma, 128; Cambodia, 35; China, 1,634; Cuba, 33. An ironic side effect of the move by U.S. libraries to collect base-map topographic coverage of foreign countries has been that in some cases, as political problems make for economic difficulties or strategic shutdowns in sales of topographic sheet, detailed topographic map coverage of these countries is held mainly in university map collections. An example is the 1:200,000-scale sheets of Turkey that were acquired by some universities up to about the early 1970s. Some time thereafter, the sheets were declared restricted, and have not been available for sale since.

Intellectual-Property Issues Libraries in the public sector in the United States have traditionally focussed on providing information to users, and what are most often called "map libraries" are no exception to this. U.S. libraries have, unfortunately also traditionally, come into opposition to commercial firms on two matters: copyright - libraries maintain that educational use, or indeed any noncommercial use, of items held by a library Should not be subject to any fees beyond that paid when the library originally purchases an item, rather than per-use fees; and upward-spiraling serial prices, far beyond the rate of inflation. Map libraries generally have relatively few periodical titles, and those seldom from the European commercial firms (e.g., Gordon and Breach; Elsevier) most often identified with the high-priced serials. It is the former matter that is close to map librarians' hearts. U.S. copyright law reflects the library stance, with its fair-use policy. The International Map Dealers Association has issued a flier stating its stance on the use of copyrighted materials which matches the map librarians' attitude but- for obvious reasons - emphasizes the importance of obtaining releases prior to reproducing a copyrighted map for commercial purposes (IMDA 1990). Map librarians are very careful to warn users about what constitutes ethical and legal use of a map, at the very first sign that the user wants a reproduction. This is just as well since in this librarian's experience, an amazingly small percentage of users know anything at all about copyright and the restrictions it very rightly places on such matters as the selling of copies. It did not take long after the introduction of photocopying machines into everyday life for users of libraries to consider photocopying to be a right rather than a privilege. In

163 response to this, by the late 1980s, 90% of all U.S. map collections had photocopiers available for their users (Guide 1990, p. xiv). In response to pressures from publishers, libraries do post signs close to (usually just above) photocopiers to point out the basics of copyright - but libraries have refused to collect royalties for the publishers. Libraries have seldom if ever shown any interest in helping publishers pull the latter' s chestnuts out of the fire, especially when all too often users would have been more than happy to buy an item from an publisher, only to find out that the item was no longer in print or that the publisher would take six weeks to get the publication to the user, and the user needed the item yesterday. Publishers have been victims of their own inabilities to have all items always in stock and thus to be able respond rapidly and positively to user requests for publications. The vast majority of the time, map libraries get along very well not only with government agencies but also with commercial map publishers and map jobbers - that is, firms that sell products issued by many different publishers. Jobbers such as MapLink (Santa Barbara CA) and Omni (Burlington NC) have representatives who concentrate on the university market and who are on a first-name basis with the map librarians. Although map libraries may constitute a minority of direct sales for the commercial firms, map libraries as an everyday matter carry a large selection of vendor catalogs, since there is no map equivalent of Books in Print, and thus are responsible indirectly for many sales. It would be an unusually slow day in any major map library where the the staff do not inform at least one person of where a given map may be purchased.

Cost of lnformation to Users It is clear to librarians that information is NOT free; in fact, quite the opposite. It costs money to gather it, to organize, to collect, to index, to store, and to distribute it. Many of these tasks (e.g., cataloging) are either labor-intensive, require skilled staff (it takes six months to train a cataloger who already has a master's degree in library science), or both. For example, original cataloging of a monograph costs a minimal of US$90 by the time one figures out staff time, reference tools, and overhead. The only question, then, is where payment takes place, and by whom. Libraries are peculiar businesses in some ways, but they are nonetheless businesses, in that they provide a service that is paid for - at some point - by the users. The catch is that payment is often long before the fact and indirect besides. That is, a library's physical plant, salaries of its staff, and cost of collections are provided on a fiscal basis by the administrative organization of which the library is a part. Relatively seldom are services in a library paid for by the user at the time the services are rendered, and this is what creates the "Information is free" misconception. What is meant is that access to that information should be freely available, that there should be no information disenfranchising on the basis of such matters as ethnicity. In the hardcopy world, libraries have tried to keep to a minimum situations where costs are paid by primary users, and occasionally secondary users, at the time the service is rendered. As an example of the differentiation between primary and secondary users - for a university, its primary users are the students, faculty, and staff of that university; secondary users are everyone else. Libraries in private institutions, such as Stanford, often have access to the collection (except for the U.S. depository collection, which by regulation must be made

164 available to all users) restricted to primary users. Libraries at public institutions generally do not restrict any users from entering the building and using the collections in house; but checking materials out often requires the purchase of a card, and very often service is limited to checkout and does not include, e.g., interlibrary loan. The largest exception to charging at the point service is rendered has been photocopying, or any other form of reproduction, where users have from the beginning been held liable for the cost of reproduction. Some no-checkout map collections do make one "free" photocopy per map for each users; it must be emphasized that of course these copies are paid for, just not directly at the time the service is rendered. Because maps are often much larger than 8.5"xl 1", or even than 1 l"xl 7", some collections have engineering copies, which will copy an item up to 36" wide and of almost whatever length is needed.

Now Is Now...

Collection Building and Availability of Information Collections budgets for U.S. map libraries are all over the map, from zero dollars per year, to five figures; the actual amount is directly related to the size of the library (e.g., a University of Califomia campus library will in all likelihood have a larger map budget that will, say, a community college library in the same state). This has remained the same with the increasing requests by users for digital data. Obtaining spatial data in digital from non-U.S, countries is thus very directly influenced by the size of the budget of the library compared to the cost of the item, and then by use restrictions. A combination of the two most often means that map libraries will purchase only a sample dataset or two. This is certainly not due to a lack of i n t e r e s t - traditionally U.S. map libraries have been heavy purchasers of non-U.S. topographic sheets in hardcopy, and by extension are just as interested in the digital versions. All too often, the prices and the licensing and use restrictions are such as to preclude purchase. As an illustration of, "The more things change, the more they remain the same," U.S. map libraries are still heavily dependent upon the Federal government for geospatial data, even though it is now often (but not always) distributed on CD-ROM (Compact Disc-Read Only Memory) or more recently over the Web. Indeed, the Superintendent of Documents has as its goal to have all Federal information available in digital form over the Web by the year 2000 (or by whatever the Web becomes). But this is not happening as quickly as it has with straight text. Hard-copy maps are the most compact form of information transmission next to computer software, a hard fact of life that the early Auto-Carto conference participants always kept running into. It was only when computer memory and storage became capable of dealing with large files that manipulation of spatial data in digital form became practical. Even though this delayed the introduction of large amounts of spatial data in digital form into libraries, at that it has been a speedier process by far than for the rest of the library. That is, the non-map-library portion of any library early on made heavy use of indexes in digital form; but collecting actual data in digital form is even now very often limited to the map library and U.S. depository collection. While it is difficult to trace all the causes for this difference, two major reasons are:

165 1. the major suppliers of geospatial data to map libraries - Federal agencies and specifically USGS - have been leaders in collecting and disseminating geospatial data in digital form. Therefore it was evident to map librarians even fifteen years ago what the future was going to hold, and the librarians prepared accordingly in as much as they could; 2. map collections traditionally have collected many different formats - maps, remote-sensing images, book-format materials, globes, raised-relief models - so having one more, digital, was not much of a shock. To the rest of the library world, which has traditionally concentrated almost exclusively on text and on one format, the book, it has been quite a different matter. And it has been only since the Web that the idea of digital data as an everyday way to answer questions has made it into everyday library work. For map libraries, the Federally produced CDs first began to arrive in the early 1990s. Initially, it was just a CD every other month or so, but by about 1993 the Federal government - entranced with CD's low cost of distribution and ability to be used via a personal computer - had begun to embrace it as the medium of choice to transmit digital data. In no time at all, or so it seemed, CDs had taken on the ability of hardcopy maps seemingly to multiply prodigiously, like coat hangers in a closet, in the darkness of storage drawers, and every depository shipment contained several of them. For a sampling of CDs out of this ocean, see Appendix I. It was in the mid-1990s, when receiving CDs had become a ho-hum matter, that geospatial data began to be available over the Web. This occurrence was hailed with feelings of relief by map librarians who were beginning to be appalled at how quickly the CD storage cabinets were filling up, and at how much more time it took to do reference work with digital maps than with hard-copy maps (by about a factor of ten). The idea of maps and satellite images simultaneously being relatively readily available by users while at the same time taking up storage space on someone else's disk drive is a delightful one to map librarians, who have spent years trying to coerce library administrations into providing financing for "enough" map cases (translation - about a fourth more map cases than one has in house at any given time). Libraries are very labor-intensive, large-area institutions, and thus expensive to build, to maintain, and to service. If anything, digital libraries are even more expensive that the traditional version. Libraries are accustomed to buying book stacks and map cases; you buy them once every five or ten years, you never repair them, you never replace them, and they require no specially trained staff to operate them. Nothing could be farther removed from computer hardware and software- traded out on new ones every couple of years, maintenance agreement essential, and specialized (high-priced) staff required to set up and maintain them. Further, doing reference work for a digital-data user can easily take ten times as long as doing hard-copy reference work. After all, users who come to a university library for print material already know how to read; the library does not have to train them. For users of digital data, the library in effect often has to to teach the users to "read" and it is very time-consuming.

Intellectual-Property Issues

166 The current battle is over copyright of digital materials, with libraries once again pushing for maximum noncommercial use by library users. Librarians are inundated with conferences (e.g., Economics of Digital Information and Intellectual Property, January 21-23, 1997; http://ksgwww.harvard.edu/econ/econ.html), and publications (Copyright & New Media Legal News; [email protected]). In the digital world, it is from the publishers' view another and much improved matter, as far as keeping items "in print" and speedily providing users with materials - and in knowing exactly how many times an item is used. This librarian suspects that those libraries going to per-use pricing (e.g., paying the publisher only when a given periodical is used) will find in many cases that this is much less expensive that even the subscription price of the journal, let alone the cost of selecting, acquiring, classifying, cataloging, labeling, filing, and storing the hardcopy item. In many ways, U.S. map librarians have been able to stay out of most of this copyright fray, since the vast majority of all governmentally produced geospatial data (not just to the Federal level but often to the state level and even to the county and city level) is not only base data upon which many other products are built, but is also non-copyrighted. Since the data is collected with tax dollars, the only fee a user should have to pay for the data is the cost of reproduction and the cost of staff and housing to distribute the data - and this is what in almost all cases occurs. Let us take, for an example of"free" Federal information, the U.S. Bureau of the Census' TIGER files, with data financed by Federal tax dollars, given free to U.S. depository libraries, sold to all and sundry at about $200 per CD. This relatively low cost has stimulated small business in the U.S., since almost anyone could afford to play in the game; were it sold with the extensive restrictions and relatively much higher prices that pertain to Federal geospatial data in Canada and Great Britain, very few firms could have afforded it and even it they could, the restrictive licensing and copyright would scarcely have permitted them to do much of anything with it. So we have the sad sight of map librarians in Canada cruising the Web, looking for U.S.-government-produced data - since they can't afford data produced from their own government, the collection of which data has been paid for by Canadian citizens - in other words, by their users. (see Corey, Chapter 3) As it is now, some regulations attached to certain data sets produced by non-U.S, governments - e.g., that one may not legally print out a screen display of a map, or copy the screen display to a file and carry it to another computer to carry out processing - make the products useless in the educational environment, and probably almost anywhere else (see Chapter 1 by Rhind). When use is noncommercial, and users are not going to take the information out into the street to sell it, what is the sense of charging them commercial-use prices? And especially, why charge them for data the collection and organization of which they have already paid for with tax dollars? Unfortunately, this bad idea- of making users pay twice for data - has slipped over the Canadian-U.S. border (but then it isn't very useful at keeping cold fronts on the northern side either) in at least once instance. Consider the digital versions of the nautical charts for U.S. waters. The hardcopy charts, produced by the National Ocean Survey, are uncopyrighted. Not so the digital versions, which are licensed to the Better Boating Association in a formal agreement (CRADA - Cooperative Research and Development Agreement) between the agency and the association. Given that an important part of a CRADA is research and development, this seems illogical; there does not, on the surface, seem to be much research involved here, just an association holding copyright for datasets whose collection was financed by U.S. tax dollars. There has been a court case on this, brought by DeLorme

167 Publishing Company against the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (the parent agency). DeLorme won on one point - that the digital files of NOAA are public records - but lost on the second - namely, that these records fall under Exemption 3 of the U.S. Freedom of Information Act, and NOAA may withhold these raster maps for five years from the date of the digital files' development (United States District Court 1996). University map libraries in the United States are well advised just to scan the hardcopy sheets themselves; there is little benefit to obtaining the copyrighted versions other than the initial convenience.

Cost of lnformation to Users Increasingly over the last ten years, libraries have sought to collect costs of information whether hardcopy or digital - directly and at the time of the service from secondary users. Although there have been many reasons for this, a major one has been that not only is information not free, libraries are downright expensive operations, because of the laborintensive nature of the staff work and because such large spaces are required to house, maintain and service the material. Another reason has been the calamitous increase in costs of serials- far, far higher than inflation - over the last twenty-five or so years, which has eaten disastrously away at collection funds. Another has been, at least for some public institutions such as state universities, the decrease in the amount of funds that are received from the state to support the institution. The underlying points here are - as stated or implied previously that information is not free, and that users do need to pay for information (but not twice; thus primary users do not incur the charges that secondary users do). Another influence here has been that map collections have found that in order to get computer hardware and software, they must either get substantial gifts or outright donations from commercial vendors. These agreements logically often carry the stipulation that the hardware and software received must be for educational purposes only. This latter means that very often digital hardware and software may not be used at all by secondary users of a university map collection. The exception is hardware and software used to provide access to U.S. depository materials; libraries are scrupulously careful that such hardware and software be bought at standard prices and with no limitations as to users attached. Map librarians have spent considerable time in learning about what computer hardware and software is required to do what the user needs. For the vast majority of map libraries, personal computers are currently the route most often taken, and here again the U.S. Federal depository program has been of considerable assistance, with its "Specifications for public access work stations in Federal Depository Libraries," June 15, 1997, being the most current version, available online at: http//www, access, gpo. gov/su_docs/dpos/mintech, html The list of recommended hardware and software is given as Appendix II of this chapter. Cost of such a system varies, depending on how big the library's home institution is, since that has a direct effect upon how good a deal the institution can get on buying in bulk. Current cost in U.S. dollars is around $3,000. For libraries whose users' needs for computer power are

168 sufficiently sophisticated that only a Unix workstation will do, the price is higher - perhaps starting at about US$7,000, depending upon what is the selected workstation of choice. The big expense here, though, is that running Unix requires a systems manager's skills, and given that there is a world-wide shortage in computer-programming expertise, this comes expensive. An unpleasant side-effect of all of this has been trying to find ways to keep the computer systems from getting stolen, or becoming virus-ridden, or being used for non-library purposes. Libraries with Unix setups are better off in this situation. Loading a virusdetection system on each workstation is a sine qua non. Where possible, libraries keep computers in controlled areas, either rooms that can be locked and are always staffed, or areas that are always under the eye of several staff members (e.g., near circulation departments and reference desks). Compared with other trials of being a librarian - e.g., dealing with a person who uses a piece of bacon (uncooked) as a bookmark - these are relatively straightforward matters.

...Then Is Also Still Now To add to the fun, map libraries must have a foot planted sturdily in both the hardcopy and the digital worlds. There are still many cartographic materials that are available only in hard copy, and that will, one suspects, continue on that way for a good many more years. There are also still many situations in which using a hardcopy item is the quickest, easiest way to get the information needed. At the same time, geospatial data in digital form is far more readily manipulable than ever it was in hard copy. Work can be done with digital data that was difficult or even impossible to do in hard copy (e.g., manipulating one Landsat satellite image- collected in digital form in the first place - rather than several hundred hard-copy aerial photographs; working with several different layers of geospatial information in a geographic information system, rather than grappling with ten or twenty hardcopy maps, ranging up to four feet by five feet in dimensions, and with the information needed at the intersection of four sheets). The mission of map libraries remains the same - to provide quickly and efficiently geospatial information to its users. What has changed has been the addition of digital data to hardcopy data, with the resultant increase in users' abilities to manipulate the data, and with a resultant increase in the demands upon the staff to know more and more about more and more. Those of us who work in map libraries realize that we are too close to it all to give any sort of an objective picture of what is going on. But in the midst of any exasperation, most of us still perceive this as a time when at the very least life is not dull, and at best we can at long last give a user who requests a map of a certain area with only certain information (e.g., railroads and streams; cities over 50,000 population) just exactly what that user requests. It is a considerable pleasure to have to hear, less and less often, "That map is ok, but what I really need i s . . . "

Acknowledgements: The author wishes to thank Dr. Harlan Onsrud for so completely and quickly fulfilling her request concerning the DeLorme-NOAA legal case, and Dr. Fraser Taylor for his tactful questioning and editing, both of which improved the chapter considerably.

169 Appendix I Following is a portion of the list of CD-ROMs and diskettes available in the Map and Imagery Laboratory, Davidson Library, University of California, Santa Barbara; it gives a good idea of the CDs many libraries in the U.S. have available for users. For a full list, go to the homepage at: http://www, sdc. ucsb. edu

UNITED STATES DRG Digital Raster Graphic Data Product Development Report a. Subject: U.S. topos in raster form b. Call no.: 3700s VAR .U5 DR6 CD

USGS United States 7.5" series a. Subject: topographic b. Call no.: 3700s VAR .U5 diskette note: we have NJ, TX, AK, UT Digital Orthophoto, USDA SCS-USGS NMD Joint Project a. Subject: orthophoto; experimental ed. in Dane County WI b. Call no.: 3700s VAR .U5 7.5 CD Tiger Files for Goleta CA Quad a. Subject: TIGER files manipulated by American Digital Cartography b. Call no.: 3700s VAR .U5 7.5 CA Goleta diskette Demo Disk, AutoCAD & ARC/INFO a. Subject: digital maps b. Call no.: 3700s VAR .U5 7.5 diskette USGS DEM Quads in ERDAS .LAN Format a. Subject: LAN format of Carpinteria, Dos Pueblos, Goleta, Santa Barbara, Tajiguas b. Call no.: 3700s 24 .U5 CA Quad name diskette Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data over Blue Mounds, WI a Subject: DEM data b. Call no.: 3700s 24,250 .U5 DEM - WI - diskette TIGER FILES

170 i. Digital Orthophoto Disk of Dane County, Wisconsin a. Call no.: 3700s 100 .U5 WI Dane County diskette ii. TIGER for Atlas/GIS,(Pre-Census)Santa BarbaraCounty, CA a. Call no.: 3700s 100 .U542 CA SB County Atlas diskette iii. Streets on a Disk [Santa Barbara County] (Klynas) a. Call no.: 3700s 100 .U542 CA SB County Klynas diskette iv. TIGER Documents [accompanying text] a. Call no.: 3700s 100 .U543 TIGER DOCS diskette

FEDSTAT/TIGER a. Subjects: demographic and economic data (e.g., County city data book) from U.S. Census.; 1980s, 1990 b. Call no.: 3700s 100 .U54 CD ANNEX

TIGER/Line Precensus Files, 1990 a. Subjects: demographic and economic data (e.g., County city data book) from U.S. Census (from U.S. Statistics) FEDSTAT); 1:100,000-scale planimetric data (TIGER); 1980s, 1990 b. Call no.: 3700s 100 .U542 CD ANNEX (except for CA) TIGER/Line Census Files, 1990 a. Subjects: demographic and economic data (e.g., County city data book) from U.S. Census (from U.S. Statistics FEDSTAT); 1:100,000-scale planimetric data (TIGER) b. Call no.: 3700s 100 .U543 CD ANNEX (except for CA) TIGER]Line Census Files, 1992 a. Subjects:) from U.S. Census (from U.S. Statistics FEDSTAT); 1:100,000-scale planimetric data (TIGER) b. Call no.: 3700s 100 .U543 1992 demographic and economic data (e.g., County city data book CD NOTE: CA Alameda-Santa Cruz counties are on disk on ATLAS at /usr/home/atlas 1/TIGER TIGER/Line Census Files, 1994 a. Subjects: From U.S. Census (from U.S. Statistics FEDSTAT); 1:100,000-scale planimetric data (TIGER) b. Call no.: 3700s 100 .U543 1994 demographic and economic date (e.g., County city data book ) CD TIGER/LINE 1995

171 a. Subject: Census b. Call no.: 3700s 100 .U543 ed. 1995 CD

1:100,000-scale Digital Line Graph (DLG) Data a. Subjects: hydrography and transportation; 1991 b. Call no.: 3700s 100 .U544 hy/tr CD 1:100K DLG CD-ROM Area, Florida (corrected files) a. Subject: Digital Line Graph; Hydrography and Transportation b. Call no.: 3700s 100 .U544 hy/tr diskette 1:2,000,000-scale Digital Line Graph (DLG) Data a. Subjects: elevation b. Call no.: 3700s 2000 .U52 CD

GEODisc U.S. Atlas a. Subjects: general; 1980s b. Call no.: 3700 198-.G4 CD PCUSA a. Subject: general b. Call no.: 3700 1989 .P1 diskette SIGCAT/GRIPS - (IMDISP required) a. Subjects: various b. Call no.: 3700 1989 .$5 CD GRIPS 2 - (IMDISP required) a. Subjects: various b. Call no.: 3700 1990? .$5 CD ArcUSA 1:25M, Conterminous US a. Subject: general b. Call no.: 3700 1990 .E5 CD

ArcUSA 1:2M, Conterminous US a. Subject: general b. Call no.: 3700 1990 .E52 CD Software Toolworks U.S. Atlas a. Subject: general b. Call no.: 3700 1991 .E4 diskette Geographic/Map Files, Prototype: Map Metafiles

172 a. Subject: cartography; 4 counties in Mississippi; 1990 b. Call no.: 3700 1991 .U5 CD Sample Views for ArcView for Windows a. Subject: general b. Call no.: 3700 1992 .F5 diskette Wessex TIGER 92 U.S. Streets and Boundaries a. General b. 3700 1992 .W4 Wessex TIGER 92 Sampler a. Subject: US Demographics b. 3700 1992 .W4 Sample CD Wessex STF 1a a. Subject: US Demographics b. 3700 1992 .W4 STFla CD Tiger 92 Loading Program a. Subject: Tiger Data b. Call no.: 3700s 1992 .W4 Tiger 92, diskette Sylvan Ascent, Inc. CD/Maps a. Subject: physiography b. Call no.: 3700 1995 .$9 CD Autocad 11,12,13 Demonstration File 48 118-El, DWG. a. Subject: Autocad demo b. Call no.: 3700 1995 .$9 diskette

USGS OPEN-FILE REPORT SERIES (formats vary, see individual titles) a. Subjects: various b. Call no.: 370 ls VAR .U5 CD OFR# 88-44: Geonames, database of geological names (diskette) 89-94: Lasergraph (diskette) 90-250: GSEDIT and GSMEDIT, Screen Edit Programs for GSDRAW and GSMAP data (diskette) 90-269-B: GSPOST, Version 3.0 (diskette) 90-544-B: Roseau 10x 20 digital data (diskette) 90-621: Vermont Landslide Map (diskette) 91-23-B: Analytical Results and Sample Locality Map, Livergood 10x 20 Quadrangle, AK Prince Rupert Quadrangles, AK (diskette) 91-283-B: Gold, Mercury, Tellurium, and Thallium Data & Sample Locality Map of

173 Stream Sediment samples from the Iditarod Quadrangle, Alaska. (diskette) 91-345: E2MCOD, E2MGSM programs for CD-ROM titled l:2M scale DLGs (diskette) 91-376-B: Principal Facts for Gravity Data Compiled for the Bakersfield 10x 20 sheet, CA (diskette) 91-396: Gloria Imagery and Bathymetry from the U.S. EEZ offWA, OR, and CA (diskette) 91-575-B: GEOINDEX database on geologic maps (diskette) 92-292-B: A digital data set of the linear features of the Preliminary Geologic Map of Yucca Mtn., Nye county, NV (diskette) 93-231: Data Software, & Applications for Education and Research in Geology-Virginia (diskette) 94-205: USGS Coal Quality (COALQUAL), version 1.3 see QE 75.07 CD 94-205 (diskette) 94-255: Southem Lake Michigan Coastal Erosion Study 95-526: Digital files of Geological map Symbols with Cartographic Specifications 94-388: GCIP Reference Data Set (GREDS) (diskette) 95-727: Watershed Boundaries and DEM of Oklahoma see QE 75.07 95-727 (diskette) 96-96: Database for a National Mineral-Resource Assessment for Undiscovered Deposits of Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead and Zinc in the Conterminous U.S. (diskette) 97-23: Digital Atlas of Oklahoma 97-463: Ranking of the World's Oil and Gas Provinces by Known Petroleum Volumes.

US Counties Database a. Subject: US Counties b. Call no.: 3701 A1 19--.C6 diskette MAPExpert a. Subject: Base and Outline Maps b. Call no.: 3701 A1 1993 .D4 CD Cartographic Catalog a. Subject: Indexes (textual) b. Call no.: 3701s A2 VAR .C3 CD Generic File Disk Gene 9402: GEN) a. Subject: none given b. Call no.: 3701 A3 1991 .U5 diskette USGS DOQ's a. Subject: Orthophoto Quads b. Call no.: 3701s A4 12 .U5 CD

174 USGS SLAR Acquisition Program 1980-1991 a. Subject: SLAR imagery b. Call no.: 3701s A4 250 .U54 CD Conterminous U.S. AVHRR, 1990 bi-weekly composites a. Subject: AVHRR imagery b. Call no.: 370 ls A4 VAR .U5 CD SLAR, Side-Looking Airborne Radar, Joint Earth Sciences (JES-2) demonstration disc (IMDISP required) a. Subjects: SLAR imagery of selected areas of U.S.; 1980-88 b. Call no.: 3701 A4 1990? .U52 CD Arc Scene USA Tour a. Subject: general b. Call no.: 3701 A4 1992 .E5 CD APSRS (Aerial Photography Summary Record System) a. Subjects: U.S. aerial photography database; early 1900s-present b. Call no.: 3701s A49 VAR .U5 CD ready ref GNIS (Geographic Names Information System) a. Subject: Geographic Names b. Call no.: 3701 A8 1991 .U5 CD ready ref United States Place names a. Subject: place names; lat., long., elev. b. Call no.: 3701 A89 19--.T6 diskette United States Geographical Place names a. Subject: place names b. Call no.: 3701 A89 199-.U5 diskette GEOID 96 a. Subject: geodesy b. Call no.: 3701 B3 1996 .U5 CD USGS Digital Data Series a. Subject: physical sciences b. Call no.: 3701s C1 VAR .U5 DDS# CD DDS-1: National Uranium Resource Evaluation Data forthe Conterminous Western United States DDS-2: A Digital Representation of the 1978 Geologic Map of Nevada DDS-3: A Geologic Map of the Sea Floor in Western Massachusetts Bay DDS-5: National Energy Research Seismic Library -Processed Seismic Data for 29 lines in the Nat'l Petroleum Reserve in Alaska.

175 DDS-6: Stratigraphic Nomenclature Databases for the United States, It's Possessions and territories DDS-7: Digitized Strong-Motion Accelerograms of North and Central American Earthquakes 1933-1986 DDS-8: Photographs (Earthquakes, volcanoes, Geologic Hazards, and other phenomena) DDS-9: Nat'l Geophysical Data Grids: Gamma Ray,Gravity, Magnetic, and Topographic Data for the Conterminous United States DDS- 10: Modem Average Global Sea-Surface Temperature DDS- 11: Geology of the Conterminous United States at 1:2,500,000 DDS- 14: National; Geochronological and Natural Radioelement Databases DDS-17: Geology and Mineral and Energy Resources, Roswell Resource Area, New Mexico DDS- 18A: National Geochemical Database...Uranium (no scale given) DDS-18B: National Geochemical Database...Uranium (no scale given) DDS- 19: Geology and resource assessment of Costa Rica DDS-21: Earth Science Photographs from the U.S. Geological Survey Library DDS-23: Photoglossary of Marine and Continental Ichnofossils DDS-24: Images of Kilauea East Rift Zone Eruption 1983-1993 DDS-27: Monthly Average Polar Sea Ice Concentration DDS-30:1995 National Asssessment of U.S. Oil and Gas Resources, Release 1, Release 2 DDS-31: Profiles of Gamma-Ray and Magnetic Data, Western U.S. DDS-32: Powder River BasinSeismic Profile Data DDS-35: Digital Map Data, Text and Graphical Images in Support of 1995 National Assessment of U.S. Oil and Gas Resources DDS-36: Tabular Data, Text and Graphical Images in Support of 1995 Assessment of U.S. Oil and Gas DDS-37: Data from selected USGS National Stream Water Quality Monitoring Networks DDS-39: Volcanoes of the Wrangill Mountains DDS-41: Great Basin Geoscience Database 3 ARC Second Elevation Data a. Subject: topography b. Call no.: 370 ls C2 250 .U54 diskette TOPO30 Region 1 Disk: 30-Second Point Topographic, Database, Latitude 370- 510 N, Longitude 1200-1290 W a. Subject: topography b. Call no.: 3701 C2 1992 .U5 diskette U.S. Digital Topography a. Subject: topography b. Call no.: 3701 C2 1994 .U5 CD

176 U.S. Digital Topography for GIS a. Subject: physical geography b. Call no.: 3701 C2 1996 .C5 CD FIRM-DLG a. Subject: Floods b. Call no.: 3701s C32 24 .U522 BETA CD Q3 Flood Data, demonstration disk a. Subject: floods b. Call no.: 3701 C32 1996 .U5 CD

NERSL (National Energy Research Seismic Library) a. Subject: Seismicity b. Call no.: 3701s C543 VAR .U52 CD Cooperative Summary of the Day a. Subject: meteorology b. Call no.: 3701s C8 Var .U52 CD

U.S. Divisional and Station Climate Data and Normals a. Subject: climate b. Call no.: 3701s C8 VAR .U55 CD Hi-Rez Data Climatological Series a. Subject: 30-year (1951-80) Monthly Means b. Call no.: 3701 C8 1990 .Z4 diskette -Note: MIL has CT, MA, RI only DEFLEC93 a. Subject: gravity b. Call no.: 3701 C9 1993 .D4 diskette Geomagnetic Observatory Data a. Subject: geophysics b. Call no.: 3701 C9 YEAR .G45 CD NGB-ARF/ARO National Environmental Database a. Subject: ecology b. Call no.:3701s D2 VAR .N4 CD National Wetlands Inventory a. Subject: Ecology

177 b. Call no.: 3701s D2 VAR .U5 CD 1990 Census Transportation Planning Package Subject: Human and Cultural Geography Call no.: 3701s E1 100 .U5 CD FEDSTAT, Volume 89-1, County Demographic and Economic Databases a. Subject: demography; 1980s b. Call no.: 3701 E1 1989 .F4 CD ANNEX Arc Census: pre-release California a. Subject: census data b. Call no.: 3701 E2 1992 .E5 CD Geographic Identification Code Scheme a. Subject: Population b.: Call no.: 3701 E2 1994 .U5 CD Conterminous U.S. Landcover Characteristics Data Set... a. Subject: land cover b. Call no.: 3701 G43 1990 .U5 CD GLO Automated Records Project a. Subject: Cadastral Maps b. Call no.: 3701s G46 Var .U5 CD National Park Service Digital Raster Images a. Subject: Parks and Monuments b. Call no.: 3701s G52 VAR .U5 CD

USGS Coal Quality (COALQUAL), version 1.3 a. Subject: Coal b. Call no.: 3701 H9 1994.U5 CD LandView II: Mapping of Selected EPA-Regulated Sites a. Subject: Pollution b. Call no.: 3701 N7 1992 .L3 CD Airline Distances a. Subject: U.S.--Distances b. Call no.: 3701 P15 1993? .U5 diskette TIGER/Census Tract Street Index a. Subject: Roads

178 b. Call no.: 3701 P2 1990? .U5 CD DeLorme Street Atlas U.S.A. a. Subject: Roads b. Call no.: 3701 P2 1991 .D4 CD Wessex. Tiger 94 a. Subject: Roads b. Call no.: 3701 P2 1994 .W4 CD

Street Atlas USA a. Subject: Roads b. Call no.: 3701 P2 1996 .D4 CD Streets Plus a. Subject: Roads b. Call no.: 3701 P2 1997 .M5 CD Wessex a. Subject: Roads b. Call no.: 3701 P2 1997 .W4 CD Compressed Aeronautical Chart (CAC) - Prototype a. Subject: aeronautical charts; SE U.S. b. Call no.: 3701s P6 VAR .U552 CD

NOAA Aeronautical Data Sampler I a. Subject: airports, air route traffic control centers, airspace fixes, Navaids, obstacles, runways; some text b. Call no.: 3701 P6 198-? .U5 CD Zipcode Centroids a. Subject: zip codes (U.S.) b. Call no.: 3701 P817 199-.$8 diskette NOAA Aeronautical Data Sampler II a. Subject: airports, air route traffic control centers, airspace fixes, Navaids, obstacles, runways; some text b. Call no.: 3701 P6 1990? .U5 CD Southem Appalachian Assessment GIS a. Subject: General b. Call no.: 3702.A6 1996.$6 CD

179 Cities Below a. Subject: general b. Call no.: 3704 1995 .N6 CD SPOTview Data Sampler a. Subject: Satellite imagery b. Call no.: 3704 A4 1995 .$7 CD Sim City 2000 a. Subject: Cities b. Call no.: 3704 N1 1996 .$5 CD Northern Great Plains, AVHRR data set - (IMDISP required) a. Subject: Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer imagery; selected months in 1987 and 1988 b. Call no.: 3756 A4 1990 .U5 CD Alaska AVHRR a. Subject: Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer b. Call no.: 382 ls A4 VAR .U5 CD Spot Imagery Coverage of California a. Subject: satellite imagery b. Call no.: 3201 A4 1994 .$6 CD Califomia Counties as Lat/Lon Polygons a. Subject: county boundaries b. Call no.: 3851 A1 1990 .T6 diskette Califomia Geologic Map Index a. Subject: geology b. Call no.: 3851 C59 YEAR .C7 diskette

SJVDP Hypercard Stack (NOTE: MIL does not have a Mac) a. Subject: San Joaquin Valley, CA b. Call no.: 3852 .N2 1991? .U5 diskette

Geologic Remote Sensing Field Experiment [Mojave Desert and Lunar Crater Volcanic Fields] a. Subject: imagery b. Call no.: 3852 .$46 .A4 1989 .G4 CD Sample TNT Atlas of San Francisco a. Subject: general b. Call no.: 3852.N825 1994? .T7 CD

180 Alexandria Digital Library Prototype CD a. Subject: various b. Call no.: 3852.$8 1995 .A4 CD Thomas Bros. Air Photo, L.A. and Orange Counties a. Subject: aerial photography b. Call no. : 3853 .L6 A4 1994 .C8 CD Geo-CD 94, LA Quake a. Subject: aerial photography b. Call no.: 3853.L6 A4 1994 .D5 CD Santa Barbara County Shoreline Inventory a. Subject: Ecology b. Call no.: 3853.$3:2 D2 1994 .C5 diskette UCSB Library Floor Plans Auto CAD Version II files a. Subject: floor plans b. Call no.: 3853.S3:282:2U5L 1992 diskette Santa Barbara, CA 1853B, 1877, 1898; TIF >From LCG&M a. Subject: General, historical maps b. Call no.: 3854.$68 1877 .G6 1995 cassette

Santa Barbara, CA 1889; TIF >From LCG&M a. Subject: General, historical maps b. Call no.: 3854.$68 1889 .R5 cassette Stockton, California, 1994 a. Subject: aerial photographs b. Call no.: 3854.$9 A4 1994 .D5 CD Stockton, Califomia, 1994 a. Subject: aerial photographs b. Call no.: 3854.$9 A4 1994 .D5 CD Washington, DC, USA - The Capitol a. Subject: digital orthophoto b. Call no.: 3891 A4 1989 .P4 diskette 2 copies Atlas of Florida

181 a. Subject: general, diverse b. Call no.: 3900 1994.F5 CD Interactive Atlas of Florida a. Subject: general b. Call no.: 3910 1996 .I5 CD

Topographic Field Trip of Washington, DC a. Subject: topography b. Call no.: 3891 C2 1996? .U5 CD Digital Databases of Illinois a. Subject: general b. Call no.: 3940 1994 .I44 CD Collected Data of the First ISLSCP Field Experiment (FIFE) a. Subject: imagery and ground measurements b. Call no.: 3973 .R6s A4 VAR .C6 CD Digital Atlas of Oklahoma a. Subject: general b. Call no.:3701s VAR .U5 CD 97-23 Oregon Transect Ecosystem Research Project (OTTER) a. Subjects: imagery and ground measurements b. Call no.: 4182.W45s A4 VAR .06 CD

Appendix H

COMPUTER Processor IBM-compatible Pentium chip, 133 MHz minimum. Consider 166Mhz or 200 MHz, and Pentium MMX processors. Ports One (1) Serial One (1) Universal Serial Bus (USB) One (1) Parallel One (1) P/S-2 Mouse One ( 1) SVGA Video (If video is built into system board.) I/O bus

182 PCI/ISA (should have at least four available slots after system is configured for delivery) Drive Bays One (1) 3.5" HH. Three (3) 5.25" HH Externally Accessible. Two (2) 3.5" HH Internal. Memory (RAM) 24 MB minimum- 48 MB recommended. Hard Disk Drive 3.0 gigabytes (Gb) capacity, partitioned into two 1. Gb drives for quicker access time IDE or SCSI interface Floppy Disk 3.5" 1.44MB drive. Use an older system for floppy conversion. CD-ROM Drive 4X speed minimum; 8X speed recommended. Single platter or changer design. Should support all available standard CD formats. Avoid proprietary I/O designs. Monitor 17" Super VGA (SVGA) Multimedia monitor. May want to consider rotatable displays if in a technical services area or if users do a lot of word-processing. *FOR CARTOGRAPHIC DATA USE: 21" monitor, Super VGA (SVGA) compatible, with at least 70 MHz vertical refresh rate at 1024x768 resolution non interlaced, 0.28 or smaller dot pitch; display card which supports 1024x768 resolution at 70 MHz or faster. Video 64 or 128 bit PCI interface SVGA controller. Should come with 2MB Windows RAM (WRAM) or Video RAM (VRAM), and be expandable to at least 4MB WRAM or VRAM. Recommend the selected device provide MPEG hardware acceleration. Audio Sound Blaster 16 or better, or compatible (only if appropriate for library setting). Printer Ink Jet or laser primer. Must support PostScript. 10MB Memory, minimum. More recommended if using PostScript or color. *FOR CARTOGRAPHIC DATA USE: Color ink jet plotter, 36", 300 dip, 68 Mb

or

183 more memory, or access to a comparable networked printer Pointing Device Microsoft-compatible mouse or other compatible pointing device. Strongly recommend ergonomically-designed products. Intemet Connectivity Local Area Network with TCP/IP (Strongly Recommended) or Dial-up SLIP/PPP connection using 33.6kbps or better Modem (Internal modem would be advisable to reduce cabling and power requirements) Operating System MS-DOS 6.22 with Microsoft Windows for Workgroups 3.11, or Microsoft Windows 95b (OEM release which includes "FAT-32" and other fixes), or Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 Workstation

SOFTWARE Communications Package which supports multiple file transfer protocols; several terminal emulations such as ANSI-BBS, TTY, VT-100. Data transfer rates up to 28.8 kbps. Supports Hayes "AT" compatible modems; managestelnet sessions. Consider ability to "script" log-on files. Client Software World Wide Web graphical browser with forms support.ANSI Z39.50 compatible, GILSaware WAIS client. Consider EINet WinWais customized for GPO Access. Viewers WWW graphical browser (see above) will handle both GIFand JPEG graphics. Additional PDF viewer and MPEG player; consider viewers for other file formats as TIFF. *FOR CARTOGRAPHIC DATA USE: GEOTIFF file viewer. Viewing software for raster data, such as Photo Shopor Print Shop. Applications Software Consider getting an integrated "office suite" product such as Microsoft Office or Corel WordPerfect7 Suite. Otherwise: Database

such

184 dBASE file format compatible or dBASE and ASCII comma delimited file importing database management software; useful to have fixed field format (SDF) import ability. Spreadsheet Lotus .WK1 file format compatible software; support for other formats such as Excel and Quattro Pro. Word Processing Software capable of importing major text file formats (Microsoft Word, WordPerfect, Multimate,etc.) and ASCII text files. Mapping Software *FOR CARTOGRAPHIC DATA USE: Data manipulation package, such as ArcView 2.1 or higher, Landview, Maplnfo, or other similar packages.

References

Encyclopedia of associations(1961) Gale Research, Detroit. Guide to U.S. map resources, 2d ed. (1990) American Library Association, Chicago. Hagen, C. (1979) "Map libraries and the armed services--a story of uneven relationships" Western Association of Map Libraries information bulletin, 11:3-22. International Map Dealers Association. (1990) Questions and answers about map copyrights, IMAD, Kankakee, I1. Larsgaard, M. L. (1987) Map librarianship: an introduction, 2d ed., Libraries Unlimited, Littleton Co. United States. District Court, District of Maine (1996) Civil no. 95-94-P-H. [S.I.]: The Court. United States. Government Printing Office. (1996) 1994 annual report, GPO, Washington, D.C. Wolter, J. (1973) "Geographical libraries and map collections" Encyclopedia of library and information science 9:236-66.