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Characterisation and some possible uses of Plukenetia conophora and Adenopus breviflorus seeds and seed oils
07 Alternative energy sources (others, including development, economics) specific power are higher than these values for free wind turbine. The mean inlet air velocity to the solar turbine is found to be 117% of its value for a free wind turbine. The yearly specific energy generated from solar turbine is expected to be 157% of its value for free wind turbine.
Others, including development, economics 03/00686 A total energy system of fuel upgrading by drying biomass feedstock for cogeneration: a case study of Skellefte~ bioenergy combine Wahlund, B. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2002, 23, (4), 271-281. This paper investigates a new approach for improving the performance of biomass-based cogeneration plants, a bioenergy combine. The system is a conventional biomass-based combined heat and power (CHP) plant with integrated pellet production, where part of the CHP plant's heat is used for drying biomass feedstock for producing pellets. This unique integration enables increased annual operational hours and an increased use of biomass because the upgraded pellets as an energy carrier can be economically and technically transported from regions with a surplus biofuel to regions with demand for biofuel. In the studied case of this paper, the produced pellets are transported to another CHP plant for substituting fossil fuels. The total energy system of the bioenergy combine and the linked CHP plant is analysed from a perspective of CO2 reduction and energy efficiency. The results show that the system has great potential for reducing CO2 and increasing efficiency. Furthermore, the non-technical factors influencing the realization of the project has also been studied through interviews, showing that the main criterion behind the investment was the potential for profitability. In addition, an important factor that facilitated the realization was the co-operative environment between the municipality and Skellefte~ Kraft. Environmental issues appeared not to be influencing directly, but indirectly through government subsidies.
03/00687 Characterisation and some possible uses of Plukenetia conophora and Adenopus breviflorus seeds and seed oils Akintayo, E. T. and Bayer, E. Bioresource Technology, 2002, 85, (l), 95-97. Two non-conventional seeds, Plukenetia conophora (PKCP) and Adenopus breviflorus (ADB) were analysed for their proximate, fatty acids, sterols composition and physico-chemical characteristics. Crude protein was 25.65% for PKCP and 28.25% for ADB. ADB had lower moisture content (4.5%) than PKCP (8.0%) indicating that the former has better shelf life. Oil yields of the seeds were 49.58% for PKCP and 56.22% for ADB. The major sterols were stigmasterol and sitosterol in PKCP and ADB respectively. PKCP oil had 98.8% unsaturated fatty acids with linolenic acid predominating (70.1%) while ADB had 85.1% unsaturated fatty acids with linoleic acid being most abundant (65.3%). The very high saponification and iodine values of PKCP oil suggest itsutilization in alkyd resin, shoe polish, liquid soap and shampoo production. There is the possibility of using ADB oil in these regards as well as for edible purposes.
03/00688
Control system of coking plant
Kostur, K. Metalurgiia, 2002, 41, (2), 121-124. The control of coking plant has been analysed and investigated with the aim of proposing optimum control system. This optimum control system consists of optimization and stabilization levels. New ways of optimization and stabilization have been proposed by using the simulation model. The first optimization level represents the kernel of the optimum control of the coke battery. Exact solution is very difficult and is based upon using a complex simulation model of coking and flow of gas media from mixing station all the way to suction of combustion products into the chimney on the basis of optimization principle with the model. Its result is the detection of optimum performance of each coking battery block in such a way as to produce the required amount of coke within given time interval. This optimization level, because of its extent and difficulty, is at the stage of development and testing. The second optimization level solves in a simple way the optimum stabilization of heating capacity of mixture gas. Optimum heating capacity is solved with a method of linear programming. This optimization level was implemented and has brought positive results.
03/00689
Development potential of hydro-electric power
Gode, E. VGB PowerTech, 2002, 82, (4), 40-45. (In German)
This article argues that hydro-power is given little emphasis in comparison with other renewable energy sources, even though water power is a key renewable source of energy. In Germany roughly 5% of the electrical power is generated from renewable sources and the German government plans to double this share by 2010. This will increase the demand for all forms of renewable energy, especially for hydro-power. It should be possible to improve the hydro-electric power generation, power stations already exist although require updating and further investment. The additional impact of the power stations on the environment is small and would be acceptable in most cases. The modernization of an old small hydro-power station is taken as an example to illustrate the potential increase of 30% more power output per turbine, output could even be tripled with a new Neu-Rheinfelden power station. However, even though numerous feasibility studies and successful demonstration projects have shown the enormous potential of hydro-power especially for small hydro-power plants, a breakthrough of this technology is still missing. There are many benefits: the normal lifetime of hydro-electric power stations is around 70 years or more, water as the 'fuel' for the turbines is available free of charge, fuel and/or waste transportation is not needed, because this is done by nature. Hydro-power involves a minimum of CO2 production, which is important in terms of meeting the targets of the Kyoto protocol. In order to demonstrate the superiority of hydro-power, the 'Harvest factor' can also be used. This is the ratio of the energy converted over the lifetime of the power station against the amount of energy which is necessary to build and operate the station. For a hydro-electric power station this means that roughly three times as much energy can be converted as using wind power. Compared with photovoltaic this 'harvest factor' is as much as 20.
03/00690
Engineering challenges of the UK energy review
Arbon, I Nuclear Engineering, 2002, 47, (574), 47-48. The long-awaited Policy Innovation Unit UK energy review offers little encouragement to newer renewable energy technologies. The proposa[ to see 20% of power generation from renewables by 2020 is to be welcomed but requires serious commitment from government. This article outlines some of the difficulties in achieving the targets recommended by the review.
03/00691 Evaluation studies of Joint Forest Management in India: a review of analytical processes Murali, K. S. e/ al. Int. J. Environment and Sustainable Development, 2002, t, (2), 184-199. This paper introduces a range of methods used for data gathering and the results of their analysis in the evaluation of Joint Forest Management initiatives undertaken in India. There were 200 evaluation reports collected from different states in india, of which only 99 had reported on methods used, and issues addressed in relation to socio-eeonomic, institutional, ecological and gender and training aspects. At the national level 17 reports are available. Many studies were conducted in states where there was support from donor agencies. There were 33 reports addressing the socio-economic issues related to JFM, while only 15 reports addressed ecological issues. There were only four reports that addressed training needs of different stakeholders of JFM, while 12 related to gender issues. Based on the information collected so far, it was found that there were no reports that have focused on the monitoring of JFM, and all are evaluation reports. Monitoring is needed to understand the change over time with respect to vegetation, awareness amongst the community members, participation in various JFM activities, enhanced representation of women, incentives accrued and other matters. It is also important to document how the changes have taken place over time, the factors that determine change and its impact. Many projects have conducted mid-term evaluation, in order to enhance their performance through proper corrective measures. A significant finding in this paper is that, it is not clear at this stage, how many took the mid-term evaluation reports seriously and what review process was adopted to improve their future implementation process.
03/00692 Generation of heat and electricity with fuel cells at sewage treatment plants Schoppe, I. et al. KA: Wasserwirtschqft, Abwasser, Al~fall, 2002, 49, (4), 470-476. (In German) The paper briefly describes how digester gases that are produced in sewage treatment plants have been used for energy generation up to now and it also deals with the fundamental physical outline conditions of energy conversion. It moves on to explain the functioning of a fuel cell and points out possible areas of use in the field of wastewater treatment. In conclusion, the paper outlines the different steps for a targeted application and further development of fuel cell technology in wastewater treatment.
03/00693 Hopfield neural networks for optimal scheduling of fixed head hydrothermal power systems Basu, M. Electric Power Systems Research, 2003, 64, (1), 11-15.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts March 2003 93
Others, including development, economics 03/00686 A total energy system of fuel upgrading by drying biomass feedstock for cogeneration: a case study of Skellefte~ bioenergy combine Wahlund, B. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2002, 23, (4), 271-281. This paper investigates a new approach for improving the performance of biomass-based cogeneration plants, a bioenergy combine. The system is a conventional biomass-based combined heat and power (CHP) plant with integrated pellet production, where part of the CHP plant's heat is used for drying biomass feedstock for producing pellets. This unique integration enables increased annual operational hours and an increased use of biomass because the upgraded pellets as an energy carrier can be economically and technically transported from regions with a surplus biofuel to regions with demand for biofuel. In the studied case of this paper, the produced pellets are transported to another CHP plant for substituting fossil fuels. The total energy system of the bioenergy combine and the linked CHP plant is analysed from a perspective of CO2 reduction and energy efficiency. The results show that the system has great potential for reducing CO2 and increasing efficiency. Furthermore, the non-technical factors influencing the realization of the project has also been studied through interviews, showing that the main criterion behind the investment was the potential for profitability. In addition, an important factor that facilitated the realization was the co-operative environment between the municipality and Skellefte~ Kraft. Environmental issues appeared not to be influencing directly, but indirectly through government subsidies.
03/00687 Characterisation and some possible uses of Plukenetia conophora and Adenopus breviflorus seeds and seed oils Akintayo, E. T. and Bayer, E. Bioresource Technology, 2002, 85, (l), 95-97. Two non-conventional seeds, Plukenetia conophora (PKCP) and Adenopus breviflorus (ADB) were analysed for their proximate, fatty acids, sterols composition and physico-chemical characteristics. Crude protein was 25.65% for PKCP and 28.25% for ADB. ADB had lower moisture content (4.5%) than PKCP (8.0%) indicating that the former has better shelf life. Oil yields of the seeds were 49.58% for PKCP and 56.22% for ADB. The major sterols were stigmasterol and sitosterol in PKCP and ADB respectively. PKCP oil had 98.8% unsaturated fatty acids with linolenic acid predominating (70.1%) while ADB had 85.1% unsaturated fatty acids with linoleic acid being most abundant (65.3%). The very high saponification and iodine values of PKCP oil suggest itsutilization in alkyd resin, shoe polish, liquid soap and shampoo production. There is the possibility of using ADB oil in these regards as well as for edible purposes.
03/00688
Control system of coking plant
Kostur, K. Metalurgiia, 2002, 41, (2), 121-124. The control of coking plant has been analysed and investigated with the aim of proposing optimum control system. This optimum control system consists of optimization and stabilization levels. New ways of optimization and stabilization have been proposed by using the simulation model. The first optimization level represents the kernel of the optimum control of the coke battery. Exact solution is very difficult and is based upon using a complex simulation model of coking and flow of gas media from mixing station all the way to suction of combustion products into the chimney on the basis of optimization principle with the model. Its result is the detection of optimum performance of each coking battery block in such a way as to produce the required amount of coke within given time interval. This optimization level, because of its extent and difficulty, is at the stage of development and testing. The second optimization level solves in a simple way the optimum stabilization of heating capacity of mixture gas. Optimum heating capacity is solved with a method of linear programming. This optimization level was implemented and has brought positive results.
03/00689
Development potential of hydro-electric power
Gode, E. VGB PowerTech, 2002, 82, (4), 40-45. (In German)
This article argues that hydro-power is given little emphasis in comparison with other renewable energy sources, even though water power is a key renewable source of energy. In Germany roughly 5% of the electrical power is generated from renewable sources and the German government plans to double this share by 2010. This will increase the demand for all forms of renewable energy, especially for hydro-power. It should be possible to improve the hydro-electric power generation, power stations already exist although require updating and further investment. The additional impact of the power stations on the environment is small and would be acceptable in most cases. The modernization of an old small hydro-power station is taken as an example to illustrate the potential increase of 30% more power output per turbine, output could even be tripled with a new Neu-Rheinfelden power station. However, even though numerous feasibility studies and successful demonstration projects have shown the enormous potential of hydro-power especially for small hydro-power plants, a breakthrough of this technology is still missing. There are many benefits: the normal lifetime of hydro-electric power stations is around 70 years or more, water as the 'fuel' for the turbines is available free of charge, fuel and/or waste transportation is not needed, because this is done by nature. Hydro-power involves a minimum of CO2 production, which is important in terms of meeting the targets of the Kyoto protocol. In order to demonstrate the superiority of hydro-power, the 'Harvest factor' can also be used. This is the ratio of the energy converted over the lifetime of the power station against the amount of energy which is necessary to build and operate the station. For a hydro-electric power station this means that roughly three times as much energy can be converted as using wind power. Compared with photovoltaic this 'harvest factor' is as much as 20.
03/00690
Engineering challenges of the UK energy review
Arbon, I Nuclear Engineering, 2002, 47, (574), 47-48. The long-awaited Policy Innovation Unit UK energy review offers little encouragement to newer renewable energy technologies. The proposa[ to see 20% of power generation from renewables by 2020 is to be welcomed but requires serious commitment from government. This article outlines some of the difficulties in achieving the targets recommended by the review.
03/00691 Evaluation studies of Joint Forest Management in India: a review of analytical processes Murali, K. S. e/ al. Int. J. Environment and Sustainable Development, 2002, t, (2), 184-199. This paper introduces a range of methods used for data gathering and the results of their analysis in the evaluation of Joint Forest Management initiatives undertaken in India. There were 200 evaluation reports collected from different states in india, of which only 99 had reported on methods used, and issues addressed in relation to socio-eeonomic, institutional, ecological and gender and training aspects. At the national level 17 reports are available. Many studies were conducted in states where there was support from donor agencies. There were 33 reports addressing the socio-economic issues related to JFM, while only 15 reports addressed ecological issues. There were only four reports that addressed training needs of different stakeholders of JFM, while 12 related to gender issues. Based on the information collected so far, it was found that there were no reports that have focused on the monitoring of JFM, and all are evaluation reports. Monitoring is needed to understand the change over time with respect to vegetation, awareness amongst the community members, participation in various JFM activities, enhanced representation of women, incentives accrued and other matters. It is also important to document how the changes have taken place over time, the factors that determine change and its impact. Many projects have conducted mid-term evaluation, in order to enhance their performance through proper corrective measures. A significant finding in this paper is that, it is not clear at this stage, how many took the mid-term evaluation reports seriously and what review process was adopted to improve their future implementation process.
03/00692 Generation of heat and electricity with fuel cells at sewage treatment plants Schoppe, I. et al. KA: Wasserwirtschqft, Abwasser, Al~fall, 2002, 49, (4), 470-476. (In German) The paper briefly describes how digester gases that are produced in sewage treatment plants have been used for energy generation up to now and it also deals with the fundamental physical outline conditions of energy conversion. It moves on to explain the functioning of a fuel cell and points out possible areas of use in the field of wastewater treatment. In conclusion, the paper outlines the different steps for a targeted application and further development of fuel cell technology in wastewater treatment.
03/00693 Hopfield neural networks for optimal scheduling of fixed head hydrothermal power systems Basu, M. Electric Power Systems Research, 2003, 64, (1), 11-15.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts March 2003 93