Characterization of a New Aluminium Alloy for the Production of Wheels by Hybrid Aluminium Forging

Characterization of a New Aluminium Alloy for the Production of Wheels by Hybrid Aluminium Forging

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 109 (2015) 303 – 311 ;;,,,,WDOLDQ*URXSRI)UDFWXUH0HHWLQJ,*);;,,,...

2MB Sizes 0 Downloads 62 Views

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 109 (2015) 303 – 311

;;,,,,WDOLDQ*URXSRI)UDFWXUH0HHWLQJ,*);;,,,

&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRIDQHZDOXPLQLXPDOOR\IRUWKHSURGXFWLRQRI ZKHHOVE\+\EULG$OXPLQLXP)RUJLQJ 07RFFLD $3RODD*0/D9HFFKLDD00RGLJHOOE a

Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Italy b GUtech, German University of Technology, Oman

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© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKH*UXSSR,WDOLDQR)UDWWXUD ,*)  Peer-review under responsibility of the Gruppo Italiano Frattura (IGF)

Keywords:$O6L0JDOOR\V&UDGGLWLRQ0LFURVWUXFWXUH7HQVLOHSURSHUWLHV5KHRORJ\

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



&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRUE-mail address:PWRFFL#XQLEVLW

1877-7058 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the Gruppo Italiano Frattura (IGF)

doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2015.06.237

304

M. Tocci et al. / Procedia Engineering 109 (2015) 303 – 311

7KH FRQYHQWLRQDO SURFHVVHV IRU WKH SURGXFWLRQ RI OLJKW DOOR\ ZKHHOV DUH ORZSUHVVXUH GLHFDVWLQJ /3'&  DQG IRUJLQJ7KHIRUPHULVPRUHFRVWHIIHFWLYHLWDOORZVKLJKSURGXFWLYLW\DQGPRUHFRPSOH[JHRPHWULFVKDSHV>@2Q WKHRWKHUKDQGPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVDUHQRWDVKLJKDVWKRVHRIIRUJHGSURGXFWVEHFDXVHFDVWSDUWVDUHPRUHVXEMHFW WRGHIHFWVVXFKDVSRURVLWLHV>@7RHQKDQFHWKHSHUIRUPDQFHVRIFDVWZKHHOVDQLQFUHDVHRIWKHFRPSRQHQWVHFWLRQV DQGFRQVHTXHQWO\RIWKHZKHHOZHLJKWLVQHHGHG7KHPRVWZLGHO\XVHGDOXPLQLXPDOOR\IRUWKHSURGXFWLRQRIZKHHOV E\ORZSUHVVXUHGLHFDVWLQJLVWKH$DOOR\,WLVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\DVLJQLILFDQW6LFRQWHQW ZW WRHQVXUHWKH SURSHUIOXLGLW\DQGE\0JSUHVHQFH ZW WRHQKDQFHPHFKDQLFDOVWUHQJWKDIWHUKHDWWUHDWPHQW>@7KHIRUJLQJ SURFHVVLVZHOONQRZQWRJXDUDQWHHEHWWHUSHUIRUPDQFHVRIWKHSURGXFWV%XWLWUHTXLUHVKLJKHULQYHVWPHQWDQGDFKLHYHV ORZHUSURGXFWLRQUDWHDQGOHVVIUHHGRPUHJDUGLQJJHRPHWU\DQGDHVWKHWLFDOGHVLJQRIWKHZKHHOZKLFKLVDQLPSRUWDQW LVVXHIRUWKHPDUNHW)RUJHGZKHHOVDUHXVHGZKHUHKLJKHUPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVDUHUHTXLUHG/DWHO\PDQ\DWWHPSWV WR GHYHORS LQQRYDWLYH WHFKQLTXHV DEOH WR VROYH WKH W\SLFDO SUREOHPV RI WKH FRQYHQWLRQDO PHWKRGV DUH UHSRUWHG LQ OLWHUDWXUHOLNHUKHRFDVWLQJWKL[RFDVWLQJRUVTXHH]HFDVWLQJLQRUGHUWRLQFUHDVHWKHSURGXFWLRQUDWHHQVXULQJDWWKH VDPHWLPHVLJQLILFDQWUHGXFWLRQRISRURVLW\LQFDVWLQJV>@ 7KH+\EULG$OXPLQLXP)RUJLQJ +$) WHFKQRORJ\GHVFULEHGLQWKHSUHVHQWSDSHUDLPVDVZHOODWRYHUFRPLQJWKH OLPLWDWLRQVRIWKHSURFHVVHVRXWOLQHGDERYHDQGWRH[SORLWWKHLUDGYDQWDJHV%DVLFDOO\LWFRQVLVWVLQDK\EULGL]DWLRQRI WKHWZRFRQYHQWLRQDOSURFHVVHV7KHPRXOGLVILOOHGE\ORZSUHVVXUHGLHFDVWLQJZKLFKHQVXUHVKLJKSURGXFWLRQUDWH DQGWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIREWDLQLQJFRPSOH[JHRPHWULHV6XEVHTXHQWO\WKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIDIRUJLQJSUHVVXUHRQWKHOLTXLG PHWDOGXULQJVROLGLILFDWLRQLVSHUIRUPHGLQRUGHUWRHOLPLQDWHVKULQNDJHSRURVLW\DQGWRREWDLQDILQHPLFURVWUXFWXUH DV D FRQVHTXHQFH RI WKH UHGXFHG VROLGLILFDWLRQ WLPH ,W IROORZV WKDW KLJKHU PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV WKDQ WKRVH RI WUDGLWLRQDOO\FDVWSDUWVFDQEHUHDFKHG,QRUGHUWRDFKLHYHJRRGVRXQGQHVVKLJKPHFKDQLFDOSHUIRUPDQFHVDQGJRRG FRUURVLRQUHVLVWDQFHRIWKHZKHHOVLWLVIXQGDPHQWDOWRXVHWKHPRVWDGHTXDWHPDWHULDOIRUWKHSURFHVV$QHZ$O6L DOOR\ FRQWDLQLQJ 0J DQG &U DV VWUHQJWKHQLQJ HOHPHQWV KDV EHHQ XQGHU LQYHVWLJDWLRQ IRU +$) DSSOLFDWLRQV DV LW UHSUHVHQWVDJRRGFRPELQDWLRQRIIRUJLQJDQGFDVWLQJSURSHUWLHV7KHHIIHFWRI0JFRQWHQWRQWKHPLFURVWUXFWXUHDQG PHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVEHIRUHDQGDIWHUKHDWWUHDWPHQWVLVZLGHO\NQRZQDQGGHHSO\VWXGLHGE\VFLHQWLVWV>@OHVV XQGHUVWRRGLVWKHUROHRI&USUHVHQFH5HVHDUFKHUVKDYHVWXGLHGWKHHIIHFWRI&UDGGLWLRQLQDOXPLQLXPDOOR\VERWK FDVW>@DQGZURXJKWDOOR\VRIWHQFRPELQHGZLWKRWKHUHOHPHQWVVXFKDV&R>@6U>@0Q>@RUZLWKWKH SUHVHQFHRIFRQYHQWLRQDODOOR\LQJHOHPHQWVDV&X>@)H>@DQG0J>@$FFRUGLQJWRWKHVHILQGLQJVWKHDGGLWLRQ RI&ULVDEOHWRFKDQJHWKHPRUSKRORJ\RI)HLQWHUPHWDOOLFFRPSRXQGVIURPWKHSODWHOLNHȕSKDVHWRDOHVVKDUPIXO PRUSKRORJ\ ĮSKDVH LQ GHQGULWLF RU &KLQHVH VFULSW PRUSKRORJ\  7KLV JUHDWO\ FRQWULEXWHV WR WKH LPSURYHPHQW RI PHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVHYHQXSWRƒ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

305

M. Tocci et al. / Procedia Engineering 109 (2015) 303 – 311

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





7DEOH0LQLPXPDQGPD[LPXPFRQWHQWRIPDLQDOOR\LQJHOHPHQWVIRU$O6L&UDOOR\

 $OOR\LQJHOHPHQWV

6L

0J

&U

)H

$O

0LQFRQWHQW ZW 









%DODQFH

0D[FRQWHQW ZW 









%DODQFH

 7KHPHOWLQJSURFHVVRIWKHDOOR\ZDVH[SHULPHQWDOO\VWXGLHGE\GLIIHUHQWLDOVFDQQLQJFDORULPHWU\ '6& SHUIRUPHG ZLWKD7$,QVWUXPHQW4DSSDUDWXVHTXLSSHGZLWK8QLYHUVDO$QDO\VLVVRIWZDUH7KHVDPSOHVWDNHQIURPWKH ZKHHOZHUHSODFHGLQDQDOXPLQDSDQDQGKHDWHGXSWRƒ&LQDSXULILHGDUJRQDWPRVSKHUHZLWKDVFDQQLQJUDWHRI ƒ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ƒ&$UJRQZDVSXUJHGLQVLGHWKHRYHQWR SUHYHQWWKHR[LGDWLRQRIWKHVDPSOHVXUIDFHDQGDOVRDVFRQYHFWLYHKHDWFDUULHU$PHDVXULQJV\VWHPZLWKEREUDGLXV RIPPDQGFXSUDGLXVRIPPZDVXVHG%RWKEREDQGFXSZHUHPDGHRIJUDSKLWHWRDYRLGFKHPLFDOLQWHUDFWLRQV EHWZHHQ WKH PDWHULDO XQGHU LQYHVWLJDWLRQ DQG WKH PHDVXULQJ V\VWHP 7KH URWDWLQJ ERE ZDV JURRYHG WR DYRLG WKH DSSHDUDQFHRIZDOOVOLSZKLFKZRXOGOHDGWRIDOVHYLVFRVLW\HYDOXDWLRQV%HIRUHWKHWHVWWKHPDWHULDOZDVPHOWHGDQG VXEVHTXHQWO\FRROHGGRZQZLWKDFRROLQJUDWHRIƒ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

306

M. Tocci et al. / Procedia Engineering 109 (2015) 303 – 311

5HVXOWVDQGGLVFXVVLRQV '6&PHOWLQJFXUYHVZHUHXVHGWRLGHQWLI\VROLGXVDQGOLTXLGXVWHPSHUDWXUHVRIWKHVWXGLHGDOOR\LQFRPSDULVRQWR WKHFRQYHQWLRQDO$O6L7KHWKHUPRJUDPIRUERWK$O6L&UDQG$O6LDOOR\V )LJD VKRZVWZRHQGRWKHUPLFSHDNV ZKLFKDUHXVHGWRGHWHUPLQHUHVSHFWLYHO\WKHHXWHFWLFDQGWKHFRPSOHWHPHOWLQJRIWKHPDWHULDO 

 )LJD '6&FXUYHVDQGE VROLGIUDFWLRQFXUYHVIRU$O6LDQG$O6L&UDOOR\ 

$FFRUGLQJWROLWHUDWXUH>@WKHRQVHWWHPSHUDWXUHRIWKHILUVWSHDNUHSUHVHQWVWKHHXWHFWLFWHPSHUDWXUHZKLOHWKH SHDNWHPSHUDWXUHRIWKHVHFRQGRQHLVFRQVLGHUHGWKHHQGRIWKHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQ,WZDVIRXQGWKDW$O6L&UDOOR\LV FKDUDFWHUL]HGE\DOLTXLGXVWHPSHUDWXUHRIƒ&DQGDVROLGXVWHPSHUDWXUHRIƒ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ƒ& $ ZLGHU VHPLVROLG UDQJH FRXOG HQVXUH PRUH IOH[LELOLW\ WR WKH SURFHVV 7HQVLOH DQG KDUGQHVV SURSHUWLHVDUHUHSRUWHGLQ7DEOH  

7DEOH7HQVLOHSURSHUWLHVDQG%ULQHOOKDUGQHVVDIWHUKHDWWUHDWPHQWIRUZKHHOVSURGXFHGZLWKGLIIHUHQWWHFKQRORJLHV 7HFKQRORJ\

876 03D 

<6 03D 

(O  

+%

&RQYHQWLRQDOIRUJHGZKHHOV 7 



±

±



+$)ZKHHOV 7 









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

307

M. Tocci et al. / Procedia Engineering 109 (2015) 303 – 311

 )LJD 876E <6F HORQJDWLRQIRU$O6LDQG$O6L&UDOOR\G 9LFNHUVPLFURKDUGQHVVIRU$O6L&UDOOR\

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Į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

308

M. Tocci et al. / Procedia Engineering 109 (2015) 303 – 311

REVHUYHGIURP6(0DQDO\VLVRIWKHVXUIDFHRIVDPSOHVIURPWHQVLOHWHVWV )LJ ,QWHUPHWDOOLFSDUWLFOHVFRQWDLQLQJ)H DQG&UZHUHGHWHFWHGRQWKHIUDFWXUHVXUIDFHDVVKRZQLQ)LJEDQGF ('6DQDO\VLVLQ7DEOH 7KHLUGHWDFKPHQW IURPWKHPHWDOOLFPDWUL[FDQDIIHFWWKHHORQJDWLRQ    





)LJ$VFDVWPLFURVWUXFWXUHIURPD ULPE VSRNHIRU$O6L&UDOOR\ 



)LJ,QWHUPHWDOOLFSDUWLFOHVIURPD VSRNHDVFDVWE DUHDEHWZHHQULPDQGVSRNHKHDWWUHDWHGIRU$O6L&UDOOR\ 





)LJ6(0LPDJHVRILQWHUPHWDOOLFSDUWLFOHVIURPD VSRNHDQGE ULPIRU$O6L&UDOOR\F ULPIRU$O6L/3'&   7DEOH('6PHDVXUHPHQWVIRULQWHUPHWDOOLFSDUWLFOHV ZW  

$O

6L

&U

)H

0Q

D 6SRNH E 5LP F 5LP

  

  

  

  

  



7KHLQYHVWLJDWLRQRIWKHSUHFLSLWDWLRQVHTXHQFHDQGWKHRSWLPL]DWLRQRIWKHKHDWWUHDWPHQWDUHFXUUHQWO\XQGHUVWXG\ DVZHOODVWKHSUHVHQFHRI&UFRQWDLQLQJGLVSHUVRLGVQRWGHWHFWDEOHE\6(0DQDO\VLV

309

M. Tocci et al. / Procedia Engineering 109 (2015) 303 – 311

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



)LJ6(0LPDJHVRILQWHUPHWDOOLFSDUWLFOHVRQIUDFWXUHVXUIDFH 



 7DEOH('6PHDVXUHPHQWVIRULQWHUPHWDOOLFSDUWLFOHV ZW RQIUDFWXUHVXUIDFH 

$O

6L

&U

)H

D  E 

 

 

 

 



 )LJ9LVFRVLW\FXUYHVIRU$O6L&UDQG$O6LDOOR\IRURIVROLGIUDFWLRQ

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

310

M. Tocci et al. / Procedia Engineering 109 (2015) 303 – 311

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í >@ :60LOOHU/=KXDQJ-%RWWHPD$-:LWWHEURRG3'H6PHW$+DV]OHU$9LHUHJJH5HFHQWGHYHORSPHQWLQDOXPLQLXPDOOR\VIRUWKH DXWRPRWLYHLQGXVWU\0DWHU6FL(QJ$  ± >@ (XURSHDQ$OXPLQLXP$VVRFLDWLRQ$OXPLQLXPLQ&DUV±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± >@ 5;/L5'/L<+=KDR/=+H&;/L+5*XDQ=4+X$JHKDUGHQLQJEHKDYLRXURIFDVW$O±6LEDVHDOOR\0DWHU/HWW   ± >@ (6M|ODQGHU66HLIHGGLQH7KHKHDWWUHDWPHQWRI$O±6L±&X±0JFDVWLQJDOOR\V-0DWHU3URFHVV7HFKQRO  ± >@ **XVWDIVVRQ77KRWYDOGVVRQ*/'XQORS7KHLQIOXHQFHRI)HDQG&URQWKHPLFURVWUXFWXUHRIFDVW$O6L0JDOOR\V0HWDO7UDQV$ $   >@ 00DKWD0(PDP\$'DPDQ$.H\YDQL-&DPSEHOO3UHFLSLWDWLRQRI)HULFKLQWHUPHWDOOLFVLQ&UDQG&RPRGLILHG$DOOR\,QW -&DVW0HW5HV    ± >@ :(LGKHG0RGLILFDWLRQRIȕ$O)H6L&RPSRXQGLQ5HF\FOHG$O6L)H&DVW$OOR\E\8VLQJ6U0JDQG&U$GGLWLRQV-0DWHU6FL7HFKQRO      >@ /*+RX+&XL<+&DL-6=KDQJ(IIHFWRI 0Q&U DGGLWLRQRQWKHPLFURVWUXFWXUHDQGWKHUPDOVWDELOLW\RIVSUD\IRUPHGK\SHUHXWHFWLF $O±6LDOOR\V0DWHU6FL(QJ$  ± >@ *7LPHOOL )%RQROOR7KHLQIOXHQFHRI&UFRQWHQWRQWKH PLFURVWUXFWXUHDQG PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHVRI$O6L&X )H GLHFDVWLQJDOOR\V 0DWHU6FL(QJ$  ± >@ *7LPHOOL$)DEUL]L6&DSX]]L)%RQROOR6)HUUDUR7KHUROHRI&UDGGLWLRQVDQG)HULFKFRPSRXQGVRQPLFURVWUXFWXUDOIHDWXUHVDQG LPSDFWWRXJKQHVVRI$O6L&X )H GLHFDVWLQJDOOR\V0DWHU6FL(QJ$  ±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± >@ ;&DR-&DPSEHOO0RUSKRORJ\RIȕ$O)H6L3KDVHLQ$O6L&DVW$OOR\V0DWHU7UDQV   >@ *7LPHOOL()LRUHVH0HWRGLGLQHXWUDOL]]D]LRQHGHO)HLQOHJKH$O6LGDIRQGHULD/D0HWDOOXUJLD,WDOLDQD   >@ -.RNH00RGLJHOO)ORZEHKDYLRXURIVHPLVROLGPHWDODOOR\V-1RQ1HZWRQLDQ)OXLG0HFK  ± >@ $%ODQFR=$]SLOJDLQ-/R]DUHV3.DSUDQRV5KHRORJLFDOFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRI$DOXPLQXPDOOR\71RQIHUU0HWDO6RF   

M. Tocci et al. / Procedia Engineering 109 (2015) 303 – 311 >@ / 5RJDO -'XWNLHZLF]+9 $WNLQVRQ //LW\zVND'REU]\zVND 7&]HSSH0 0RGLJHOO &KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI VHPLVROLG SURFHVVLQJ RI DOXPLQLXPDOOR\ZLWK6FDQG=UDGGLWLRQV0DWHU6FL(QJ$  ± >@ 3 'DV 6. 6DPDQWD 3 'XWWD 5KHRORJLFDO %HKDYLRU RI $O6L0J $OOR\ DW 0XVK\ 6WDWH 0HWDOO 0DWHU 7UDQV %   '2, V >@ $3ROD55REHUWL00RGLJHOO/3DSH5KHRORJLFDOFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRIDQHZDOOR\IRUWKL[RIRUPLQJ6ROLG6WDWH3KHQRP   

311