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Characterization of a T suppressor cell line that downgrades experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in mice
CELLULAR
IMMUNOLOGY
135, 143-153 (1991)
Characterization of a T Suppressor Cell Line That Downgrades Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis in Mice’ WILLIAM~FOSU-APPIAHAND
FOROOZANMORHTARIAN*
Division of Immunology/Department of Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center and *Department Microbiology/Immunology, Health Science Center, SUNY, Brooklyn, New York I1 219 Received December 3, 1990; accepted January 20, 1991 A T-suppressor (Ts) cell line of CD8 phenotype was isolated from spleens of SJL/J mice that had recovered from experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by injection of MBPactivated T cells. The Ts cell line inhibited the proliferation of MBP-sensitized T cells in vitro. Addition of recombinant IL-2 enhanced the Ts-mediated suppression.Adoptively transferred Ts line was able to downgrade EAE in mice subsequently challenged with MBP-activated T cells. The mechanism of suppression appeared to involve neither direct cytolysis of the effector T cells nor the production of a soluble suppressorfactor. The findings suggestan in vivo role for suppressor T cells in the regulation of EAE. a 1991 Academic PXSS, IDE.
INTRODUCTION Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) and chronic relapsing EAE (CREAE) are T cell-mediated autoimmune diseasesdirected against myelin basic protein ( 1, 2). CREAE is believed to be a model for multiple sclerosis (3). Although the use of MBPreactive clones (4) and lines (5,6) have provided insights into the cellular mechanisms involved in the induction of EAE, the mechanisms involved in its remission has not been fully elucidated. Ts cells have been postulated to play a role in prevention of spontaneous and induced autoimmunity (7, 8). Recovery from EAE in rats (9, lo), natural resistance to EAE induction in certain strains of mice (1 l), and induction of tolerance by oral route (12-14) are mediated by suppressor T cells. However, less information is available on the role of Ts cells in the modulation of CEAE in the mouse system. In the present study, we investigated whether a Ts cell line derived from the spleens of SJL/J mice that had recovered from EAE could play a role in the immunoregulation of CREAE in viva. The results indicated that the Ts cell line inhibited both antigendependent proliferation in vitro and the development of EAE and CREAE in vivo, suggestinga role for Ts cells in the regulation of EAE and CREAE. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice. Female SJL/J, 6-8 weeks of age (Jackson laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME), were used in all experiments. I This work was supported by Grant R29NS24688 from the National Institutes of Health and by a grant from the Maimonides Research and Development Foundation. 143 0008-8749191 $3.00 Copyright 0 1991 by Academic Press, Inc. All rights of reproduction in any form rexrwd.
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Immunization. Guinea pig myelin basic protein (GPMBP), purified according to the method of Diebler et al. (15), was dissolved in PBS and emulsified with an equal volume of complete freund’s adjuvant (CFA) (Difco laboratories, Detroit, MI) supplemented with 600 pg/ml of lyophilized mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB), strain H37RA (Difco). Each mouse was injected subcutaneously (SC)with a total of 0.1 ml containing 400 pg of MBP and 30 pg of TB. The emulsion was distributed over four sites known to drain the inguinal, axillary, and brachial lymph nodes. Some mice were similarly injected with OVA (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) and CFA as controls. Induction of EAE. The draining lymph nodes (LN) were aseptically removed 20 days after immunization and lymph node cell (LNC) suspensions were prepared as previously described (16). Briefly, LNs were trimmed of fat, minced, and pressed through 100 mesh stainless steel and washed three times in HBSS to prepare singlecell suspensions. LNC viability was determined by trypan blue dye exclusion and routinely the cells were >98% viable. The cell concentration was adjusted to 4 X 106/ ml and cultured with 50 pgg/ml MBP in complete medium (CM), containing RPM1 1640 (Grand Island Biological Co., Grand Island, NY) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 5 X 10e5A4 2-mercaptoethanol, sodium pyruvate, nonessential amino acids, glutamine, and gentamycin. The cells were cultured in 10 ml volume in 75 cm2 tissue culture flasks for 96 hr at 37°C. After culture, the MBP-sensitized cells were enriched for T cells by panning technique (17), using petri dishes coated with fetal bovine serum (FBS) to remove adherent cells, washed, and counted, adjusted to 1.5 X log/ml, and 0.2 ml (3 X 10’ cells) injected intravenously (iv) via the lateral tail vein into each recipient. Lyrnphocyteprolifeation. LNC (4 X lo5 in 0.2 ml) from primed mice were cultured with 50 pg/ml MBP or 2 pg/ml concanavalin A (Con A; Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) in CM in round-bottomed microtiter plates. After 96 hr in culture, the cultures were pulsed with 1 &i/well of [3H]TdR (Amersham Corp., Arlington Heights, IL) for 6 hr. The cells were harvested onto glass fiber filters (Cambridge Technology, Inc. Watertown, MA) with a PHD multiple harvesting unit. In some experiments, LNC from OVA-stimulated mice were also used as controls, in which 50 pg/ml OVA was added to triplicate cultures from both groups of mice. In vivo suppression of EAE by the Ts cell line. Naive syngeneic recipients were adoptively transferred, iv, via the lateral tail vein with 1 X 10’ Ts cells, on the day before (Day -I), on the same day (Day 0), 1 day after (Day +l), 2 days after (Day +2), and 3 days after (Day +3) iv injection of 3 X 10’ MBP-activated T cells. All mice were observed daily for clinical symptoms of EAE and graded on a O-4 scale of increasing severity: 0, no abnormality; 1, flaccid tail with mild hind limb weakness;2, flaccid tail with moderate hind limb weakness;3, hind leg paralysis but not complete paralysis; 4, total paralysis and moribund. When a mouse’s clinical status remained unchanged for 14 days, it was sacrificed for histopathological evaluation. Mice that did not show any clinical signs of EAE were killed after 6 weeks. Preparation of spleen cell-conditioned medium. Spleen cell-conditioned medium (SCM) was prepared as previously described ( 18). Briefly, spleen cells (5 X 106) were stimulated with 5 pg/ml Con A for 48 hr at 37°C. The supernatants were collected and passedthrough a 0.45-membrane filter. Con A was absorbed out of the SCM with Sephadex G-25 (1% W/V for 1 hr at 37’C) and the residual mitogen was neutralized with 0.04 M a-methyl mannoside (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO). This SCM
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was used as a source of IL-2 for the expansion of the Ts cell line. The IL-2 activity in the SCM was quantitated using the IL-Zdependent mouse CTLL-2 cell line. Derivation and maintenance of Ts cell line. The Ts cell line was derived from pooled spleens of 5 SJL/J mice 29 days post adoptive transfer of MBP-activated T cells and after the mice had recovered completely from EAE. Single-cell suspensions was prepared by pressing the minced tissue through stainless steel fine gauze and the erythrocytes lysed with an ammonium chloride lysing buffer. The cells were cultured at 4 X 106/ml with 50 @g/ml MBP for 96 hr. The proliferating T cells were then depleted of macrophages by passagethrough sephadex G- 10 column ( 19) and were expanded for 14 days in lectin-free spleen cell-conditioned medium (SCM), in the presence of mitomycin-C (50 pg/ml)-treated autologous spleen cells as antigen-presenting cells (APC). At this time, the CD8+ (suppressor/cytotoxic) T cells were selected by an indirect panning technique (17): The cells were incubated with a saturating concentration of anti-Lyt 2.2(CD8) mAb (Accurate Chemical and Scientific Corp., Westbury, NY) for 60 min at 4°C. The unbound mAb was washed off and the cells were resuspended in PBS containing 1%FBS. The cells were then allowed to bind to petri dishes, which were coated with goat anti-mouse IgG and the plates were incubated at 4°C for 90 min. As a control the cells were treated with normal mouse IgG in place of the mAb and then panned on goat anti-mouse IgG-coated plates. The nonadherent cells (CD4’) were rinsed off and the adherent cells (CD8+) were detached by treating the plates with 0.1% EDTA, followed by washing and counting. The CD8+ population was maintained in medium supplemented with 10%SCM, with periodic restimulation with MBP and APC (Normally every 15 days). Immunofluorescent staining of Ts cell line. The Ts line which has been maintained in IL-2 containing medium, was centrifuged over Ficoll-Hypaque to remove filler cell debris. Briefly, 1 X lo6 cells were incubated with a 1:20 dilution of the anti-Lyt 1.2 (CD4) and Lyt 2.2 (CD8) mAbs (Accurate Chemical and Scientific Corp., Westbury, NY) for 30 min at 4°C. The cells were washed in PBS containing 2% FCS and 0.1% sodium azide. FITC-labeled goat anti-mouse IgG was added and incubated for a further 30 mins at 4°C. The cells were washed three times with PBS, then fixed with formaldehyde for 10 min and washed,and the cell surfaceimmunofluorescence was assessed by FACS (Cytofluorograph IIs, Orthodiagnostics, MA). Cytocentrifuge slides of Ts cells were also prepared, air-dried, mounted, and examined. Determination ofIL-2 activity in SCM. IL-2 activity wasassayedon triplicate cultures of 5 X lo3 CTLL-2 using serial dilutions as described by Gillis et al. (20). The IL-2 activity was compared to a reference standard and the units of IL-2 calculated as 50% of maximum response of CTLL-2 (Gillis et al., 1978). Cytotoxicity assay. Con A-activated LN blast cells were labeled with 150 &I of sodium chromate (51Cr)(Amersham Corp., Arlington Heights, IL) for 60 min at 37°C as previously described (21), followed by incubation in culture medium for 30 min to allow for the releaseof excess“Cr. The Ts cell line was added to the blast target (1 X 1O4cells) in round-bottomed microtiter plates to give Ts: target ratios of 5: 1, 10:1, and 20: 1. The plates were centrifuged at 45g for 3 min and incubated for 4 or 18 hr at 37°C. After incubation, the plates were centrifuged at 150s for 10 min and macrowell tube strips (Skatron Inc. Sterling, VA), which separatethe cells from the supernatants, were used to absorb the latter and were counted for radioactivity in a Beckman Model 5500B gamma counter (Beckman Instruments, Fullerton, CA). All the experiments were done in quadruplicates. Maximum and spontaneous release of ‘ICr were deter-
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mined by adding 100 ~1 of 2% Triton X- 100 and medium alone to the targets, respectively. In all experiments, the spontaneous release was always less than 10% of the maximum release.The results are expressedas % Specific cytotoxicity =
Test release - Spontaneous release x 100. Maximum release - Spontaneous release
Generation of Tsfactor (TsF). Briefly, 2 X lo6 Ts cells were incubated with 1 X 1O* APC (mitomycin-c treated spleen cells) in the presence or absenceof 50 pg/ml MBP. To check that the elaboration of a suppressor factor is not the result of APC, the APC alone was also exposedto MBP. After 96 hr incubation, the supernatantswere harvested and stored at -20°C until tested. In some experiments, 2 X lo6 Ts cells were frozen at -70°C and thawed at 37°C (22). This process was repeated three times and then ultracentrifuged at 10,OOOgfor 60 min. The supernatant was then assayedfor TsF. Assay for Ts and TsF. For Ts assay, 2 X lo4 MBP-primed T cells, 5 X 1O4APC and 2 X 1O4Ts cells (mitomycin-c treated) were cultured with or without MBP in 96well round-bottomed microtiter plates in a final volume of 200 ~1. To check for the specificity of the suppression, OVA, an irrelevant antigen was added to some cultures. Similarly, OVA-primed T cells were cultured with the Ts in the presence of OVA. After 96 hr in culture, the cells were pulsed with 1 &i [3H]TdR for the last 18 hr in culture. The cultures were harvested using a multiple cell harvester and the radioactivity was determined by liquid scintillation spectroscopy. To determine the proliferation of the Ts line, 2 X lo4 were cultured with APC and MBP as described. To test for soluble TsF, the non-antigen-stimulated (control), antigen-stimulated, and freeze/thawed cell supernatants concentrated IO-fold by ultrafiltration using B 15 amicon concentrator (Amicon, Danvers, MA) were added to the cultures at a concentration of between lo-50% of the final volume of the cultures. The cultures were incubated for 96 hr and processedas described for the proliferative response. RESULTS Derivation and maintenance of Ts cell line. The Ts cell line was derived from the spleens of five mice, adoptively transferred with MBP-activated T cells, that had recovered from EAE. The Ts cell line was maintained by a regimen of 1Cday restimulation with MBP and feeder cell, followed by a period of IL-2-dependent expansion. Using this approach, the cells could be expanded up to 20 times their number in the course of the 14-day cycle. The cell line was strictly dependent on regular restimulation with MBP, proliferating poorly on SCM alone for a period of 7-14 days. For the adoptive transfer experiments, the Ts cell line was used after the second antigen stimulation, where adequate numbers of cells could be generated. During these expansion phase, no changes in their characteristics were noted. Phenotype of Ts cell line. Flow cytofluorometric and cytocentrifuge slide analysis of the Ts showed the Ts cell line stained intensely for the suppressor/cytotoxic (CD8) surface marker (>95%) and were negative for SIg and were negative for the helper/ inducer (CD4) marker (data not shown). The expression of the CD8 marker, however, was unstable in long-term culture with the Ts cell line losing the CD8 marker during the 14 days of the IL-2 expansion phase. Activation of the Ts cell line with MBP and feeder cells restored the expression of the CD8 marker. Specificity of the Ts cell line. The specificity of the Ts cell line for MBP in comparison with an irrelevant antigen, OVA, was tested by proliferation. The results shown in
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T CELL SUPPRESSION IN EAE TABLE I Antigenic Specificity of T-Suppressor Cell Line Cell cocultures”
Stimulus
Cpm X 10m3+ SEM
EAE LNC EAE LNC EAE LNC EAE LNC + T-suppressor OVA LNC OVA LNC OVA LNC OVA LNC + T-suppressor OVA LNC + T-suppressor OVA LNC + T-suppressor
Medium MBP OVA MBP Medium OVA MBP OVA MBP OVA + MBP
1.3 f 0.02 98.0 SC5.0 1.4 + 0.01 2.4 i 0.09 1.2 * 0.03 78.6 k 0.5 i .3 k 0.02 75.7 +- 0.2 I .4 t 0.02 83.8 f 2.6
’ LNC (2 X 104/well) were cocultured with mitomycin-c-treated T-suppressor cell line in a ratio of I : 1 in the presence of either MBP (50 &ml), OVA (20 pg/ml), or both. After 72 hr in culture, the ceils were labeled with [3H]TdR and counted. Results are expressed as mean counts per minute (cpm) f standard error of the mean (SEM).
Table 1 indicate that the Ts line was specific for MBP, in that it only inhibited the MBP-specific response and not the OVA-specific response. Efict of IL-2 on Ts activity. It has been reported that some suppressor T cells mediate their activity by absorption of IL-2 (23, 24). To test this possibility, we examined the effectsof IL-2 on the suppressorfunction of the Ts cell line in test cultures. The results in Table 2 indicate that addition of exogenous IL-2 did not overcome the Ts-induced suppression, but rather enhanced the Ts-mediated suppression. Thus, it was highly unlikely that suppression of MBP-driven proliferation by Ts cell line was related to absorption of IL-2 by Ts cells. Functional characterization of Ts cell line. The suppressive activity of the Ts cell line was tested by adding various numbers of mitomycin-c treated Ts cells to 2 X IO4 MBP-primed T cells in the presence of MBP. As shown in Fig. 1, 50% inhibition of T cell proliferation was observed at Ts: LNC ratio of 0.5, with ratios of 2.5 and 5.0 causing complete inhibition. TABLE 2 Addition of Exogenous IL-2 Augments TS Activity Culture conditions
Stimulus
LNC LNC LNC + Ts LNC + Ts
Medium MBP MBP MBP + rIL-2
[3H]TdR incorporation (cpm X 10m3)f SEM 2.1 * 207 I 18.9 F 7.1 f
0.2 11.9 4.2 1.0
Note. LNC (2 X 104/well) were cocultured with Ts cell line (1 X 104/well) in the presence or absenceof MBP and/or recombinant IL-2 (rIL-2, 50 u/ml) for 96 hr. The cultures were labeled with 1 pCi [3H]TdR, harvested, and counted. Values represent mean counts per minute (cpm) -t standard error of mean (SEM) of quadruplicate cultures. The data is an average of two experiments.
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OFOSU-APPIAH AND MOKHTARIAN loo.
80.
60
40
20
0 TS : LNC RATIO
FIG. 1. Inhibition of MBP-driven proliferation of LNC by Ts cell line. Various doses of mitomycin-ctreated Ts cells were added to triplicate cultures of 2 X lo4 LNC with or without MBP (50 &ml). The
proliferation of the LNC was assessedby [‘H]TdR incorporation. Results are expressed as percent (%) of maximal responseof LNC plus MBP alone + standard error of mean (SEM) (118.8 + 14.0 X 10e3counts per minute, cpm) Background of Ts cells + APC was 0.2 X lo-’ cpm, and background of unstimulated LNC was 4.2 X 10M3cpm.
In vivo suppression of EAE by the Ts cell line. The ability of the Ts cell line to downgrade EAE was tested in vivo. In order to determine the number of suppressor cells required to transfer suppression, groups of naive syngeneic recipients were adoptively transferred iv with l-3 X lo7 Ts cells and then simultaneously challenged by iv injection of 3 X lo7 (encephalitogenic dose) of MBP-activated T cells in CM. Al-
TABLE 3 Effect of SuppressorCell Dose on the Induction of EAE in Mice Clinical EAE in recipients Number of Ts cells transferred
Incidence
Severity
1 x 10’ 2 x 10’ 3 x IO’ Control (MBP-activated LNC)
O/5 O/5 O/5
0 0 0
515
3
Note. Recipient syngeneicmice were adoptively transferred ip with Ts cells (l-3 X 10’) and simultaneously challenged iv with encephalitogenic dose (3 X 10’) of MBP-activated T cells. Animals were observed daily for clinical symptoms of EAE. Scoring was on an arbitrary scale of O-4 as described under Materials and Methods.
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IN EAE
EAE SCORE
TS LINE TIME BEFORE TREATMENT
FIG. 2. In Viva Suppression Of EAE by Ts Cell Line. Syngeneic recipient mice, six in each group. were adoptively transferred iv with 3 X 10’ MBP-activated T cells. Ts cells (1 X 107) were injected iv on the days indicated. Control animals received MBP-activated T cells only. Animals were observed daily for clinical EAE. Grading was on the scale of 0 to 4. Shown is the mean score of clinical disease t SEM in the protected and nonprotected groups. The data are the average of three separate experiments.
though significant reduction in the severity of EAE was observed in the Ts adoptively transferred mice, as compared to MBP-activated T cell injected controls, there was no obvious differencesin the extent of EAE suppressionin mice given different numbers of Ts cells (Table 3). Thus, a cell doseof 1 X lo7 was usedin all subsequentexperiments. In an attempt to determine the mode of action of the Ts cell line, mice were adoptively transferred with the Ts cell line at Days - 1, 0, + 1, $2, and +3 followed by injection of encephalitogenic dose of MBP-activated T cells. As shown in Fig. 2, full protection of the mice from EAE was seen when the Ts cell line was injected 1 day before, on the same day or 1 day after injection of MBP-activated T cells. Injection of Ts cells after 2 or more days was not protective. Donor cells from mice immunized with CFA + PBS failed to transfer suppression irrespective of whether the source was spleen or LN. Similarly, heat-killed Ts cell line failed to protect recipients against the development of EAE. TABLE 4 Duration
Time of cell transfer None Ts Cell Line”
’ 3 X IO’ cells given iv. ’ I X IO7 cells given iv.
of Suppressor Cell Activity
Time of challenge” (after transfer) MBP-activated 1 week 2 week 3 week 4 week 8 week
T cells
in Recipients Clinical EAE (incidence)
EAE score
515 015 o/5 215 515 515
4 0 0 2 4 4
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OFOSU-APPIAH AND MOKHTARIAN TABLE 5 “0
Release.from Effector Cells by TS Cell Line % Specific 5’Cr release
TS: T effector ratio
4 hr
18 hr
5:l IO:1 20: 1
1.4 1.7 2.2
1.8 2.3 3.2
Note. Results are expressedas percentage of specific cytotoxicity (see Materials and Methods for details of assay).
The duration of suppression was studied in groups of mice adoptively transferred with Ts at different times prior to the adoptive transfer of EAE. It can be seenin Table 4 that suppression induced by the Ts cells was transient, since the recipients developed EAE when challenged 3 weeks later with MBP-sensitized T cells. In some experiments (data not shown) the possibility of MBP carry-over was investigated, using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the supematants from freeze/ thaw Ts cell line, and was found negative. Our previous findings with radiolabeled MBP also indicate that the amount transferred with cells, after 3X washing, would be less than 50 ng per animal (2). The mechanism of suppression. Having ruled out IL-2 consumption by the Ts cell line as a possible mechanism of suppression, we then investigated whether the suppression might involve direct cytolysis of the effector cells. Con A blast LN cell targets were labeled with 51Crand the Ts (effector cells) added at 5: 1, 10:1, and 20: 1 effector TABLE 6 Suppressor Factors Are Not Produced by the TS Cell Line Expt
Suppressor factor preparation
1
Conditioned medium
2
MBP-activated sup.
3
Freeze/thaw extract
% Supernatant added None 20 30 50 None 20 30 50 None 20 30 50
(cpm X 10m3)+ SEM 207.2 f 204.6 f 205.9 f 203.8 f 201.2 + 199.7 f 200.6 -t 198.6 + 189.9 k 188.7 f 185.6 + 187.6 f
11.8 8.2 9.4 8.4 8.9 1.6 7.9 4.7 8.9 1.6 7.9 4.7
Note. TsF was generated from either conditioned medium, MBP-activated or freeze/thawed extract, concentrated IO-fold, and added to MBP-primed T cell cultures at various concentrations in the presence or absenceof MBP. After 96-hr in culture, the cells were labeled with 1 pCi [3H]TdR, harvested, and counted. Values represent mean counts per minute (cpm) + standard error of mean (SEM) of quadruplicate cultures.
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to target ratios and incubated for 4 or 18 hr. The results are shown in Table 5, and it can be seen that the specific S’Cr release, in the presence of 20-fold excessof Ts cells did not kill the target cells. Even after 18 hr incubation, there was still no significant release of “Cr. Thus, the Ts cells were not acting as classical cytotoxic T cells. We examined the possibility that the suppression was mediated by a soluble suppressor factor. Table 6 shows that neither conditioned medium nor MBP-activated Ts supernatants concentrated 1O-fold by ultrafiltration (Amicon, Danvers, MA) caused suppression of MBP-driven proliferation. In some experiments, freeze/thaw extracts of the Ts cells were also tested, but again, no suppression of MBP-driven proliferative responseswas seen. The results demonstrate that the suppression was not mediated via a soluble suppressor factor released spontaneously or during the antigen-specific proliferative response. DISCUSSION This study was undertaken to elucidate the cellular requirement for the generation of a suppressor T cell line in mice that may be involved in the regulation of EAE in vivo. The Ts cell line was derived from the spleens of mice that had recovered from EAE by phenotypic selection after in vitro expansion with MBP. The rationale for this methodology was to reduce contamination by helper cells that might become established in the Ts line. The line was able to inhibit MBP-driven T cell proliferation in vitro. The suppression appeared antigen-specific since an OVA-specific T cell line in the presence of OVA was not inhibited by the Ts cell line, whereas the MBP-primed T cells in the presence of MBP and the Ts cell line was markedly inhibited (Table 1). The dose-responsecurve of inhibition of MBP-driven proliferation showed that a high suppressorto MBP-primed T cell ratio was neededfor complete suppression,suggesting that not all the cells in the Ts cell line are functionally active suppressor cells. The Ts cell line did not proliferate to MBP in the absenceof APC, suggestingthat the latter may be required for the induction and expression of Ts activity. There are conflicting reports of whether Ts cells can respond to antigen in the absence of APC (25, 26). The Ts line adhered to MBP-coated wells, suggesting that they possessedidiotypic receptors for MBP. The Ts cell line expressed the CD8 marker, although, in longterm (i.e., 4 weeks) cultures the Ts lines slowly lost the CD8 antigen, while retaining suppressorfunction. Upon exposure of the Ts cell line to MBP plus APC, the expression of the CD8 antigen was restored. The percentage of cells involved in the cyclic expression of the CD8 antigen has not been well enumerated. It is conceivable that upon activation with MBP, all the CD8- Ts cells may reexpress the CD8 antigen at some stage of proliferation and/or differentiation and that the CD8 antigen may represent some sort of activation marker. This loss of surface antigen in long-term culture is similar to that reported for a Ts cell line in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in rats (27) and in keyhole limpet hemocyanin-specific Ts cells (28). The growth properties of the Ts cell line indicated that the line was strictly dependent on MBP for the IL-2 expansion phase, in the absence of which, the cell line would slow down and stop growing after 14 days in SCM alone. The in vitro life span of the Ts cell line was 6 months, after which the Ts cells ceasedto proliferate. Since the expression of CD8 antigen does not distinguish suppressor from cytotoxic cells (29), it is possible that the inhibition of the MBPdriven proliferation was due to direct cytolysis of the effector T cells. The negative results obtained in the “Cr release
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assay argued against that possibility. On the other hand, Sun et al. (30) reported a CD8 Ts cell line derived from the spleens of rats that had recovered from EAE that regulated EAE via specific lysis of the encephalitogenic T cell line. These authors, however, used the encephalitogenic T cell line to activate and select for the Ts cells. Thus, the mode of action of a suppressor cell line may be dependent on the manner it is initiated. Although there are many reports on the murine system which suggestthat the final stagesof a suppressor T cell pathway involve the elaboration of nonspecific suppressor factors (3 1, 32), we have not been able to demonstrate any soluble suppressor factor production by the Ts cell line. Thus our Ts cell line is more compatible with MHCrestricted cognate Ts cells which is thought to be distinct from Ts cells that produce suppressor factor (33, 34). There is evidence to suggestthat some suppressor T cells may act by consumption of available IL-2 and that addition of exogenous IL-2 to the cultures could reversethe suppressiveeffect (23). In the current study, however, addition of IL-2 instead, enhanced the Ts activity suggesting that Ts precursors involved in the suppression of MBPdriven proliferation may require IL-2 for growth and differentiation. This is consistent with a report that indicates that activation of alloreactive Ts precursors require IL-2 (35). To investigate whether the Ts cell line could downgrade EAE in vivo, and also to ascertain whether the cell line exerts its effectsat the inductive phase of EAE, or later, the Ts cell line was injected either the day before, on the same day, or Days 1,2, and 3 after injection of MBP-activated T cells. The Ts cell line was effective in protecting syngeneic normal recipients against the development of EAE. Full protection was seen when 1 X lo7 Ts cells were injected the day before, on the same day or 1 day after injection of MBP-activated T cells. When the Ts cells were injected 2 or more days after injection of MBP-activated T cells, or after establishment of EAE, they were unable to confer protection. It has been shown in the rat model of EAE (36) that pathogenic MBP-reactive cells break through the blood-brain barrier within 24 hr and proceed to interact with CNS cells, culminating in the inflammatory reaction of EAE. Our finding indicate that suppressor cells injected 2 or more days after the transfer of MBP-reactive T cells may arrive at the CNS too late to curtail the initiated inflammatory response. Thus, the Ts cells apparently act at the inductive phase of the diseaseprocess. A similar finding of action of Ts cells in the regulation of EAE in the rat system was previously reported (30). Although iv injections of soluble MBP elicited a transient resistance to EAE, no suppressor cells were isolated. Thus, the inhibition of EAE by soluble MBP might be due to a receptor blockade (37). Resistance to EAE, after induction of oral tolerance to MBP, was adoptively transferred with Con A-activated CD8+ cells from either the spleen or mesentric LN of MBP-fed animals (12). T cells, from these mice suppressedproliferation of MBP-primed LNC in vitro. Although oral tolerance to MBP is thought to be mediated, in most studies, by active suppression mechanism, it is also possible that, under some circumstances, oral tolerance to MBP is mediated by clonal deletion (13, 14). There was no evidence that MBP carry-over was responsible for the suppression of EAE obtained with the CD8 cell line, The Ts cell line must be viable in order to transfer resistance, since heat-killed Ts cell line did not confer protection.
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The data presented here suggestthat Ts cells play an active role in the recovery of mice from EAE. Studies are in progress to determine more precisely the mechanism of action of Ts cells in the regulation of EAE. REFERENCES I. Pettinelli, C. B., and McFarlin, D. E., J. Immunol. 127, 1420, 1983. 2. Mokhtatian, F., McFarlin, D. E., and Raine, C. S., Nature (London) 239, 356, 1984. 3. Suckling, A. J., Kirby, J. A., Wilson, N. R., and Rumsby, M. G., In “Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis. A Useful Model for Multiple Sclerosis” (E. C. Alvord, M. W. Kies, and A. J. Suckling, Eds.), pp. 7-12. A. R. Liss, New York, 1984. 4. Zamvil, S., Nelson, P., Trotter, J., Mitchell, D., Knobler, R., Fritz, R., and Steinman, L.. Nature 317, 355, 1985. 5. Beraud, E., Reshef,T., Vandenbark, A. A., Offner, H., Friz, R., Chou, C.-H. J., Bernard, D., and Cohen, I. R., J. Immunol. 136, 5 11, 1986. 6. Fallis, R. J., and McFarlin, D. E., J. Immunol. 143, 2160, 1989. 7. Gibson, J., Boston, A., Walker, K. Z., and Loblay, R. H., Proc. Nut/. Acud. Sci. USA 82, 5750, 1985. 8. Taguchi, O., and Nishizuka, Y., J. Exp. Med. 165, 146, 1987. 9. Swierkosz, J. E., and Swanborg, R. H., J. Immunol. 119, 1501, 1977. 10. Miyazaki, C., Nakamura, T., Kaneko, K., Mori, R., and Shibasaki, H., J. Neuml. Sci. 67, 277, 1985. 11. Lando, Z., Teitelbaum, D., and Amon, R., Nature 287, 551, 1980. 12. Lider, O., Santos, L. M. B., Lee, C. S. Y., Higgins, P. J., and Weiner, H. L., J. lmmunol. 142, 748. 1989. 13. Whitacre, C. C., Gienapp, I. E., Cox, K. L., and Orosz, C. G., FASEB J. 3, 6600. 1989. 14. Whitacre, C. C., Gienapp, I. E., Zhang, X., and Heber-Katz, E., FASEB J. 4, 949, 1990. 15. Diebler, G. E., Martenson, R. E., and Kies, M. W., Prep. Biochem. 2, 139, 1972. 16. Ofosu-Appiah, W. A., Morgan, K., and Holt, P. J. L., Ann. Rheum. Dis. 42, 432, 1983. 17. Wysocki, L. J., and Sato, V. L., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 2844, 1978. 18. Capsi, R. R., Roberge, F. G., McAllister, C. G., El-Saied, M., Kuwabara, T., Gery, I., Hanna. E., and Nussenblatt, R. B., J. Immunol. 136, 928, 1986. 19. Welch, A. M., Holda, J. H., and Swanborg, R. H.. J. Immunol. 125, 186, 1980. 20. Gillis, S., Ferm, W., Ott, W., and Smith, K. A., J. Immunol. 120, 2027, 1978. 2 1. Ofosu-Appiah, W. A., Warrington, R. J., and Wilkins, J. A., Rheumath. Ins. 7, 147, 1987. 22. Greene, M. I., Bach, B. A., and Benacerraf, B., J. Exp. Med. 149, 1069, 1979. 23. Palacios, R., and Moller, G., J. Exp. Med. 153, 1360, 1981. 24. Susskind, B. M., Merluzzi, V. J., Faanes, R. B., Paladino, M. A., and Choi. Y. S., J. Immunol. 130, 527, 1983. 25. Endres, R. O., and Grey, H. M., J. Immunol. 125, 1515, 1980. 26. Buchmuller, T., and Corradin, G., Eur. J. Immunol. 12,412, 1982. 27. Capsi, R. R., Kuwabara, T., and Nussenblatt, R. B., J. Immunol. 140, 2579, 1988. 28. Sopori, M. L., Cohen, D. A., Cherian, S., Perrone, R. S., and Kaplan, A. M., J. Immunol. 134, 1369, 1985. 29. Brideau, R. J., Carter, P. B., McMaster, W. R., Mason, D. W., and Williams, A. F., Eur. J. Immunol. 10, 609, 1980.
30. Sun, D., Qin, Y., Chluba, J., Epplen, J. T., and Werkerle, H., Nuture 332, 843, 1988. 3 1. Malkovsky, M., Asherson,G. L., Chandler, P., Cohzzi, V., Watkins, M. C., and Zembala, M., J. Immunol. 130,785, 1983.
32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37.
Aoki, I., Usui, M., Minami, M., and Dorf, M. E., J. Immunol. 132, 1735, 1984. Asano, Y., Singer, A., and Hodes, R. J., J. Immunol. 130, 67, 1983. Asano, Y., and Tada, T., J. Immunol. 142, 365, 1989. Tuig, C. C., Yang, S. S., and Hargrove, M. E., J. Immunol. 133, 261, 1984. Wekerle, H., Linington, C., Lassmann, H., and Meyermann, R., Trends NeuroSci. 9, 271, 1986. BoreI, Y., and Aldo-Benson, M., In “Immunological Tolerance: Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Applications” (D. H. Katz and B. Benacerraf, Eds.), pp. 333. Academic Press,New York, 1974.
IMMUNOLOGY
135, 143-153 (1991)
Characterization of a T Suppressor Cell Line That Downgrades Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis in Mice’ WILLIAM~FOSU-APPIAHAND
FOROOZANMORHTARIAN*
Division of Immunology/Department of Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center and *Department Microbiology/Immunology, Health Science Center, SUNY, Brooklyn, New York I1 219 Received December 3, 1990; accepted January 20, 1991 A T-suppressor (Ts) cell line of CD8 phenotype was isolated from spleens of SJL/J mice that had recovered from experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by injection of MBPactivated T cells. The Ts cell line inhibited the proliferation of MBP-sensitized T cells in vitro. Addition of recombinant IL-2 enhanced the Ts-mediated suppression.Adoptively transferred Ts line was able to downgrade EAE in mice subsequently challenged with MBP-activated T cells. The mechanism of suppression appeared to involve neither direct cytolysis of the effector T cells nor the production of a soluble suppressorfactor. The findings suggestan in vivo role for suppressor T cells in the regulation of EAE. a 1991 Academic PXSS, IDE.
INTRODUCTION Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) and chronic relapsing EAE (CREAE) are T cell-mediated autoimmune diseasesdirected against myelin basic protein ( 1, 2). CREAE is believed to be a model for multiple sclerosis (3). Although the use of MBPreactive clones (4) and lines (5,6) have provided insights into the cellular mechanisms involved in the induction of EAE, the mechanisms involved in its remission has not been fully elucidated. Ts cells have been postulated to play a role in prevention of spontaneous and induced autoimmunity (7, 8). Recovery from EAE in rats (9, lo), natural resistance to EAE induction in certain strains of mice (1 l), and induction of tolerance by oral route (12-14) are mediated by suppressor T cells. However, less information is available on the role of Ts cells in the modulation of CEAE in the mouse system. In the present study, we investigated whether a Ts cell line derived from the spleens of SJL/J mice that had recovered from EAE could play a role in the immunoregulation of CREAE in viva. The results indicated that the Ts cell line inhibited both antigendependent proliferation in vitro and the development of EAE and CREAE in vivo, suggestinga role for Ts cells in the regulation of EAE and CREAE. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice. Female SJL/J, 6-8 weeks of age (Jackson laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME), were used in all experiments. I This work was supported by Grant R29NS24688 from the National Institutes of Health and by a grant from the Maimonides Research and Development Foundation. 143 0008-8749191 $3.00 Copyright 0 1991 by Academic Press, Inc. All rights of reproduction in any form rexrwd.
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Immunization. Guinea pig myelin basic protein (GPMBP), purified according to the method of Diebler et al. (15), was dissolved in PBS and emulsified with an equal volume of complete freund’s adjuvant (CFA) (Difco laboratories, Detroit, MI) supplemented with 600 pg/ml of lyophilized mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB), strain H37RA (Difco). Each mouse was injected subcutaneously (SC)with a total of 0.1 ml containing 400 pg of MBP and 30 pg of TB. The emulsion was distributed over four sites known to drain the inguinal, axillary, and brachial lymph nodes. Some mice were similarly injected with OVA (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) and CFA as controls. Induction of EAE. The draining lymph nodes (LN) were aseptically removed 20 days after immunization and lymph node cell (LNC) suspensions were prepared as previously described (16). Briefly, LNs were trimmed of fat, minced, and pressed through 100 mesh stainless steel and washed three times in HBSS to prepare singlecell suspensions. LNC viability was determined by trypan blue dye exclusion and routinely the cells were >98% viable. The cell concentration was adjusted to 4 X 106/ ml and cultured with 50 pgg/ml MBP in complete medium (CM), containing RPM1 1640 (Grand Island Biological Co., Grand Island, NY) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 5 X 10e5A4 2-mercaptoethanol, sodium pyruvate, nonessential amino acids, glutamine, and gentamycin. The cells were cultured in 10 ml volume in 75 cm2 tissue culture flasks for 96 hr at 37°C. After culture, the MBP-sensitized cells were enriched for T cells by panning technique (17), using petri dishes coated with fetal bovine serum (FBS) to remove adherent cells, washed, and counted, adjusted to 1.5 X log/ml, and 0.2 ml (3 X 10’ cells) injected intravenously (iv) via the lateral tail vein into each recipient. Lyrnphocyteprolifeation. LNC (4 X lo5 in 0.2 ml) from primed mice were cultured with 50 pg/ml MBP or 2 pg/ml concanavalin A (Con A; Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) in CM in round-bottomed microtiter plates. After 96 hr in culture, the cultures were pulsed with 1 &i/well of [3H]TdR (Amersham Corp., Arlington Heights, IL) for 6 hr. The cells were harvested onto glass fiber filters (Cambridge Technology, Inc. Watertown, MA) with a PHD multiple harvesting unit. In some experiments, LNC from OVA-stimulated mice were also used as controls, in which 50 pg/ml OVA was added to triplicate cultures from both groups of mice. In vivo suppression of EAE by the Ts cell line. Naive syngeneic recipients were adoptively transferred, iv, via the lateral tail vein with 1 X 10’ Ts cells, on the day before (Day -I), on the same day (Day 0), 1 day after (Day +l), 2 days after (Day +2), and 3 days after (Day +3) iv injection of 3 X 10’ MBP-activated T cells. All mice were observed daily for clinical symptoms of EAE and graded on a O-4 scale of increasing severity: 0, no abnormality; 1, flaccid tail with mild hind limb weakness;2, flaccid tail with moderate hind limb weakness;3, hind leg paralysis but not complete paralysis; 4, total paralysis and moribund. When a mouse’s clinical status remained unchanged for 14 days, it was sacrificed for histopathological evaluation. Mice that did not show any clinical signs of EAE were killed after 6 weeks. Preparation of spleen cell-conditioned medium. Spleen cell-conditioned medium (SCM) was prepared as previously described ( 18). Briefly, spleen cells (5 X 106) were stimulated with 5 pg/ml Con A for 48 hr at 37°C. The supernatants were collected and passedthrough a 0.45-membrane filter. Con A was absorbed out of the SCM with Sephadex G-25 (1% W/V for 1 hr at 37’C) and the residual mitogen was neutralized with 0.04 M a-methyl mannoside (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO). This SCM
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was used as a source of IL-2 for the expansion of the Ts cell line. The IL-2 activity in the SCM was quantitated using the IL-Zdependent mouse CTLL-2 cell line. Derivation and maintenance of Ts cell line. The Ts cell line was derived from pooled spleens of 5 SJL/J mice 29 days post adoptive transfer of MBP-activated T cells and after the mice had recovered completely from EAE. Single-cell suspensions was prepared by pressing the minced tissue through stainless steel fine gauze and the erythrocytes lysed with an ammonium chloride lysing buffer. The cells were cultured at 4 X 106/ml with 50 @g/ml MBP for 96 hr. The proliferating T cells were then depleted of macrophages by passagethrough sephadex G- 10 column ( 19) and were expanded for 14 days in lectin-free spleen cell-conditioned medium (SCM), in the presence of mitomycin-C (50 pg/ml)-treated autologous spleen cells as antigen-presenting cells (APC). At this time, the CD8+ (suppressor/cytotoxic) T cells were selected by an indirect panning technique (17): The cells were incubated with a saturating concentration of anti-Lyt 2.2(CD8) mAb (Accurate Chemical and Scientific Corp., Westbury, NY) for 60 min at 4°C. The unbound mAb was washed off and the cells were resuspended in PBS containing 1%FBS. The cells were then allowed to bind to petri dishes, which were coated with goat anti-mouse IgG and the plates were incubated at 4°C for 90 min. As a control the cells were treated with normal mouse IgG in place of the mAb and then panned on goat anti-mouse IgG-coated plates. The nonadherent cells (CD4’) were rinsed off and the adherent cells (CD8+) were detached by treating the plates with 0.1% EDTA, followed by washing and counting. The CD8+ population was maintained in medium supplemented with 10%SCM, with periodic restimulation with MBP and APC (Normally every 15 days). Immunofluorescent staining of Ts cell line. The Ts line which has been maintained in IL-2 containing medium, was centrifuged over Ficoll-Hypaque to remove filler cell debris. Briefly, 1 X lo6 cells were incubated with a 1:20 dilution of the anti-Lyt 1.2 (CD4) and Lyt 2.2 (CD8) mAbs (Accurate Chemical and Scientific Corp., Westbury, NY) for 30 min at 4°C. The cells were washed in PBS containing 2% FCS and 0.1% sodium azide. FITC-labeled goat anti-mouse IgG was added and incubated for a further 30 mins at 4°C. The cells were washed three times with PBS, then fixed with formaldehyde for 10 min and washed,and the cell surfaceimmunofluorescence was assessed by FACS (Cytofluorograph IIs, Orthodiagnostics, MA). Cytocentrifuge slides of Ts cells were also prepared, air-dried, mounted, and examined. Determination ofIL-2 activity in SCM. IL-2 activity wasassayedon triplicate cultures of 5 X lo3 CTLL-2 using serial dilutions as described by Gillis et al. (20). The IL-2 activity was compared to a reference standard and the units of IL-2 calculated as 50% of maximum response of CTLL-2 (Gillis et al., 1978). Cytotoxicity assay. Con A-activated LN blast cells were labeled with 150 &I of sodium chromate (51Cr)(Amersham Corp., Arlington Heights, IL) for 60 min at 37°C as previously described (21), followed by incubation in culture medium for 30 min to allow for the releaseof excess“Cr. The Ts cell line was added to the blast target (1 X 1O4cells) in round-bottomed microtiter plates to give Ts: target ratios of 5: 1, 10:1, and 20: 1. The plates were centrifuged at 45g for 3 min and incubated for 4 or 18 hr at 37°C. After incubation, the plates were centrifuged at 150s for 10 min and macrowell tube strips (Skatron Inc. Sterling, VA), which separatethe cells from the supernatants, were used to absorb the latter and were counted for radioactivity in a Beckman Model 5500B gamma counter (Beckman Instruments, Fullerton, CA). All the experiments were done in quadruplicates. Maximum and spontaneous release of ‘ICr were deter-
146
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mined by adding 100 ~1 of 2% Triton X- 100 and medium alone to the targets, respectively. In all experiments, the spontaneous release was always less than 10% of the maximum release.The results are expressedas % Specific cytotoxicity =
Test release - Spontaneous release x 100. Maximum release - Spontaneous release
Generation of Tsfactor (TsF). Briefly, 2 X lo6 Ts cells were incubated with 1 X 1O* APC (mitomycin-c treated spleen cells) in the presence or absenceof 50 pg/ml MBP. To check that the elaboration of a suppressor factor is not the result of APC, the APC alone was also exposedto MBP. After 96 hr incubation, the supernatantswere harvested and stored at -20°C until tested. In some experiments, 2 X lo6 Ts cells were frozen at -70°C and thawed at 37°C (22). This process was repeated three times and then ultracentrifuged at 10,OOOgfor 60 min. The supernatant was then assayedfor TsF. Assay for Ts and TsF. For Ts assay, 2 X lo4 MBP-primed T cells, 5 X 1O4APC and 2 X 1O4Ts cells (mitomycin-c treated) were cultured with or without MBP in 96well round-bottomed microtiter plates in a final volume of 200 ~1. To check for the specificity of the suppression, OVA, an irrelevant antigen was added to some cultures. Similarly, OVA-primed T cells were cultured with the Ts in the presence of OVA. After 96 hr in culture, the cells were pulsed with 1 &i [3H]TdR for the last 18 hr in culture. The cultures were harvested using a multiple cell harvester and the radioactivity was determined by liquid scintillation spectroscopy. To determine the proliferation of the Ts line, 2 X lo4 were cultured with APC and MBP as described. To test for soluble TsF, the non-antigen-stimulated (control), antigen-stimulated, and freeze/thawed cell supernatants concentrated IO-fold by ultrafiltration using B 15 amicon concentrator (Amicon, Danvers, MA) were added to the cultures at a concentration of between lo-50% of the final volume of the cultures. The cultures were incubated for 96 hr and processedas described for the proliferative response. RESULTS Derivation and maintenance of Ts cell line. The Ts cell line was derived from the spleens of five mice, adoptively transferred with MBP-activated T cells, that had recovered from EAE. The Ts cell line was maintained by a regimen of 1Cday restimulation with MBP and feeder cell, followed by a period of IL-2-dependent expansion. Using this approach, the cells could be expanded up to 20 times their number in the course of the 14-day cycle. The cell line was strictly dependent on regular restimulation with MBP, proliferating poorly on SCM alone for a period of 7-14 days. For the adoptive transfer experiments, the Ts cell line was used after the second antigen stimulation, where adequate numbers of cells could be generated. During these expansion phase, no changes in their characteristics were noted. Phenotype of Ts cell line. Flow cytofluorometric and cytocentrifuge slide analysis of the Ts showed the Ts cell line stained intensely for the suppressor/cytotoxic (CD8) surface marker (>95%) and were negative for SIg and were negative for the helper/ inducer (CD4) marker (data not shown). The expression of the CD8 marker, however, was unstable in long-term culture with the Ts cell line losing the CD8 marker during the 14 days of the IL-2 expansion phase. Activation of the Ts cell line with MBP and feeder cells restored the expression of the CD8 marker. Specificity of the Ts cell line. The specificity of the Ts cell line for MBP in comparison with an irrelevant antigen, OVA, was tested by proliferation. The results shown in
147
T CELL SUPPRESSION IN EAE TABLE I Antigenic Specificity of T-Suppressor Cell Line Cell cocultures”
Stimulus
Cpm X 10m3+ SEM
EAE LNC EAE LNC EAE LNC EAE LNC + T-suppressor OVA LNC OVA LNC OVA LNC OVA LNC + T-suppressor OVA LNC + T-suppressor OVA LNC + T-suppressor
Medium MBP OVA MBP Medium OVA MBP OVA MBP OVA + MBP
1.3 f 0.02 98.0 SC5.0 1.4 + 0.01 2.4 i 0.09 1.2 * 0.03 78.6 k 0.5 i .3 k 0.02 75.7 +- 0.2 I .4 t 0.02 83.8 f 2.6
’ LNC (2 X 104/well) were cocultured with mitomycin-c-treated T-suppressor cell line in a ratio of I : 1 in the presence of either MBP (50 &ml), OVA (20 pg/ml), or both. After 72 hr in culture, the ceils were labeled with [3H]TdR and counted. Results are expressed as mean counts per minute (cpm) f standard error of the mean (SEM).
Table 1 indicate that the Ts line was specific for MBP, in that it only inhibited the MBP-specific response and not the OVA-specific response. Efict of IL-2 on Ts activity. It has been reported that some suppressor T cells mediate their activity by absorption of IL-2 (23, 24). To test this possibility, we examined the effectsof IL-2 on the suppressorfunction of the Ts cell line in test cultures. The results in Table 2 indicate that addition of exogenous IL-2 did not overcome the Ts-induced suppression, but rather enhanced the Ts-mediated suppression. Thus, it was highly unlikely that suppression of MBP-driven proliferation by Ts cell line was related to absorption of IL-2 by Ts cells. Functional characterization of Ts cell line. The suppressive activity of the Ts cell line was tested by adding various numbers of mitomycin-c treated Ts cells to 2 X IO4 MBP-primed T cells in the presence of MBP. As shown in Fig. 1, 50% inhibition of T cell proliferation was observed at Ts: LNC ratio of 0.5, with ratios of 2.5 and 5.0 causing complete inhibition. TABLE 2 Addition of Exogenous IL-2 Augments TS Activity Culture conditions
Stimulus
LNC LNC LNC + Ts LNC + Ts
Medium MBP MBP MBP + rIL-2
[3H]TdR incorporation (cpm X 10m3)f SEM 2.1 * 207 I 18.9 F 7.1 f
0.2 11.9 4.2 1.0
Note. LNC (2 X 104/well) were cocultured with Ts cell line (1 X 104/well) in the presence or absenceof MBP and/or recombinant IL-2 (rIL-2, 50 u/ml) for 96 hr. The cultures were labeled with 1 pCi [3H]TdR, harvested, and counted. Values represent mean counts per minute (cpm) -t standard error of mean (SEM) of quadruplicate cultures. The data is an average of two experiments.
148
OFOSU-APPIAH AND MOKHTARIAN loo.
80.
60
40
20
0 TS : LNC RATIO
FIG. 1. Inhibition of MBP-driven proliferation of LNC by Ts cell line. Various doses of mitomycin-ctreated Ts cells were added to triplicate cultures of 2 X lo4 LNC with or without MBP (50 &ml). The
proliferation of the LNC was assessedby [‘H]TdR incorporation. Results are expressed as percent (%) of maximal responseof LNC plus MBP alone + standard error of mean (SEM) (118.8 + 14.0 X 10e3counts per minute, cpm) Background of Ts cells + APC was 0.2 X lo-’ cpm, and background of unstimulated LNC was 4.2 X 10M3cpm.
In vivo suppression of EAE by the Ts cell line. The ability of the Ts cell line to downgrade EAE was tested in vivo. In order to determine the number of suppressor cells required to transfer suppression, groups of naive syngeneic recipients were adoptively transferred iv with l-3 X lo7 Ts cells and then simultaneously challenged by iv injection of 3 X lo7 (encephalitogenic dose) of MBP-activated T cells in CM. Al-
TABLE 3 Effect of SuppressorCell Dose on the Induction of EAE in Mice Clinical EAE in recipients Number of Ts cells transferred
Incidence
Severity
1 x 10’ 2 x 10’ 3 x IO’ Control (MBP-activated LNC)
O/5 O/5 O/5
0 0 0
515
3
Note. Recipient syngeneicmice were adoptively transferred ip with Ts cells (l-3 X 10’) and simultaneously challenged iv with encephalitogenic dose (3 X 10’) of MBP-activated T cells. Animals were observed daily for clinical symptoms of EAE. Scoring was on an arbitrary scale of O-4 as described under Materials and Methods.
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IN EAE
EAE SCORE
TS LINE TIME BEFORE TREATMENT
FIG. 2. In Viva Suppression Of EAE by Ts Cell Line. Syngeneic recipient mice, six in each group. were adoptively transferred iv with 3 X 10’ MBP-activated T cells. Ts cells (1 X 107) were injected iv on the days indicated. Control animals received MBP-activated T cells only. Animals were observed daily for clinical EAE. Grading was on the scale of 0 to 4. Shown is the mean score of clinical disease t SEM in the protected and nonprotected groups. The data are the average of three separate experiments.
though significant reduction in the severity of EAE was observed in the Ts adoptively transferred mice, as compared to MBP-activated T cell injected controls, there was no obvious differencesin the extent of EAE suppressionin mice given different numbers of Ts cells (Table 3). Thus, a cell doseof 1 X lo7 was usedin all subsequentexperiments. In an attempt to determine the mode of action of the Ts cell line, mice were adoptively transferred with the Ts cell line at Days - 1, 0, + 1, $2, and +3 followed by injection of encephalitogenic dose of MBP-activated T cells. As shown in Fig. 2, full protection of the mice from EAE was seen when the Ts cell line was injected 1 day before, on the same day or 1 day after injection of MBP-activated T cells. Injection of Ts cells after 2 or more days was not protective. Donor cells from mice immunized with CFA + PBS failed to transfer suppression irrespective of whether the source was spleen or LN. Similarly, heat-killed Ts cell line failed to protect recipients against the development of EAE. TABLE 4 Duration
Time of cell transfer None Ts Cell Line”
’ 3 X IO’ cells given iv. ’ I X IO7 cells given iv.
of Suppressor Cell Activity
Time of challenge” (after transfer) MBP-activated 1 week 2 week 3 week 4 week 8 week
T cells
in Recipients Clinical EAE (incidence)
EAE score
515 015 o/5 215 515 515
4 0 0 2 4 4
150
OFOSU-APPIAH AND MOKHTARIAN TABLE 5 “0
Release.from Effector Cells by TS Cell Line % Specific 5’Cr release
TS: T effector ratio
4 hr
18 hr
5:l IO:1 20: 1
1.4 1.7 2.2
1.8 2.3 3.2
Note. Results are expressedas percentage of specific cytotoxicity (see Materials and Methods for details of assay).
The duration of suppression was studied in groups of mice adoptively transferred with Ts at different times prior to the adoptive transfer of EAE. It can be seenin Table 4 that suppression induced by the Ts cells was transient, since the recipients developed EAE when challenged 3 weeks later with MBP-sensitized T cells. In some experiments (data not shown) the possibility of MBP carry-over was investigated, using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the supematants from freeze/ thaw Ts cell line, and was found negative. Our previous findings with radiolabeled MBP also indicate that the amount transferred with cells, after 3X washing, would be less than 50 ng per animal (2). The mechanism of suppression. Having ruled out IL-2 consumption by the Ts cell line as a possible mechanism of suppression, we then investigated whether the suppression might involve direct cytolysis of the effector cells. Con A blast LN cell targets were labeled with 51Crand the Ts (effector cells) added at 5: 1, 10:1, and 20: 1 effector TABLE 6 Suppressor Factors Are Not Produced by the TS Cell Line Expt
Suppressor factor preparation
1
Conditioned medium
2
MBP-activated sup.
3
Freeze/thaw extract
% Supernatant added None 20 30 50 None 20 30 50 None 20 30 50
(cpm X 10m3)+ SEM 207.2 f 204.6 f 205.9 f 203.8 f 201.2 + 199.7 f 200.6 -t 198.6 + 189.9 k 188.7 f 185.6 + 187.6 f
11.8 8.2 9.4 8.4 8.9 1.6 7.9 4.7 8.9 1.6 7.9 4.7
Note. TsF was generated from either conditioned medium, MBP-activated or freeze/thawed extract, concentrated IO-fold, and added to MBP-primed T cell cultures at various concentrations in the presence or absenceof MBP. After 96-hr in culture, the cells were labeled with 1 pCi [3H]TdR, harvested, and counted. Values represent mean counts per minute (cpm) + standard error of mean (SEM) of quadruplicate cultures.
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to target ratios and incubated for 4 or 18 hr. The results are shown in Table 5, and it can be seen that the specific S’Cr release, in the presence of 20-fold excessof Ts cells did not kill the target cells. Even after 18 hr incubation, there was still no significant release of “Cr. Thus, the Ts cells were not acting as classical cytotoxic T cells. We examined the possibility that the suppression was mediated by a soluble suppressor factor. Table 6 shows that neither conditioned medium nor MBP-activated Ts supernatants concentrated 1O-fold by ultrafiltration (Amicon, Danvers, MA) caused suppression of MBP-driven proliferation. In some experiments, freeze/thaw extracts of the Ts cells were also tested, but again, no suppression of MBP-driven proliferative responseswas seen. The results demonstrate that the suppression was not mediated via a soluble suppressor factor released spontaneously or during the antigen-specific proliferative response. DISCUSSION This study was undertaken to elucidate the cellular requirement for the generation of a suppressor T cell line in mice that may be involved in the regulation of EAE in vivo. The Ts cell line was derived from the spleens of mice that had recovered from EAE by phenotypic selection after in vitro expansion with MBP. The rationale for this methodology was to reduce contamination by helper cells that might become established in the Ts line. The line was able to inhibit MBP-driven T cell proliferation in vitro. The suppression appeared antigen-specific since an OVA-specific T cell line in the presence of OVA was not inhibited by the Ts cell line, whereas the MBP-primed T cells in the presence of MBP and the Ts cell line was markedly inhibited (Table 1). The dose-responsecurve of inhibition of MBP-driven proliferation showed that a high suppressorto MBP-primed T cell ratio was neededfor complete suppression,suggesting that not all the cells in the Ts cell line are functionally active suppressor cells. The Ts cell line did not proliferate to MBP in the absenceof APC, suggestingthat the latter may be required for the induction and expression of Ts activity. There are conflicting reports of whether Ts cells can respond to antigen in the absence of APC (25, 26). The Ts line adhered to MBP-coated wells, suggesting that they possessedidiotypic receptors for MBP. The Ts cell line expressed the CD8 marker, although, in longterm (i.e., 4 weeks) cultures the Ts lines slowly lost the CD8 antigen, while retaining suppressorfunction. Upon exposure of the Ts cell line to MBP plus APC, the expression of the CD8 antigen was restored. The percentage of cells involved in the cyclic expression of the CD8 antigen has not been well enumerated. It is conceivable that upon activation with MBP, all the CD8- Ts cells may reexpress the CD8 antigen at some stage of proliferation and/or differentiation and that the CD8 antigen may represent some sort of activation marker. This loss of surface antigen in long-term culture is similar to that reported for a Ts cell line in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in rats (27) and in keyhole limpet hemocyanin-specific Ts cells (28). The growth properties of the Ts cell line indicated that the line was strictly dependent on MBP for the IL-2 expansion phase, in the absence of which, the cell line would slow down and stop growing after 14 days in SCM alone. The in vitro life span of the Ts cell line was 6 months, after which the Ts cells ceasedto proliferate. Since the expression of CD8 antigen does not distinguish suppressor from cytotoxic cells (29), it is possible that the inhibition of the MBPdriven proliferation was due to direct cytolysis of the effector T cells. The negative results obtained in the “Cr release
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assay argued against that possibility. On the other hand, Sun et al. (30) reported a CD8 Ts cell line derived from the spleens of rats that had recovered from EAE that regulated EAE via specific lysis of the encephalitogenic T cell line. These authors, however, used the encephalitogenic T cell line to activate and select for the Ts cells. Thus, the mode of action of a suppressor cell line may be dependent on the manner it is initiated. Although there are many reports on the murine system which suggestthat the final stagesof a suppressor T cell pathway involve the elaboration of nonspecific suppressor factors (3 1, 32), we have not been able to demonstrate any soluble suppressor factor production by the Ts cell line. Thus our Ts cell line is more compatible with MHCrestricted cognate Ts cells which is thought to be distinct from Ts cells that produce suppressor factor (33, 34). There is evidence to suggestthat some suppressor T cells may act by consumption of available IL-2 and that addition of exogenous IL-2 to the cultures could reversethe suppressiveeffect (23). In the current study, however, addition of IL-2 instead, enhanced the Ts activity suggesting that Ts precursors involved in the suppression of MBPdriven proliferation may require IL-2 for growth and differentiation. This is consistent with a report that indicates that activation of alloreactive Ts precursors require IL-2 (35). To investigate whether the Ts cell line could downgrade EAE in vivo, and also to ascertain whether the cell line exerts its effectsat the inductive phase of EAE, or later, the Ts cell line was injected either the day before, on the same day, or Days 1,2, and 3 after injection of MBP-activated T cells. The Ts cell line was effective in protecting syngeneic normal recipients against the development of EAE. Full protection was seen when 1 X lo7 Ts cells were injected the day before, on the same day or 1 day after injection of MBP-activated T cells. When the Ts cells were injected 2 or more days after injection of MBP-activated T cells, or after establishment of EAE, they were unable to confer protection. It has been shown in the rat model of EAE (36) that pathogenic MBP-reactive cells break through the blood-brain barrier within 24 hr and proceed to interact with CNS cells, culminating in the inflammatory reaction of EAE. Our finding indicate that suppressor cells injected 2 or more days after the transfer of MBP-reactive T cells may arrive at the CNS too late to curtail the initiated inflammatory response. Thus, the Ts cells apparently act at the inductive phase of the diseaseprocess. A similar finding of action of Ts cells in the regulation of EAE in the rat system was previously reported (30). Although iv injections of soluble MBP elicited a transient resistance to EAE, no suppressor cells were isolated. Thus, the inhibition of EAE by soluble MBP might be due to a receptor blockade (37). Resistance to EAE, after induction of oral tolerance to MBP, was adoptively transferred with Con A-activated CD8+ cells from either the spleen or mesentric LN of MBP-fed animals (12). T cells, from these mice suppressedproliferation of MBP-primed LNC in vitro. Although oral tolerance to MBP is thought to be mediated, in most studies, by active suppression mechanism, it is also possible that, under some circumstances, oral tolerance to MBP is mediated by clonal deletion (13, 14). There was no evidence that MBP carry-over was responsible for the suppression of EAE obtained with the CD8 cell line, The Ts cell line must be viable in order to transfer resistance, since heat-killed Ts cell line did not confer protection.
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