Characterization of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone receptor binding in rat pituitary cell monolayer cultures; influence of intercellular communication

Moleculur

und Cellulur

Elsevier Scientific

Endocrinology,

Publishers

Ireland,

44 (1986)

147-l

147

58

Ltd.

MCE 01424

Characterization of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone receptor binding in rat pituitary cell monolayer cultures; influence of intercellular communication Maria Andries Laboratory

of Cell

Phurmacology,

University

(Received

Key words:

anterior

pituitary:

cell culture:

and Carl Denef

of Leuven, School of Medicine,

2 August

luteinizing

1985: accepted

hormone-releasing

Campus Gasthuisherg

28 October

hormone:

B - 3000 Leuoen (Belgium)

1985)

receptors.

Summary Receptors for the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) were characterized in rat pituitary as the labeled cells cultured for 3 days as monolayers on coverslips using ‘251-[o-Alah-Pro9-LHRH-NEt] ligand. The monolayers were left intact during the binding assay. Specific binding displayed the various characteristics of binding to the physiological LHRH receptor. Various kinetic data corresponded to those reported previously. However, in these cultured cells, in which binding was tested in a physiological medium, the dose response of competition for binding by LHRH agonists ranged over a smaller concentration range (< 2 orders of magnitude) than that by LHRH antagonists. In a cation-free buffer competition curves of agonists and antagonists were parallel but the apparent dissociation constant was lower than in the physiological medium. In cultures of pituitary cell populations separated by unit gravity sedimentation, the specific binding increased with the proportional number of gonadotrophs in the various was cultured after populations. However, when the gonadotroph-richest population ( = 70% gonadotrophs) recombination with gonadotroph-poor populations, binding capacity significantly increased. Microscopic examinations suggested that this phenomenon was the consequence of disrupting cellular contacts among gonadotrophs. It is concluded that certain characteristics of LHRH receptors tested on cells in a tissue-like organization and in a physiological environment are different from those reported previously in disrupted cells or monodispersed cell suspensions and that intercellular communication is an important factor controlling LHRH receptors.

Introduction Most in vitro studies on the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) receptor in pituitary cells have been confined to membrane preparations or homogenates using non-physiological assay media (Spona, 1973a, b; Park et al., 1976; Theoleyre et al., 1976; Pedrosa et al., 1977; Heber and Odell, 1978,1979; Zolman and Valenta, 0303-7207/86/$03.50

0 1986 El sevier Scientific

Publishers

Ireland,

1978: Baumann and Kuhl, 1979; Clayton et al., 1979a,‘b? 1980; Conne et al., 1979; Clayton and Catt, 1980; Kuhl et al., 1980; Perrin et al., 1980; Chan et al., 1981; Dalkin et al., 1981; Hazum, 1981, 1982, 1983; Savoy-Moore et al., 1981; Marchetti and Labrie, 1982; Barkan et al., 1983). In some studies newly dispersed cells or cultured cells were used (Grant et al., 1973; Naor et al., 1980; Giguere et al., 1981; Meidan and Koch, Ltd.

14X

1981; Loumaye et al., 1982; Meidan et al.. 1982). but in the fatter case ceils were scraped off the culture dishes or fysed by hypotonic medium before binding assays were performed. In such preparations LHRH receptors may have suffered from proteofytic and mechanical damage of the plasma membrane. Moreover, the possible influences of intercellular communications are efiminated. Intercellular communications in anterior pituitary appear to be functionally important. Indeed, in the intact pituitary of rats close associations have been found between goi~adotrophs and lactotrophs but not between gonadotrophs and other cell types (Nakane, 1970; Horvnth et al.. 1977: Sato, 1980). In previous work we have given evidence for the existence of a paracrine interaction between gonadotrophs and lactotrophs in monolayer (Denef, 1981) and in reaggregate cell culture (Denef and Andries. 1983). Moreover, when a gonadotroph-rich population separated by unit gravity sedimentation was recombined with a gonadotroph-poor population, the LH response to LHRH was significantly enhanced (Denef, 1980). The aim of the present study was (1) to investigate whether the LHRH receptor in pituitary cells could be studied directly on cells in a tissue-like organization without cells being disturbed, i.e. by studying binding on intact monolayer cultures, and (2) to study whether intercellular communications among gonadotrophs or between gonadotrophs and other cell types would have an influence on LHRH receptors. Materials and methods

LHRH was provided through the National Hormone and Pituitary Program, NIADDK (Baltimore, MD, U.S.A.). [~-Alan’-Prop’-LHRH-NEt]and [~-Phe~-D-Alarm-LHRH were gifts of Dr. Alfan Corbin (Wyeth Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.). [r>-Leu’-Pro’-LHRH-NEt] and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) were from Bachem Fincllemi~als (Marina Del Rey, CA, U.S.A.). GlyLeu-Arg-Pro-Gly-NH, ([6-IO]-LHRH) and p-endorphin were from U.C.B.-Christiaens (Brussels, Belgium). [D-Trp”-Pro’-LHRH-NEt] and [PrdLHRH-NEtj were from Cambridge Research Biochemicals (Cambridgeshire, U.K.). [D-pGl~‘-D-

Phe’-o-Trp”.“]-LHRH was from Peninsula Laboratories (San Carlos, CA, U.S.A.). Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) was from Aalto Bioreagents (Dublin, Ireland) and somatostatin from Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, MO. U.S.A.). [D-Ala”-Pro’-LHRH-NEt] for radioiodination was dissolved at a concentration of 1 mg/mI in 0.9% NaCl and stored at -20°C in 10 ~1 fractions. All other peptides were dissolved at concentrations of 1 or 0.1 mM in 0.9%, NaCl 1% crystalline bovine serum albumin (BSA) (Miles Laboratories, U.K.) and stored in fractions at -20°C.

Fourteen-day-old female Wistar rats were used in most experiments because the proportional number of gonadotrophs is higher than in adult rats (Denef et al., 1982). In some experiments 14-day-old or adult male Wistar rats were used. The animals were housed in an environment of controlled temperature, humidity and day/night cycle. Adult rats had free access to a standard pellet diet and water.

Preparation of monodispersed pituitary cells and separation of the cells according to size and density by velocity gradient sedimentation at unit gravity were performed exactly as described previously (Denef et al., 1978a, b). The 1100 ml gradient was collected in 100 ml fractions. The cells from each fraction were collected by centrifugation (100 x g) and the pellet was resuspended in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) plus 0.3% BSA and counted with a Coulter counter. The first 200 ml contained only cell debris. The following fractions were numbered from 1 to 9 (top to bottom of the gradient). Fraction 1 contained mainly red bfood cells. Usually fractions 6-9 were combined. The efficacy of cell separations was checked for each gradient by histochemical staining (Denef et al., 1978a, b) of the different cell types and occasionally by immunostaining (Denef et al., 1978a, b: Swennen et al.. 1985) or determination of cell size distribution by a Coulter automatic size distribution analyzer (Coulter Electronics. Hialeak, FL, U.S.A.). To study LHRH binding sites, 2 X 10’ cells

149

(unless otherwise stated) in 50 ~1 DMEM plus 0.3% BSA were plated on poly-t_-lysine-treated coverslips (7.5 x 15 mm). Poly-L-lysine (type I-B; MW > 70000, Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.) was applied to acid-washed coverslips at 0.1 mg/ml in distilled water for 30-60 min, after which the solution was removed to dryness by suction. As described previously (Denef et al., 1978a, b), this treatment allowed rapid and firm attachment of virtually all the cells to the coverslips. Cells were allowed to attach for about 20 min before culture medium was added. As determined by microscopic examination the loss of cells during culture was negligible. To determine the biological potency and intrinsic activity of LHRH and analogs, cells were cultured in clustered plastic Petri dishes (Nunc, Roskilde, Denmark) of 15 mm diameter. Cells, , suspended in 755100 ~1 DMEM plus 0.3% BSA at a density of 2 X 10h cells/ml, were allowed to attach for about 30-40 min before additional culture medium was added. Culture medium consisted of DMEM supplemented with 3.7 g/l NaHCO,, 10% horse serum or 10% newborn calf serum (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, U.S.A.), penicillin (35 mg/l) and streptomycin (50 mg/l). Cultures were maintained at 37°C in a water-saturated incubator in an atmosphere of 6.5% CO,/93.5% air. In several study sections serum-free defined medium was used. This culture medium was composed of DMEM and Ham’s F12 medium (Gibco) supplemented with 1 g/l NaHCO,, Hepes buffer, Tes buffer (CalbiochemBehring, La Jolla, CA, U.S.A.), 0.5% BSA, transferrin, insulin, ethanolamine, sodium selenite, superoxide anion scavengers and antibiotics as described previously (Denef et al., 1984). These cultures were maintained in a water-saturated atmosphere of 1.2% C02/98.8% air. (4) Determination of the biological potency and intrinsic activity of LHRH and analogs After 3 days the culture medium was removed and the dishes were rinced twice with DMEM, pH 7.5. Incubation with LHRH or analogs was done in 1 ml DMEM containing 1 g/l NaHCO,, 0.015 M Hepes and 0.015 M Tes buffer, pH 7.5 for 4 h at 37°C in an atmosphere of 1.2% CO, in air. The media were removed, BSA was added to a final

concentration of O.l%, and the mixture was centrifuged. LH in the supernatants was estimated by RIA, using the rat LH RIA kit distributed by the NIADDK National Hormone and Pituitary Program (Baltimore, MD, U.S.A.). The reliability of the assays has been shown previously (Denef et al., 1978a, b). The dose response curves of [D-AlahPro’-LHRH-NEt] with cells cultured in Petri dishes and with cells cultured on coverslips were identical. Thus, binding data in coverslips cultures could be reliably compared with biological responses in Petri dish cultures. Bioactivity of the radioiodinated LHRH analog was tested similarly. Immunoprecipitated counts in the LH RIA were corrected for non-specific counts from the labeled LHRH analog. These corrections were accurate as LH RIA gave the same results when LH secreted in the bioassay was first separated from the labeled LHRH analog on Sephadex G-50. (5) Radioiodination of [D-Al&-Pro’-LHRH-NEt] “51-[D-Ala6-Proy-LHRH-NEt] was used in routine binding assays because, unlike “‘I-LHRH, it only labels high-affinity saturable sites (Clayton et al., 1979b). The analog was labeled with carrier-free “‘1 by the lactoperoxidase method (Marshall and Odell, 1975). The reaction mixture was composed of 2 mCi (20 ~1) Na”“1 (specific activity: 15517 mCi/pg iodide), 500 ng (10 ~1) lactoperoxidase, 2 pg (10 ~1) [D-Alah-Pro’-LHRHNEt], 80 ng (10 ~1) HzO,, 20 ~1 0.1 M sodium acetate pH 5.6. After 4 min at room temperature the reaction was terminated by dilution. The monoiodinated compound was separated from the diiodinated and unlabeled compounds on a QAESephadex column, eluted with 0.005 M borate buffer pH 9.2 containing 1% BSA. The purity of the monoiodinated peptide was further tested by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 and by ion exchange chromatography on QAE-Sephadex at pH 2 and 9.2. All systems gave one peak of radioactivity containing more than 90% of the total radioactivity. The specific activity was calculated by comparing the quantities of labeled and unlabeled ligand which cause the same decrease in bound radioactivity in competition experiments (Hollemans and Touber, 1974; Hollemans and Bertina, 1975). The specific activity was 78-96% of the theoretical

specific activity of monoiodinated ligand, being IOOO- 1500 pCi/pg. Binding ahility of the tracer was deternlined as follows. Coverslips (see Section 6) with 4 X 10’ cells were covered with 5 ~1 of the tracer (1.5 X 10 I” M) and put upside-down in a Petri dish to ensure homogenous exposure of the cells to the assay buffer. For technical reasons (overload) no more than 4 x 10’ cells/coverslip could be used. Under the latter conditions 24% of the tracer was specifically bound (for method see Section 6) after ’ 15 min of in~uh~~ti(~n (mean of 4 detern~inations). It can be calculated from the equilibrium constant (see further) that under these assay conditions about 33% of the tracer can he theoretically bound. Thus, the intrinsic binding ability of the labeled LHRH analog was estimated to be 75% of the theoretical value. The intrinsic biological activity (maximal effect) of the tracer was 60% of the unlabeled analog. The biological potency of the labeled ligand. as estimated from the concentration at half-maximal stimulation of LH release from pituitary cell monolayer cultures was about 10 times lower than that of the unlabeled agonist.

Binding was measured on the third day in culture. ‘The assay buffer (phosphate-buffered saline, PBS) consisted of 137 mM NaCI. 3 mM KCI, 6 mM NalHPO,. 1.5 mM KH,PO,. 0.5 mM MgC12. 0.5 mM CaCl,. 2% BSA, pH 7.5. The coverslips were removed from the culture medium. rinsed and incubated at 25°C for various periods of time with different concentrations of “iI-]D-Ala(‘-Pro”LHRH-NEt] in 1 ml of the assay buffer. At the end of the incubation the bound radioactivity was separated from the unbound by transferring the coverslips and washing them for 15 s in large volumes of the assay buffer. They were counted for bound radioactivity in a gamma counter with an efficiency of 70%, for “‘I and preset error at 1%. Non-specific binding was determined by adding a lOO-fold excess of unlabeled peptide to each of the ~~~n~eI7tr~~ti(~I~sof ‘251-laheled ligand used. As far as tested over a concentration range of 5 x 10 I” to 10 h M of the “‘I-labeled ligand this lOO-fold excess was sufficient to saturate the highaffinity binding sites.

(7) Stutistid unu~vsis Results are expressed as mean + SE (standard error). Single comparisons were tested for significance by the paired or unpaired Student t-test. The paired Student t-test was used for results obtained with the same cell culture. Multiple comparisons were tested by analysis of variance followed by the multiple f-test procedure (Dunnet, 1970). Results Binding churucteristics of “‘I -(D-A iu”-Pro”LHR H-NEt] in pituituty monoluyer cultures There was no measurable destruction of the “‘I-labeled ligand during the incubations as incubation of the labeled ligand with cultures for 1-3 h did not change subsequent binding to other cultures. There was a linear correlation between the amount of binding and the number of cells on the coverslips (correlation coefficient = 0.99). Non-specific binding was IO-20% of total binding, half of which was due to non-specific binding to glass. Coverslips without cells, maintained for 1 day in culture, did not show any specific binding. Scatchard plot analysis of the binding data obtained with increasing concentrations of the labeled ligand gave a straight line, suggesting the presence of a single class of high-affinity binding sites. Pooled data of 4 separate experiments gave a Kr, = 2.8 i 0.X x 10 -ii M. Binding capacity was 22.8 i 2.X x 10’ sites/gonadotroph (mean 7frSE), that gonadotrophs from 14-day-old assuming female rats represent about 15% of the dispersed pituitary cell population (Denef et al.. 197Xa) and distribution of receptors is homogenous. Specific binding was detectable within 30 s and reached equilibrium within 10 min (data not shown). The association rate constant (k,,) was The dissociation rate con6.2 x IO’ M ’ min-‘. stant (k,) was 0.27 min-‘. The dissociation rate was the same after 2 min of incubation. The kinetically derived K,, = k,,/k,, = 4.4 X 10 ‘) M compares favorably with the value 2.8 & 0.8 x IO ’ M obtained from equilibrium analysis. There was no dramatic effect of the batch of serum added to the culture medium on the number of LHRH binding sites. When horse serum was used, occasionally a higher number of binding

IS1

strated by displacement experiments with LHRH, LHRH analogs and other hypothalamic peptides. As shown in Fig. lA, LHRH and the biologically active agonist analogs inhibited the binding of ““I-[D-Ala”-Pro’-LHRH-NEt]. The competition curves of the agonists were mutually parallel. As shown in Fig. 2, antagonist analogs also competed for binding. However, the slope of the competition curves of the agonist used was steeper than that of the antagonists. The dose response of competition by agonists ranged over less than 2 of magnitude, indicating a phenomenological positive cooperativity (Boeynaems and Dumont, 1980). The selfdisplacement curve of “51-[D-AIa’-Pro’1-LHRHNEt] was parallel with the competition curves of the antagonists (Fig. 2). The virtually inactive analog [6-IO]-LHRH competed only at concentrations > 10 ’ M whereas other peptides. which have no direct effect on LH release (TRH. somatostatin, VIP, /3-endorphin). did not cause inhibition of

sites/gonadotroph could be found (69 f 11 x 10’ vs. 19+4X lo”, 20+6X10” and 20+3X lo3 with 4 different batches; r-test: P -c 0.005). When the serum was extracted with 0.1% Dextran 70 and 1% charcoal, a procedure commonly used to remove endogenous steroid hormones from serum (Drouin et al., 1976) the number of receptors fell to the values commonly found. In serum-free chemically defined medium the number of LHRH receptors exceeded that found in medium supplemented with extracted serum (50 i 7 X 10” sites/gonadotroph; n = 5; t-test: P < 0.01). There was no marked difference in the receptor affinity among the various cultures tested in these different culture conditions, K,, ranging around 2.4 x lo-” M with a variation coefficient of 20%. Competition experiments und correlation of binding with biological responses The specificity of binding was further demono

[D-Trp6-~rr?-

LHRH

NE1 ]

A [ P~CI-LHRH

q [D-Ala6-~roQ-

LHRH

NEt ]

.

.

LHRH

- NEt ]

[D-Ld-~rz-

-

NEI]

LHRH

1.0 -

).5-

O_ -11

-10

-9

-0

PEPTIDE, log M

-1

-6

-12

-11

-10 -9 -0 PEPTIDE, log M

-1

-6

Fig. 1. (A) Displacement of ‘251-[D-Alah-Pro9-LHRH-NEt] specifically bound to 2 x 10’ cultured pituitary cells from 14-day-old female rats by unlabeled LHRH and LHRH analogs (all tested in the same experiment). The concentration of the labeled ligand was 5 x lo-” M. Labeled and unlabeled compounds were incubated simultaneously. (B) Stimulation of LH secretion by cultured pituitary cells from 14-day-old female rats by LHRH analogs (2 X 10’ cells/dish). All peptides were tested in the same experiment. Each point is the mean of 6 coverslips or dishes. SE ranged between 5 and 10% of the mean.

152

tion in the apparent binding measured, cells were incubated for 15 min at 25°C with labeled ligand alone and subsequently a 100-fold excess of unlabeled ligand was added for another 15 min. Competition of labeled ligand binding by the unlabeled analog was the same as that measured after 30 min of incubation of labeled and unlabeled ligand together, indicating that no labeled ligand is internalized to a measurable extent during the 15 min of routine incubations at 25°C (data not shown). Others have shown that cations, such as K’, Na’, Ca” and Mg’+ inhibit binding of LHRH and analogs (Marian and Conn, 1980; Conn et al., 1981; Hazum, 1981, 1982, 1983). As we measured receptor binding in PBS containing the main physiological ions, whereas in many other studies binding assays were performed in cation-free buffers (see Introduction), we compared the binding characteristics of “51-[~-Ala“-Proy-LHRH-NEt] in PBS with those in 0.01 M Tris-HC1/0.25 M sucrose. The dissociation constants of all LHRH analogs tested were lower in Tris-HCl/sucrose than in PBS (Table 1) (Student’s t-test: P -c 0.005). In contrast to those in PBS competition curves of an agonist and an antagonist LHRH analog were parallel to each other in Tris-HCl/sucrose and the dose response of competition ranged over 2 orders of magnitude (Fig. 3). The self-displacement curve of “51-[~-Alah-Proy-LHRH-NEt] coincided with the competition curve of unlabeled [D-Ala’-Pro’-LHRH-NEt] (Fig. 3).

\

0

’ 4_

1

-10

-9

-.a

-1

PEPTIOE.

-6 log

-5

-L

M

specifiFig. 2. Displacement of ‘251-[~-Alah-Proy-LHRH-NEt] cally bound to 2 x lo5 cultured pituitary cells from lCday-old females by an LHRH agonist, [D-Ala’-Pro’-LHRH-NEt], compared with the displacement by LHRH antagonist. [D-Phe’-DAlah]-LHRH and [D-pGIu’-o-Phe2-D-Trp’,h]-LHRH, inactive compounds and with the self-displacement of the labeled ligand. The concentration of the labeled ligand was 5 X IO- ” M. Each point is the mean of 3-6 coverslips. SE ranged between 5 and 10% of the mean.

binding (Fig. 2). The rank order of potency of agonists in competing for binding corresponded with the rank order of LH-releasing potency of the respective analogs in monolayer cultures (Fig. 1 B). In order to exclude participation of internaliza-

TABLE

1

COMPARISON OF APPARENT DIFFERENT ASSAY BUFFERS Values are mean k SE; the number

DISSOCIATION

of independent

CONSTANTS*

experiments

OF

LHRH

AGONISTS

AND

ANTAGONISTS

is given in parentheses.

Analog

K,, m PBS

K,, in Tris-HCl/sucrose

[D-Alah-Pro’-LHRH-NEt] ~’ ‘L51-[~-Alah-Proy-LHRH-NEt] [D-pGIu’-o-PheZ-D-Trp3.h]-LHRH

1.6kO.l x10_’ M (5) 2.7+0.3x10-’ M(4) 1.8+0.1xlO~‘M(4)

4.2kO.lxlO~“‘M(3) 6.0~0.8~10~“’ M(3) 1.0+0.2xlO~“’ M (2) _

’

IN

” Agonist. h Antagonist. *K,,=

dissociation K I),Lj

constant:

the dissociation

K,, =

IC,,,

1 + PI/K,,,, ) constant of “sI-ligand,

where ICs,, is the concentration and [L] the concentration

displacing of “51-ligand.

50% of specific binding

of ‘“‘I-ligand.

2

153

[D-Ala’-Pro’lb1 [D-Al&

LHRH-NEt Pro’- LHRH

[D-p Glu’-O-Phe’-D-Trp’,‘]

01

I

-10

] - NEt ]

d

H-W

adult

I

-9 PEPTIDE,

-8

-1

log M

specific Fig. 3. Displacement of ‘251-[~-Alah-Pro9-LHRH-NEt] binding by labeled. unlabeled [o-Alah-Pro’-LHRH-NEt] and by [D-pGlu’-u-Phe2-D-Trp7.h)-LHRH, an LHRH antagonist in Tris-HCl/sucrose buffer. Two X lo5 cells from 14-day-old female rat pituitary were incubated with 5 X 1OK”’ M tracer.

Binding to enriched populations of gonudotrophs, obtained by velocity gradient sedimentation at unit gravity As shown in Fig. 4, there was a good correlation between the amount of specific binding of ‘251-[D-Ala6-Pro9-LHRH-NEt] to 2 X lo5 cells and the proportional number of gonadotrophs in the different populations separated by gradient sedimentation of pituitary cells derived from 3 animal models (16day-old male and female, and adult male rats). Due to the limited number of cells in gradientseparated cell populations, only approximations of affinity constants could be calculated. Using 3 concentrations (4 x lO_” M, lop9 M and 4 x lop9 M) of the 125I-ligand, no obvious differences in K, among gradient fractions and animal models were found (K, = 1.9-4.0 x lop9 M). Influence of co-culturing gonadotrophs with other cell types When cells of the gonadotroph-rich gradient fraction 6-9 (60-70s gonadotrophs) from 14-dayold female rats were co-cultured in serum-free

fractions

Fig. 4. Specific binding of “’ I-[D-Alah-Pro’-LHRH-NEt] (10 ‘) M) to subpopulations of cultured pituitary cells obtained by unit gravity gradient sedimentation. (II) Proportional number of gonadotrophs as determined by immunostaining in the different gradient fractions. (h) Specific binding of ‘2s1-[~Alah-Pro’-LHRH-NEt] (lo-’ M) in the different gradient fractions as expressed per 2 x 10’ cells/coverslip. The same shape of curve was obtained with 2 other concentrations of the ligand (4XlO_‘O M and 4 x lOmy M). Values are means of 3 (fractions 5. 6-9) or 6 (fractions 2. 3, 4) coverslips. SE was 5-10s of the mean.

defined medium with the gonadotroph-poor fraction 2 (containing mainly lactotrophs and chromophobes; see Swennen et al., 1985) in a 1 : 3 ratio, binding was significantly higher than could be expected from the sum of binding values in the separate fractions. This increase in binding was seen under all culture conditions tested, i.e. in the presence or absence of T3, dexamethasone and estradiol (Fig. 5). When medium supplemented with extracted serum was used, the effect was only seen when estradiol (1 nM) was added to the culture medium (Fig. 5). In contrast, when fraction 4 was co-cultured with fraction 2 no effect on the binding was seen (Fig. 5). An increase in binding was also seen when fraction 6-9 was co-cultured

154

.

separate

0

OL -

l.

1nM E,

“One

I

1

lnME,

M”P

frartlon

to-culture

,

fractm

t none

1

b-9 b-9

I

+ fractm

I

IlIME,

2

1

1

5nfl T,

,

I

80 ntl Oex

I

,

1

I

5nM

1)

5nM

T3

80 nM Dex

80 nM Dex 1nH E,

NBCS

HS

serum-free defined medium

Fig. 5. Specific binding of “‘1 -(o-Alah-Pro’-LHRH-NEt] to co-cultures of cells from gradient fraction 6-9 or of cells from fraction 4 with cells from gradient fraction 2 obtained by sedimentation at unit gravity of pituitary cells from 14-day-old female rats. Cells were cultured either in medium supptemented with 10% extracted newborn calf serum (NBCS) or with 10% extracted horse serum (HS) or in serum-free defined medium with or without T3 (5 nM), dexamethasone (80 nM) (Dex) and estradiol(1 nM) (E,). The concentration of the labeled tigand was lOmy M. Values are the mean&SE of 3-5 independent experiments. ’ P c 0.05: ++ P (0.025; +'+ P < 0.01;++++P cc0.005(paired f-test)

with a somatotroph-rich fraction obtained from adult male rats or with human fibroblasts (Table As examined by light-microscopic examination, there was no difference in plating efficiency with cells from fraction 6-9 and cells from fraction 6-9 mixed and co-cultured with the other populations. In our routine experiments plating density is approximately 2 x 10” cells/mm2. When cells from fraction 6-9 were cultured at lower densities (15, 10 or 5 X lo2 celIs/mm2), no effect on the binding per gonadotroph was seen (data not shown). There was perfect linear correlation between binding and number of cells. At densities lower than 5 X 10’ cells/mm2 there was a considerable loss of cells,

as estimated by light-microscopic examination. To evaluate the mutual arrangement of gonadotrophs under co-culture conditions, we examined the distribution of acidophils and basophils in 3-day-old cell cultures after histochemical staining. Acidophils represent somatotrophs and lactotrophs whereas basophils include the gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs. In fraction 6-9 from 14-day-old female rats 85-95s of the basophils are gonadotrophs as determined by immunostaining (Denef et al., 1978a, b). First we compared the gonadotroph-rich fraction (fraction 6-9 from 14-day-old female rats) with a co-culture of this fraction and the somatotroph fraction 7-9 from adult males in a 1 : 3 ratio. Each basophif

155

TABLE

EFFECT OF CO-CULTURING FRACTION 6-9 ISOLATED BY GRADIENT SEDIMENTATION OF 14-DAY-OLD FEMALE RAT PITUITARY CELLS WITH OTHER CELL TYPES Co-culture values pure fraction 6-9. Cell culture

Experiment

Fraction Fraction Fraction

Fraction Fraction Fraction

o.h

6-9 6-9 6-9

higher

than

the values

80

of

cpm bound/lo5 cells of fraction 6-9 ’

0 ? + fraction 2 P 0 + human fibroblasts

100

U % 0 40 >

1850 f 200 3950*400 ** 4300 + 40 **

20

6-9 6-9 6-9

0 0 + fraction ? + fraction

2 0 7-9 $

3 520 f 250 582Ok540 * 5869k320 **

0 0 + fraction ? + fraction

2 0 7-9 6

2600* 20 348Ok160 ** 362Ok280 *

3

6-9 669 6-9

n1 ++

++

;L

I

++ z

+

+I,

+

++

2

E.rperiment

Fraction Fraction Fraction

are significantly

I

Experiment

GON + SOM

GON

2

The number of cells of the respective co-culture partner was 3 times that of fraction 6-9. Culture medium of Experiment 1 was supplemented with 10% extracted horse serum and 1 nM estradiol; culture medium of Experiments 2 and 3 was supplemented with 10% newborn calf serum and 1 nM estradiol. Human fibroblasts did not give any specific binding. Fraction 2 from 14-day-old females gave a specific binding of 2-558 of the specific binding of fraction 6-9. whereas specific binding in fraction 7-9 from adult males was IO-15% of the specific binding of fraction 6-9. This specific binding was subtracted from the specific binding of the co-cultures. ** P < 0.005; * P < 0.01 (Student’s t-test).

was classified as making contact with other basophils, with basophils and acidophils, with only acidophils or with no cells at all. As shown in Fig. 6 most basophils were in contact with other basophils when fraction 6-9 from lCday-old female rats was cultured alone. When the same fraction was co-cultured with somatotrophs from adult male rats in a 1 : 3 ratio most basophils were in contact with only acidophils. We also explored the gonadotroph-rich fraction 6-9 at low plating density. We classified each basophil as being in contact with one other basophil, with more basophils or as making no cell contacts at all. The number of basophils in contact

:

0I 60

r

L

ab

cdef

ab

cdef

_

Fig. 6. Microscopic examination of the gonadotroph-rich fraction 6-9 of lCday-old females (GON) with co-cultures of the latter fraction with the somatotroph-rich fraction 7-9 of adult males (SOM). a, basophils; b, acidophils; c, basophils in contact with only basophils; d, basophils in contact with basophils and acidophils; e, basophils in contact with only acidophils; f. single basophils. Values are significantly different (Student’s t-test) from values obtained with pure fraction 6-9. + P < 0.025; ++ P i 0.005.

with more than one other basophil decreased slightly but the number of single cells did not augment by decreasing the plating density of the cells (data not shown). It should be mentioned that K, values in the co-culture conditions could not be measured due to the limited number of cells in fraction 6-9. Discussion “51-[D-Alu”-ProY-LHRH-NEt] labels LHRH receptors on living pituitary cells in a tissue-like organization The present investigation demonstrates that monolayer cultures of rat pituitary cells on coverslips represent a relatively easy system to study presumptive LHRH receptors not only under biochemically reliable conditions but also under cell physiological conditions, since binding assays were performed directly on the monolayers. Binding of ‘251-[D-Alah-Proy-LHRH-NEt] was highly specific since more than 80% of total bind-

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ing represented binding to saturable high-affinity sites. Non-specific binding to glass was very low. Specific binding to glass, as reported for certain other peptides (Cuatrecasas and Hollenberg, 1975) did not occur. There was no evidence for degradation of the “51-labeled ligand during the assays. Internalization of LHRH agonists has been reported to occur only after 30 min incubation at 25°C (Naor et al., 1981). Indirect evidence was found that internalization did not occur under the conditions of the present study (15 min incubation at 25°C). Thus, apparent binding reflected highaffinity sites at the external surface of the plasma membrane. All these characteristics were found under conditions preserving the morphological and functional integrity of the cells. There is strong evidence that the specific binding of “SI-[D-Alah-Proy-LHRH-NEt] to cultured cells represents binding to a biologically relevant LHRH receptor. First, only LHRH, its biologically active analogs and antagonists effectively competed for binding. Inactive LHRH fragments or other peptides did not. Second, the rank order of biological potency of the analogs correlated well with the rank order of binding affinity. Third, in experiments with gradient-separated cell populations with low and high proportional numbers of gonadotrophs, a correlation was found between the amount of binding and the proportional number of gonadotrophs in these populations. The latter data extend similar findings by Naor et al. (1982) who used only one animal model. Furthermore, specific binding was detectable within 30 s of incubation which agrees with the onset of action of LHRH (Hopkins, 1977). As cells were cultured for 3 days before the binding studies were done, it could be expected that the substances of the culture medium might influence the affinity and quantity of LHRH receptors. Variations in binding characteristics as a function of the batch of serum used were only occasionally found and could be reduced by extracting the serum (steroids) with dextran-coated charcoal. However, when cultured in serum-free chemically defined medium, which is an enriched medium supplemented with transferrin. insulin and other growth-promoting substances, the number of LHRH binding sites, but not the dissociation constant, was higher than in the traditional serum-

supplemented medium. The reason for this remains to be determined. Adashi et al. (1981) reported that insulin (0.1-1000 mg/l) enhances LHRH-stimulated LH and FSH release by cultured pituitary cells. It is therefore possible that the larger number of LHRH receptors found in serum-free defined medium is due to the presence of 5 mg/l insulin which is loto lOO-fold higher than the value one should expect in medium supplemented with 10% serum (Adashi et al., 1981). By comparing binding in Tris-HCl/sucrose with that in PBS, a medium containing cations in physiological concentrations, we found that apparent K,, values were decreased by the cations present in PBS. An interesting new finding was that in PBS but not in cation-free buffer, the slope of the competition curve of an antagonist was not parallel to that of an agonist. Competition for binding by agonists ranged over less than 2 orders of magnitude which suggests that agonist binding displays phenomenological positive cooperativity (Boeynaems and Dumont. 1980). Competition curves, both ranging concentrations approaching 2 orders of magnitude, for agonists and antagonists were parallel in Tris-HCl/sucrose, suggesting that positive cooperativity does not occur in the latter buffer (Boeynaems and Dumont, 1980). As the above characteristics were not observed by others using membranes or cell suspensions in cationcontaining media, these findings indicate that the LHRH receptor displays a higher level of specificity when tested in reassociated cells in monolayer culture. It should be noted, however, that differences in agonist and antagonist binding have also been mentioned by others on the basis of other criteria. Hazum (1981, 1982, 1983; Loumaye et al., 1982) reported that binding of agonists and antagonists is differently influenced by cations and by petreatment of the membranes with proteo lytic enzymes, sulfhydryl blocking agents, neuroaminidase and wheat germ agglutinin. Agonist binding was more decreased than antagonist binding. Conn et al. (1982) found evidence that stimulation of LH release requires microaggregation of LHRH receptors and that agonists trigger this microaggregation of receptors while antagonists do not. However, the phenomenon of differential binding of agonists and antagonists remains con-

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troversial, as others did not find an effect of cations on binding (Perrin et al., 1983). As far as “51-[D-Alah-Pro’-LHRH-NEt] is concerned, saturation experiments gave linear Scatchard plots in both assay buffers. The self-displacement curve of this iodinated LHRH analog was parallel with the displacement curves of the antagonists suggesting this iodinated analog behaves as an antagonist. However, in release experiments ‘251-[D-Alah-Proy-LHRH-NEt] had LH-releasing activity. Although it was 10 times less potent than [D-Ala’-Pro’)-LHRH-NEt] the binding affinities of these compounds were almost the same. The maximal stimulation of LH release by the labeled analog also did not reach the maximal stimulation by other analogs. All this indicates that iodination of [D-Ala’-Pro’-LHRH-NEt] converts this agonist into a partial agonist. In fact, this is not surprising because labeling occurs on the TyrS residue which is situated on the active site of the molecule (Humphries et al,, 1974). Intercellular communication affects LHRH receptors In the present experiments we found evidence that the LHRH receptor is influenced by mutual contacts between the gonadotrophs. When the gonadotrophs were in contact with each other, LHRH agonist binding was lower than when they were separated from each other by co-culturing them with other glandular cell types (lactotrophs or somatotrophs) or with fibroblasts. The latter modulation of binding was highly reproducible as it was seen under several hormonal conditions. Because the effect of increased binding under coculture conditions was not induced by a specific cell type as it was seen in co-cultures with lactotrophs, somatotrophs and even with nonglandular cells (fibroblasts) we propose that the phenomenon is the consequence of a disruption of intercellular communication among the gonadotrophs. This was confirmed by microscopic evaluation of cell contacts: the gonadotrophs were unable to make contacts among each other when an excess of other cells was present. Dilutions of the gonadotrophs to low population density, on the other hand, did not result in an increase of LHRH agonist binding but microscopic examination showed that, although gonadotrophs were in con-

tact with less cells, the number of single gonadotrophs in the culture did not increase. It is highly unlikely that the increased binding to LHRH receptors in the co-culture conditions is based on a trivial mechanism such as selective difference in plating efficiency of the gonadotrophs. Microscopic examination of the cells during the culture period would have revealed such events. There is also little reason to suspect a multiplication of gonadotrophs as it is well established that mitosis in pituitary monolayer cultures is very slow (see Denef, 1980). The physiological significance of the present findings remains to be studied but could be related to the fact that the topographical distribution of gonadotrophs (see Denef, 1980) and their affinity for other cell types (Sato, 1980) in the intact pituitary gland changes during development and the estrous cycle in the rat and that these changes parallel variations in hormone release. Furthermore, in previous work we have shown that LHRH-stimulated LH release in monolayer cultures of a highly enriched population of gonadotrophs is considerably lower than in monolayer cultures of the latter population recombined with a lactotroph-enriched population (Denef, 1980). The importance of intercellular communication in pituitary cell physiology (Denef and Andries, 1983) has also become evident since we recently found that gonadotrophs secrete a substance capable of stimulating the lactotrophs. Finally, it is likely that the non-parallel competition curves by agonists and antagonists which we found in our assay system is also caused by an effect of intercellular communication on LHRH receptors. Indeed, others (Meidan and Koch, 1981) using mono-dispersed cells, between which communication is disrupted, did not find this difference between agonists and antagonists, even using a physiological assay buffer. References Adashi, E.Y.. Hsueh, A.J.W. and Yen. S.S.C. (1981) Endocrinology 108, 144-1449. Barkan, A.L., Regiani, S.R.. Duncan, J.A. and Marshall. J.C. (1983) Endocrinology 112, 1042-1048. Baumann. R. and Kuhl, H. (1979) Acta Endocrinol. 92. 228-241. Boeynaems. J.M. and Dumont. J.E. (Eds.) (1980) In: Outlines

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