Checklist of intertidal polychaetes (Annelida) of Kuwait, Northern part of the Arabian Gulf

Regional Studies in Marine Science 32 (2019) 100872

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Checklist of intertidal polychaetes (Annelida) of Kuwait, Northern part of the Arabian Gulf ∗

Manal Al-Kandari a , Zeinab Sattari a , , Sumaiah Hussain b , Vasily I. Radashevsky c , Anna Zhadan d a

KISR, Kuwait, Ecosystem-Based Management of Marine Resources, Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait b KISR, Kuwait, Environmental Pollution and Climate Program, Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait c Institute of Marine Biology, A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia d Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia

article

info

Article history: Received 24 January 2019 Received in revised form 9 September 2019 Accepted 1 October 2019 Available online 5 October 2019 Keywords: Biodiversity Coastal zone Marine polychaeta New records Taxonomy

a b s t r a c t A checklist of the polychaete fauna collected from the intertidal coastal zone along the northern part of the Arabian Gulf in Kuwait is presented. Samples were collected from 42 transects, including mainland areas and seven islands, during late autumn and winter seasons from 2013 to 2016. In total, 172 polychaete species from 46 families were identified, 19 are new records to the Arabian Gulf and 17 to the Arabian Region. The most abundant species belonged to the family Spionidae, followed by Nereididae, and Serpulidae. The list represents a regional taxonomical work which can provide baseline data for future studies and a useful basis for future conservation plans relevant to this region. © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Contents 1. 2.

3. 4.

Introduction......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Material and methods........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2.1. Characteristics of sampling sites.......................................................................................................................................................................... 2.2. Sampling method................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.3. Treatment of samples............................................................................................................................................................................................ 2.4. Polychaete identification....................................................................................................................................................................................... Results.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Discussion............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4.1. Comparison with previous studies ...................................................................................................................................................................... 4.2. New records ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ References ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

1. Introduction Over three billion people depend on marine and coastal biodiversity for their livelihoods. Careful management of this essential global resource is a key feature of a sustainable future (United Nations, 2015). Increasing scientific knowledge on biodiversity ∗ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (Z. Sattari). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2019.100872 2352-4855/© 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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is critical issue for sustainable development. The coastal intertidal area is easily accessible to man, and it is also the most vulnerable to man’s activities. Much of Kuwait’s coast has been modified due to development, reclamation, and industrial and urban discharges (Al-Sarawi et al., 1985; Bishop, 1999). With the rapid development of Kuwait’s coastal areas, environmental concerns have increased. These concerns include the potential for oil spills and the possibility of chronic contamination at particular sites, more frequent incidences of fish kills, reclamation, waste disposal, failure of the sewage systems, and overfishing. All these

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events affect Kuwait’s intertidal fauna, which have received relatively little attention. The intertidal zone is critical for the larval and juvenile phases of many commercial species and supports a diverse macrofauna (Al-Sarawi et al., 1985, 2002; Al Bakri et al., 1997; Bishop, 1999). Polychaetes are often dominant in the benthic assemblages, both with regard to the number of species and their abundances. A recent analysis comparing the biodiversity among the Red Sea, the Arabian Gulf, and the Gulf of California showed that the Arabian Gulf was undersampled compared to the two other water bodies (Ludt et al., 2017). The number of range extensions resulting from the present work supports their findings. Previous research Studies of polychaetes in the Arabian (Persian) Gulf date back over a century. The first polychaete specimens collected for scientific study from the Arabian Gulf were obtained by J. Bonnier and Ch. Perez during French expedition in 1901. The following year, the Russian scientists A.A. Bobrinsky and N.V. Bogoyawlensky collected specimens from Kuwait and Bahrain. Bogoyawlensky obtained a large collection of marine animals, including polychaetes, from dredge samples and pelagic hauls, as well as from coastal investigations. The polychaetes from these two and other expeditions were identified and described by Fauvel (1908, 1911, 1918, 1919, 1932). In 1933–34, the John Murray Expedition sampled the Gulf of Oman and the South Arabian Coast. Polychaetes collected by the John Murray Expediton were reported Monro (1937). Later in the 1930s, Danish scientists conducted biological surveys along the Iranian coast. Samples from 156 locations, including a transect across the Gulf from Iran to Bahrain, resulted in the identification of 114 polychaete species, 15 of which were new to science including four new genera (Wesenberg-Lund, 1949). From 1966 to 1981, M.B.M. Mohammad studied Kuwait’s polychaete fauna, and produced several Kuwait checklists. Mohammad (1970, 1971, 1972a,b, 1973, 1980) described 24 new species, including several new genera. Other investigations such as Al-Bakri et al. (1985) reported 42 polychaetes and Jones (1986) included 29 polychaete species among their macrofauna inhabiting Kuwait’s intertidal zone. Most of these taxa were reported only to the genus level. In Saudi Arabia’s Jubail area, McCain (1984) reported 50 polychaetes species from the intertidal region.

Gulf polychaete taxonomy was improved in 2002 when Wehe and Fiege published a checklist of polychaetes for the Arabian region. They listed 231 polychaete species (including 29 endemics) to the Gulf. Al-Rifaie et al. (2012) listed 60 polychaete species from Kuwait Bay’s subtidal waters. Bonyadi-Naeini et al. (2018) recorded 31 species belonging to 17 families from Iran’s Abu Musa Island; among these, fifteen species and three genera were new records for the Gulf and three species were new to science. In addition to general surveys, results of studies of specific polychaete families in the Gulf have been published. These families include the Chaetopteridae (Bhaud et al., 2003), Oweniidae (Martin et al., 2006), Polynoidae (Wehe, 2006; Bonyadi and Rahimian, 2009), Magelonidae (Mortimer, 2010; Mortimer et al., 2012), Sternaspidae (Yousefi et al., 2011; Sendall and SalazarVallejo, 2013), Trichobranchidae (Parapar et al., 2016), and Nereididae (Bonyadi-Naeini et al., 2017, 2018). Despite the taxonomical investigations and publications listed above, a comprehensive analysis of the polychaete fauna of the Arabian Gulf remains elusive. Identification keys and species descriptions are available for only a few groups. Every new investigation results in new records and often new taxa descriptions. In the present work, we investigated polychaete fauna along the intertidal areas of Kuwait’s intertidal zone, including seven of Kuwait’s nine islands. 2. Material and methods A total of 42 transects (Fig. 1, Table 1), extending from Khor AlSubiya in the north to the border with Saudi Arabia in the south were sampled during the late autumn and winter seasons from December 2013 to December 2016. Twenty-four transects were located on the mainland, and 18 were located on the islands. 2.1. Characteristics of sampling sites Kuwait is located on the northwestern part of the Arabian Gulf between latitudes 28◦ and 31◦ N, and longitudes 46◦ and 49◦ E. Kuwait’s tides are mixed semidiurnal, with a sequence of low– low, low–high, high–low, and high–high tides. At Shuwaikh Port, the tidal range averages 2.18 m, with lows averaging 0.94 m,

Fig. 1. Map of 42 transects established in the intertidal zone of Kuwait. For transect abbreviations see Table 1.

M. Al-Kandari, Z. Sattari, S. Hussain et al. / Regional Studies in Marine Science 32 (2019) 100872

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Table 1 Location of transects studied in the intertidal zone of Kuwait (mainland and islands). Transect

Transect name (North to South)

Location description

Habitat

Main land’s areas

Latitude

Longitude

Khor Al-Subiya (North and West of Boubyan Island) KS1 Khor Al-Subiya (Al-Magasel) KS2 Khor Al-Subiya (Al-Shumaima) KS3 Khor Al-Subiya (South)

29◦ 74.127’N 29◦ 65.672’N 29◦ 57.867’N

48◦ 09.567’E 48◦ 13.083’E 48◦ 16.803’E

Mud–rock Mud–rock Mud

Kuwait Bay KB1 KB2 KB3 KB4 KB5 KB6 KB7 KB8 KB9

Kuwait Kuwait Kuwait Kuwait Kuwait Kuwait Kuwait Kuwait Kuwait

29◦ 29◦ 29◦ 29◦ 29◦ 29◦ 29◦ 29◦ 29◦

48◦ 47◦ 47◦ 47◦ 47◦ 47◦ 47◦ 47◦ 48◦

15.455’E 92.323’E 70.800’E 75.305’E 83.653’E 82.783’E 95.340’E 99.667’E 02.240’E

Mud Mud Mud Sand–rock Sand–rock Mud Sand–rock Sand–rock Sand–rock

East Kuwait Bay SAL

Al-Salmiya

29◦ 33.855’N

48◦ 09.625’E

Sand–rock

South Kuwait Bay MES FNI AHA MAN MAH MAB JUL DZO RZO KHI NUW

Al-Messilah Al-Funaitees Abu Halifa Al-Mangaf Masfat Al-Ahmadi Mina Abdullah Al-Julaia’a Dohat Al-Zour Ras Al-Zour Al-Khiran Al-Nuwaiseeb

29◦ 29◦ 29◦ 29◦ 29◦ 29◦ 28◦ 28◦ 28◦ 28◦ 28◦

27.493’N 19.198’N 13.590’N 10.068’N 07.385’N 00.118’N 82.467’N 76.833’N 74.170’N 64.688’N 57.990’N

48◦ 48◦ 48◦ 48◦ 48◦ 48◦ 48◦ 48◦ 48◦ 48◦ 48◦

09.012’E 11.563’E 13.308’E 13.872’E 14.460’E 16.422’E 28.020’E 30.350’E 38.250’E 39.048’E 40.130’E

Sand–rock Sand–rock Sand–rock Sand–rock Sand–rock Sand–rock Sand–rock Sand–rock Sand–rock Sand–rock Sand–rock

Boubyan Island (Umm Al-Shajar) Boubyan Island (Ras Al-Gayed) Boubyan Island (South) Miskan Island (Southeast) Failaka Island (Northwest) Failaka Island (South) Failaka Island (East 1) Failaka Island (East 2) Auha Island (North 1) Auha Island (South) Umm Al-Namil (Northeast) Kubbar Island (East) Kubbar Island (West) Qaruh Island (North) Qaruh Island (South) Umm Al-Maradim Island (East) Umm Al-Maradim Island (NorthEast) Umm Al-Maradim Island (Northwest)

29◦ 29◦ 29◦ 29◦ 29◦ 29◦ 29◦ 29◦ 29◦ 29◦ 29◦ 29◦ 29◦ 28◦ 28◦ 28◦ 28◦ 28◦

90.438’N 80.155’N 64.988’N 48.395’N 46.748’N 42.708’N 39.382’N 39.517’N 37.890’N 37.758’N 38.687’N 07.295’N 07.130’N 81.842’N 81.703’N 68.232’N 67.963’N 68.267’N

48◦ 48◦ 48◦ 48◦ 48◦ 48◦ 48◦ 48◦ 48◦ 48◦ 47◦ 48◦ 48◦ 48◦ 48◦ 48◦ 48◦ 48◦

02.458’E 36.625’E 31.383’E 25.490’E 29.730’E 33.845’E 39.930’E 40.227’E 43.833’E 44.143’E 87.075’E 49.120’E 49.425’E 77.588’E 77.678’E 65.327’E 65.345’E 65.288’E

Mud Mud Mud Mud Mud–rock Mud–rock Sand–rock Sand–rock Sand–rock Sand–rock Sand–rock Sand–rock Sand–rock Sand–rock Sand–rock Sand–rock Sand–rock Sand–rock

Islands BI1 BI2 BI3 MI1 FI1 FI2 FI3 FI4 AI1 AI2 UN3 KI1 KI2 QI1 QI2 UI1 UI2 UI3

Bay Bay Bay Bay Bay Bay Bay Bay Bay

(Ras Al-Halah) (Mudairah) (Al-Kuwaisat) (Al-Judailiat) (Aushairij) (Sulaibikhat Bay) (Al-Salam Beach) (RasAjuza) (Al-Sha’ab)

55.453’N 54.453’N 37.795’N 37.495’N 38.412’N 32.837’N 36.052’N 39.135’N 36.632’N

and highs averaging 3.12 m above 0 chart datum. The maximum high–high water is 4.05 m (Kuwait Port Authority, 2016). Kuwait’s intertidal areas represent combinations of rocky, sandy, and muddy beaches. At some transects, sandy mud or muddy sand covered a hard stratum throughout the intertidal range. Other transects consisted of combinations of sand and rocks, with some rocks loose and resting on the surface, and others being part of the bedrock. The rocks’ surfaces sometimes included aggregations of barnacles (Amphibalanus amphitrite), mollusk shells (Crassostrea sp.), and Serpulidae polychaete tubes. These aggregations provided shelter for many infaunal organisms inhabiting numerous spaces inside the attached epifauna. Sampling site characteristics are summarized in Table 1.

as well as from underneath the rocks, among intertidal seaweeds, and from burrows. Rocks containing biota were taken to the laboratory in seawater, allowed to stand overnight without aeration to encourage infauna to evacuate their habitat. The following day, fauna were collected from the bottom of the containers. Additionally, fauna living within porous rocks were collected by breaking the rocks with a hammer, placing the resulting debris in isotonic magnesium chloride solution, and collecting the polychaetes after their relaxation. For soft substrata, a 25 × 25 cm square metal box corer, 15 cm deep was placed on the representative habitat, and sediment was collected by spade from inside the corer.

2.2. Sampling method

Samples were sieved using a 0.5 mm mesh screen. To relax polychaetes, specimens were placed in 7% magnesium chloride solution. The collected samples were fixed in a 4%–5% formalin– seawater solution for 24 h, then washed for 24 h with several changes of fresh water, and later stored in a 70% ethanol solution for identification. The collection of voucher specimens of all identified taxa were deposited in the Kuwait Institute for

The sampling dates and times for each transect coincided with the timing of the lowest tides, i.e. 0 chart datum, during daylight. Within each level of the low-, mid-, and high-tide zones for each transect, three replicates of intertidal samples were collected. For hard substrata, animals were collected manually from the rocks

2.3. Treatment of samples

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Scientific Research (KISR), Kuwait and a deposit number in the KISR collection was designated for each collection unit. 2.4. Polychaete identification Polychaetes were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level using stereomicroscope Leika M125 and compound microscope Leika DM2500. For identification we used the literature listed above, as well as the following taxonomic keys and descriptions: Hartman (1957), Day (1967, 1977), Ushakov (1972, 1982), Strelzov (1973), Fauchald (1977), Hartley (1981), O’Donnell (1981, 1982, 1986), Perkins (1985), Blake (1981, 1991), Hutchings et al. (1991), Pleijel (1991, 1998), Wilson and Glasby (1993), Blake and Hilbig (1994), Blake et al. (1995, 1996a,b), Khlebovich (1996), Qiu and Qian (2000), Aungtonya (2002), Böggemann (2002, 2005), Bakken and Wilson (2005), Glasby and Hsieh (2006), Garwood (2007), Bakken et al. (2009), ten Hove and Kupriyanova (2009), Tovar-Hernández (2010), Oug (2012), Jirkov and Leontovich (2013), Magalhães and Bailey-Brock (2012, 2013), Muir and Hossain (2014), Rizzo and Salazar-Vallejo (2014), Giangrande and Licciano (2015) and Zanol and Ruta (2015). Representatives of the family Syllidae have not been identified yet. The nomenclature was designated as per WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species) guidelines available at http://www. marinespecies.org/index.php. Regional distinction used for polychaete distributions is defined as follows: Arabian region includes the waters around Arabia, including the Red Sea and Sea of Oman; Arabian Gulf is synonymous with Persian Gulf. New records include those for Kuwait, the Arabian Gulf, or the Arabian Region. 3. Results A total of 172 polychaete species from 46 families was collected in this study. Spionidae had the highest number of species (34), followed by Nereididae (22), Serpulidae (12), Polynoidae (8), and Terebellidae (7). Polychaete families and species names are presented alphabetically. Information on each species is briefly summarized. The summaries mention whether a species represents a new record and identifies the transect(s) from which it was collected. The summary also includes the dominate substrata where the species occurred and its distribution in the Arabian region according to Wehe and Fiege (2002), and its overall distribution according to WoRMS (only for taxa identified to the species level). List of species Families and the species within each taxa are in alphabetical order. The abbreviations of distribution in the following list are defined in Table 1. Family Ampharetidae 1. Isolda albula (Mohammad,1971) Distribution in Kuwait: MES, KB9, AI1. Sand. Distribution: Arabian Gulf. 2. Melinna cf. palmata (Grube, 1870) Distribution in Kuwait: KB1, BI1. Sand, mud, rocks. Distribution: Gulf of Oman, Arabian Gulf, North-East Atlantic, Arctic. Family Amphinomidae 3. Linopherus hirsuta (Wesenberg-Lund, 1949) Distribution in Kuwait: KHI, KI2, NUW, BI2, MAH, QI2, UI1, AI1. Sand, rocks. Distribution: Gulf of Oman, Arabian Gulf, Indo-West Pacific. Family Capitellidae

4. Capitella cf. capitata (Fabricius, 1780) Distribution in Kuwait: MES. Sand, rocks. Distribution: Red Sea, Arabian Gulf, cosmopolitan. 5. Dasybranchus caducus (Grube, 1846) Distribution in Kuwait: AHA, MES, FNI, MAN, MAH, RZO, NUW, KB9, UI2. Sand, rocks. Distribution: Suez Canal, Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Gulf, Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean. 6. Heteromastus similis (Southern, 1921) Distribution in Kuwait: FNI, MES, NUW, SAL, FI3, KS2, KB3, KB7, MAH, KHI. Sand, rocks. Distribution: Arabian Gulf, Indo-West Pacific, South-West Atlantic. 7. Notomastus cf. latericeus (Sars, 1851) Distribution in Kuwait: FNI, KHI, NUW, KI2. Rocks, sand, mud. Distribution: Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Arctic. 8. Rashgua rubrocincta (Wesenberg-Lund, 1949) Distribution in Kuwait: KB9. Sand. Distribution: Arabian Gulf. 9. Scyphoproctus aciculatus (Mohammad, 1980) Distribution in Kuwait: SAL, QI1, QI2, UI1, UI2. Sand, rocks. Distribution: Arabian Gulf. Family Chaetopteridae 10. Spiochaetopterus sp. Distribution in Kuwait: KB6, FI3. Mud, rocks. Family Chrysopetalidae 11. Bhawania goodei (Webster, 1884) Distribution in Kuwait: AHA, FNI, KHI, NUW, KB4, KB5, KB8, MAH, RZO, KI1, QI1, UI3, MI1. Rocks, shells, algae, sponges. Distribution: Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Gulf, East Atlantic, West Atlantic, Mediterranean, Indo-West Pacific. 12. Chrysopetalum debile (Grube, 1855) Distribution in Kuwait: AHA, NUW, KB4, KB8, KB9, MAH, RZO, UI3. Distribution: Suez Canal, Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Gulf, East Atlantic, West Atlantic, Arctic, Indo-West Pacific. Family Cirratulidae 13. Aphelochaeta filiformis (Keferstein, 1862) Distribution in Kuwait: BI3, BI1, KB9. Sand, mud. Distribution: Arabian Gulf, East Atlantic, West Atlantic, Mediterranean, West Pacific. 14. Caulleriella typhlops (Willey, 1905) Distribution in Kuwait: KS2, KHI, MES, NUW, KB9, MAB. Sand. Distribution: Red Sea, Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean. 15. Cirratulus sp. Distribution in Kuwait: RZO. Sand, rocks. 16. Cirriformia sp. Distribution in Kuwait: FNI, KHI, NUW, FI3, FI4, KB4, KB8, MAH, RZO, QI1, QI2, UI2.Rocks, sand. 17. Dodecaceria sp. New genus for the Arabian Gulf. Distribution in Kuwait: BI1, KB9, KB8. Rocks, sand. Remark: five Dodecaceria species are recorded in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. 18. Monticellina sp. New genus for the Arabian region. Distribution in Kuwait: BI1. Mud.

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19. Tharyx sp. Distribution in Kuwait: NUW, KS1, KS2. Sand. Family Cossuridae 20. Cossura sp. Distribution in Kuwait: BI2, FI3, KB6. Mud. Family Dorvilleidae 21. Schistomeringo sincerta (Schmarda, 1861) Distribution in Kuwait: KHI, NUW, KB9, KB5, QI1, QI2. Sand, rocks. Distribution: Red Sea, Arabian Gulf, New Zealand. Family Eunicidae 22. Eunice sp. Distribution in Kuwait: AHA, FNI, JUL, MAN, MES, NUW, FI2, FI3, FI4, KI2, KB5, MAH, MAB, UI1, KHI, NUW, KS2, KB7, RZO, AI1. Rocks, sand, mud. 23. Lysidice collaris (Grube, 1870) Distribution in Kuwait: AHA, FNI, JUL, KHI, MAN, NUW, BI1, FI1, FI2, FI3, FI4, KS2, KB4, KB7, KB5, KB8, KB9, MAH, MAB, QI1, RZO, UI1. Rocks, mud. Distribution: Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Gulf, East Atlantic, West Atlantic, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean. 24. Lysidice unicornis (Grube, 1840) Distribution in Kuwait: KHI, MES, FI1, FI2, FI3, KS2, KB9, KB5, KB8, MAH, UI2, KI2, QI1, QI2, UI2, UI3. Rocks, sand, mud. Distribution: Suez Canal, Red Sea, Arabian Gulf, East Atlantic, West Atlantic, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean. 25. Marphysas anguinea (Montagu, 1813) species group Distribution in Kuwait: BI1, KS1, KS2. Rocks, Mud. Distribution: Gulf of Aden, Arabian Gulf, East Atlantic, West Atlantic, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean. 26. Marphysa sp. Distribution in Kuwait: MAN, FI1, FI3. Rocks, sand, mud. 27. Palola siciliensis (Grube, 1840) Distribution in Kuwait: AHA, FNI, JUL, KHI, NUW, BI1, FI1, FI2, FI3, FI4, KS2, KI1, KB4, KB5, KB7, KB8, MAH, MAB, QI1, RZO, UI1, UI3. Rocks, mud. Distribution: Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Gulf, East Atlantic, West Atlantic, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean. Family Euphrosinidae 28. Euphrosine foliosa Audouin and H Milne (Edwards, 1833) Distribution in Kuwait: NUW. Algae. Distribution: Red Sea, Arabian Gulf, North-East Atlantic, Mediterranean, Arctic, West Pacific. Family Fabricidae 29. Fabricidae g. sp. New family for the Arabian Gulf. Distribution in Kuwait: FI1, KS2, KB5. Rocks, shells. Family Glyceridae 30. Glycera tridactyla (Schmarda, 1861) Distribution in Kuwait: AHA, FI2. Sand, mud. Distribution: Suez Canal, Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Gulf, West Atlantic, east Atlantic, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean. 31. Glycera sp. Distribution in Kuwait: AHA, FNI, JUL, KHI, KB3, KB4, KB5, KB8, MAN, MES, SAL, BI1, BI2, DZO, FI1, FI2, FI4, KS1, KS2, KI2, KB9, MAH, QI2, RZO, UI2. Sand, rocks, mud.

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Family Goniadidae 32. Glycinde bonhourei Gravier, 1904 Distribution in Kuwait: KB6. Sand, mud. Distribution: Suez Canal, Red Sea, North East Atlantic, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean 33. Goniada sp. Distribution in Kuwait: SAL, BI1. Sand, mud. 34. Goniadidae g. sp. Distribution in Kuwait: QI1, QI2, FNI, BI2, FI1, FI3, FI4, KS2, KI1, KI2, KB3, KB5, KB7, KB9, RZO, UI2, UI3. Sand, rocks. Family Hesionidae 35. Hesione ceylonica Grube, 1874 Distribution in Kuwait: FI1, FI3, FNI, NUW, MAH, RZO. Rocks. Distribution: Suez Canal, Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean. 36. Leocrates claparedii (Costa, 1868) Distribution in Kuwait: FNI, KHI, MAN, NUW, KB5, KB7, KB8, MAH, RZO, UI1. Rocks, sand. Distribution: Suez Canal, Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Gulf, East Atlantic, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean. 37. Oxydromus angustifrons (Grube, 1878) Distribution in Kuwait: FNI, NUW, MAH, RZO. Sand, rocks. Distribution: Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, West Pacific. 38. Podarkeopsis sp. New genus for the Arabian region Distribution in Kuwait: MAN, KB4, KB5, KB9, RZO, KHI. Sand, rocks. Family Lumbineridae 39. Augeneria sp. New genus for the Arabian Gulf Distribution in Kuwait: KHI, BI1, BI2. 40. Lumbrineriopsis paradoxa (Saint-Joseph, 1888). New genus, new species for Arabian Gulf. Distribution in Kuwait: KHI. Sand. Distribution: Red Sea, East Atlantic, West Atlantic, Mediterranean. 41. Lumbrineris sp. Distribution in Kuwait: NUW, BI1, KS1, KS2, MAH, QI1, QI2. Rocks, mud. 42. Ninoe pulchra Wesenberg-Lund, 1949 Distribution in Kuwait: BI2. Mud. Distribution: Red Sea, Arabian Gulf. 43. Scoletoma impatiens (Claparède, 1868) Distribution in Kuwait: MES, NUW, BI2, KB7, KB8, KS2, RZO, MI1. Rocks, mud. Distribution: Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Gulf, East Atlantic, West Atlantic, Mediterranean. Family Magelonidae 44. Magelona cf. falcifera Mortimer and Mackie, 2003 Distribution in Kuwait: KHI, MAH, RZO. Sand, rocks. Distribution: Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean. 45. Magelona obockensis Gravier, 1905 Distribution in Kuwait: MAN, NUW, MAH, RZO. Sand, rocks. Distribution: Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Gulf. Family Maldanidae 46. Euclymene cf. lombricoides (Quatrefages, 1866) Distribution in Kuwait: NUW. Rocks. Distribution: Red Sea, North-East Atlantic, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean.

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47. Euclymene cf. oerstedii (Claparède, 1863) Distribution in Kuwait: NUW, BI1, RZO, KB6. Rocks. Distribution: East Atlantic, West Atlantic, Mediterranean. 48. Petaloproctus terricolus Quatrefages, 1866 Distribution in Kuwait: FI1, MI1. Sand. Distribution: Red Sea, Arabian Gulf, North-East Atlantic, Mediterranean. Family Nephtydae 49. Aglaophamus sp. Distribution in Kuwait: KB6, KB7, BI1, FI1. Sand. 50. Nephtys tulearensis Fauvel, 1919 Distribution in Kuwait: BI2, BI3, FI1, FI2, FI3, FI4, KB2, KB4, KB5, KB8, MAH, KB6, KB6. Sand, mud. Distribution: Red Sea, Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean. Family Nereididae

63. Perinereis nigropunctata (Horst, 1889) Distribution in Kuwait: AHA, JUL, KHI, NUW, FI4, KI1, KB7, KB8, MAH, MAB, QI1, RZO, UI1, UI3, NUW, KB6. Rocks. Distribution: Suez Canal, Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean, West Pacific. 64. Perinereis nuntia (Lamarck, 1818) Distribution in Kuwait: JUL, MAN, NUW, KB9, BI3, FI1, FI3, KI1, KB4, KB7, KB5, KB8, MAH, RZO, AI1. Rocks, sand.

65.

66. 67.

51. Ceratonereis mirabilis Kinberg, 1865 Distribution in Kuwait: NUW, KB3, MAH, QI1, RZO. Rocks. Distribution: Suez Canal, Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Gulf, North-East Atlantic, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, Arctic. 52. Gymnonereis sp. New genus for the Arabian Gulf. Distribution in Kuwait: KI1. 53. Leonnates decipiens Fauvel, 1929 Distribution in Kuwait: FNI, KB3, KB4, KB5, KB7, MAH, MAB. Rocks, sand. Distribution: Suez Canal, Red Sea, Arabian Sea, West Atlantic, Indian Ocean. 54. Leonnates indicus Kinberg, 1865 Distribution in Kuwait: MAN, BI1, FI3, FI4, KB2, KB4, KB5, KB8, MAH. Rocks, sand, sponges. Distribution: Suez Canal, Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean. 55. Ceratonereis (Composetia) sp. Distribution in Kuwait: BI1, KS2, KS3, KB3, KB5, KB6, KB8. Rocks, sand, mud. 56. Namalycastis abiuma (Grube, 1872) species group Distribution in Kuwait: KB6. Mud. Distribution: Arabian Gulf, West Atlantic, Indian Ocean. 57. Neanthes unifasciata (Willey, 1905) Distribution in Kuwait: AHA, JUL, KHI, MES, NUW, MAH, MAB, RZO. Rocks, sand, algae. Distribution: Suez Canal, Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean. 58. Neanthes trifasciata (Ehlers, 1901) Distribution in Kuwait: FNI. Rocks. Distribution: Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Gulf, West Atlantic, Indian Ocean, West Pacific. 59. Nereis coutieri Gravier, 1899 Distribution in Kuwait: JUL. Rocks. Distribution: Suez Canal, Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean. 60. Nereis persica Fauvel, 1911 Distribution in Kuwait: KHI, KB9, BI1, BI2, FI2, FI3, KS1, KS2, KB4, KB5, KB8, MAH. Rocks, mud. Distribution: Suez Canal, Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, 61. Perinereis arabica Mohammad, 1971 Distribution in Kuwait: NUW. Rocks. Distribution: Arabian Gulf. Remark: endemic of Kuwait 62. Perinereis cultrifera (Grube, 1840) Distribution in Kuwait: FNI, UI12, UI3. Rocks. Distribution: Suez Canal, Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, West Atlantic, East Atlantic, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean.

68. 69.

Distribution: Suez Canal, Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Gulf, Indo-West-Pacific. Perinereis vancaurica (Ehlers, 1868) Distribution in Kuwait: FI1, FI2, FI3, KS1, KS2. Rocks, mud. Distribution: Suez Canal, Red Sea, Arabian Gulf, West Atlantic, Indian Ocean, West Pacific. Perinereis sp. A Distribution in Kuwait: AHA, MAH. Rocks. Platynereis sp. Distribution in Kuwait: FI1, FI2, FI3, FI4, KS2. Rocks, sponges, algae. Pseudonereis sp. Distribution in Kuwait: AHA. Rocks. Pseudonereis anomala Gravier, 1899 Distribution in Kuwait: KB8, MAB, RZO, AHA, FI2, KI1, MAH, QI1, UI1, UI2, UI3. Rocks.

Distribution: Suez Canal, Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Gulf, North-East Atlantic, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean. 70. Simplisetia erythraeensis (Fauvel, 1918) Distribution in Kuwait: KB9, FI2, FI3, FI4, KB4, KB5, MAH, RZO. Sand, rocks, mud. Distribution: Suez Canal, Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean. 71. Tylonereis bogoyawlenskyi Fauvel, 1911 Distribution in Kuwait: KB3, KB6, BI1, KS1, KS2. Sand, mud. Distribution: Arabian Gulf. Family Nerillidae 72. Nerilla sp. New family for the Arabian Gulf. New genus for the Arabian region. Distribution in Kuwait: KI1. Sand. Family Oenonidae 73. Arabella iricolor (Montagu, 1804) Distribution in Kuwait: AHA, FNI, JUL, KHI, MAN, NUW, KB9, FI2, FI4, KB5, KB8, MAB, RZO, KS2, MAH. Rocks, sand. Distribution: Suez Canal, Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Gulf, Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean. 74. Drilonereis sp. Distribution in Kuwait: BI1, BI2, KS2, KB7, KB8, RZO. 75. Oenone fulgida (Savigny in Lamarck, 1818) Distribution in Kuwait: FNI, SAL, KB9, KB5, KB8. Distribution: Suez Canal, Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, West Atlantic, East Atlantic, Indian Ocean, West Pacific. Family Onuphidae 76. Diopatra neapolitana Delle Chiaje, 1841 Distribution in Kuwait: KB5, MAH, MUW. Sand. Distribution: Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Gulf, East Atlantic, Mediterranean, Arctic, Indian Ocean. 77. Onuphis sp. Distribution in Kuwait: NUW, KB9, FI4, KB5, KB7, RZO, UI2, UI3, AI1. Rocks, sand. Family Opheliidae

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78. Armandia sp. Distribution in Kuwait: MAH, FNI, JUL, KHI, MAN, MES, NUW, KB9, FI1, FI2, FI3, FI4, KB5, KB7, KB8, QI1, RZO, UI1, UI2, UI3. Sand, rocks, algae. 79. Polyophtalmus pictus (Dujardin, 1839) Distribution in Kuwait: AHA, FNI, JUL, KHI, MAN, MES, NUW, KB9, KS2, KB5, KB7, KB8, MAH, MAB, RZO, FI1, FI2, FI3, FI4, KI1, QI1, UI2. Rocks, sand, algae. Distribution: Suez Canal, Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Gulf, West Atlantic, East Atlantic, Mediterranean, Indian ocean, Pacific Ocean. Family Orbiniidae 80. Leodamas chevalieri (Fauvel, 1902) Distribution in Kuwait: FNI, KHI, MES, NUW, KB9, BI2, BI3, FI1, FI2, FI3, FI4, KB3, KB4, KB7, KB8, MAH, NUW, QI1, KI2. Rocks, sand, mud. Distribution: Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Gulf, East Atlantic. 81. Naineris laevigata (Grube, 1855) Distribution in Kuwait: FI2, FI4, AHA, FNI, JUL, MAN, MES, NUW, KB4, KB5, RZO. Rocks, sand. Distribution: Red Sea, Arabian Gulf, West Atlantic, East Atlantic, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean. 82. Phylo kuwaitica Mohammad, 1970 Distribution in Kuwait: KB5, KB8, FNI, KB9, KS1, UI2, FI3. Sand, rocks. Distribution: Arabian Gulf. 83. Scoloplos sp. Distribution in Kuwait: MAH, RZO. Sand, rocks. Family Oweniidae 84. Owenia persica Martin, Koh, Bhaud, Dutrieux & Gil, 2006 Distribution in Kuwait: MI1. Sand. Family Paraonidae 85. Aricidea sp. Distribution in Kuwait: KHI, BI1, FI2. Mud. 86. Paradoneis sp. Distribution in Kuwait: KHI, MES, NUW, KB4. Sand, rocks. Family Pholoidae 87. Pholoe sp. New family, new genus for the Arabian Gulf. Distribution in Kuwait: MES, KI1, KB5, KB8, RZO, KHI, MAH, QI1, UI2. Rocks, sand Family Phyllodocidae 88. Eulalia sp. Distribution in Kuwait: FNI, KB9, KB4, KB5, KB8, MAH, RZO. Rocks, sand. 89. Nereiphylla castanea (Marenzeller, 1879) Distribution in Kuwait: MAN, NUW, BI1, FI1, KB4, KB5, KB8, MAH, MAB, KHI. Rocks, sand. Distribution: Suez Canal, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, West Atlantic, East Atlantic, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean. 90. Phyllodoce sp. Distribution in Kuwait: NUW, MAH, RZO, KB5, KB8, QI1. Rocks, sand. Family Pilargidae 91. Sigambra sp. Distribution in Kuwait: SAL, KB9, FI3, KS1, KB3, KB5, KB6, KB8. Sand, mud.

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92. Synelmis albini (Langerhans, 1881) Distribution in Kuwait: QI1, KHI, MES, KB9, FI1, KB4, KB5, KB6, KB7. Sand, mud. Distribution: Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Gulf, West Atlantic, East Atlantic, Mediterranean. Family Pisionidae 93. Pisione sp. Distribution in Kuwait: KI1, KI2, QI1, QI2, RZO, UI2, AI1. Sand. Family Poecilochaetidae 94. Poecilochaetus aff. serpens Allen, 1904 Distribution in Kuwait: SAL, KB6, UN3, KB7. Mud. Distribution: Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Gulf, East Atlantic, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean. Family Polygordiidae 95. Polygordius sp. New family for the Arabian region. Distribution in Kuwait: KHI, UI2. Family Polynoidae 96. Harmothoe dictyophora (Grube, 1878) Distribution in Kuwait: FI1, FI2, KB4, MAH. Distribution: Suez Canal, Red Sea, Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean, West Pacific. 97. Harmothoe hirsuta Johnson, 1897 Distribution in Kuwait: FI1. Rocks. Distribution: Red Sea: Gulf of Suez, Arabian Gulf, Northeast Pacific. 98. Lepidonotus carinulatus (Grube, 1870) Distribution in Kuwait: BI1, FI3, FI4, KS1, KS2, KB8. Rocks. Distribution: Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Gulf, East Atlantic, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, West Pacific. 99. Lepidonotus tenuisetosus (Gravier, 1902) Distribution in Kuwait: AHA, FNI, JUL, KHI, NUW, KB9, BI1, DZO, FI1, FI2, FI4, KS2, KB4, KB5, KB7, KB8, MAH, MAB. Rocks, sand, mud. Distribution: Suez Canal, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Gulf, Indian ocean. 100. Malmgreniella murrayensis Pettibone, 1993. New genus, new species for the Arabian Gulf Distribution in Kuwait: FI3. Rocks. Distribution: Arabian Sea. 101. Parahalosydna sp. New genus for the Arabian region. Distribution in Kuwait: BI1. Rocks, mud. 102. Parahalosydnopsis tubicola (Day, 1973) Distribution in Kuwait: KB4, KB5, KB8. Rocks, sand, mud. Distribution: Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean. 103. Paralepidonotus ampulliferus (Grube, 1879) Distribution in Kuwait: NUW, KB9, KS2, KB4, KB5, FI2. Distribution: Suez Canal, Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, IndoWest Pacific. Family Protodrillidae 104. Protodrilus sp. New family, new genus for the Arabian Gulf Distribution in Kuwait: QI1, UI2, KI2. Sand. Family Sabellariidae 105. Sabellaria alcocki Gravier, 1906 Distribution in Kuwait: KS2. Rocks. Distribution: Arabian Gulf, East Atlantic, Mediterranean. Family Sabellidae

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106. Amphiglena mediterranea (Leydig, 1851) Distribution in Kuwait: NUW, QI1, UI2. Rocks, sponges, algae. Distribution: Red Sea, Arabian Gulf, East Atlantic, Mediterranean, Arctic. 107. Branchiomma cingulatum (Grube, 1870) Distribution in Kuwait: BI1, KS1, KS2. Rocks, mud. Distribution: Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean. 108. Branchiomma sp. A. New species for the Arabian Gulf Distribution in Kuwait: MAN, NUW, KS1, AI1. Rocks. 109. Dialychone collaris (Langerhans, 1881) Distribution in Kuwait: FNI, KHI, MES, NUW, KB5, KB8, MAB, RZO. Rocks, mud, sand. Distribution: Red Sea, Arabian Gulf, East Atlantic, Mediterranean, Arctic, Indian Ocean. 110. Laonome sp. New genus for the Arabian Gulf Distribution in Kuwait: UI1, KS2. 111. Notaulax phaeotaenia (Schmarda, 1861) Distribution in Kuwait: NUW, RZO. Rocks. Distribution: Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Gulf, West Atlantic, East Atlantic, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean. 112. Pseudopotamilla sp. New genus for the Arabian region Distribution in Kuwait: AHA, FNI, KHI, NUW, KB4, KB5, KB7, KB8, MAH, MAB, RZO. Family Saccocirridae 113. Saccocirrus sp. New family for the Arabian Gulf. Distribution in Kuwait: KHI, MAN, SAL, KI1, KI2, KB7, KB8, MAH, QI1, QI2, RZO, UI2, UI3, AI1. Sand. Family Scalibregmatidae 114. Asclerocheilus sp. Tentative identification. New genus for the Arabian region Distribution in Kuwait: NUW, BI1, KB7. Rocks. 115. Oligobregma sp. Tentative identification. New genus for the Arabian region Distribution in Kuwait: MAN. Sand. Family Serpulidae 116. Hydroides bulbosa ten Hove, 1990 Distribution in Kuwait: AHA, FNI, NUW, KB9, KB4, KB5, KB8, MAH, MAB. Rocks. Distribution: Arabian Gulf. 117. Hydroides elegans (Haswell, 1883) Distribution in Kuwait: KB5. Rocks. Distribution: Suez Canal, Red Sea, Arabian Gulf, West Atlantic, East Atlantic, Arctic, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean. 118. Hydroides heterocera (Grube, 1868) Distribution in Kuwait: MES, KB7, KB9, FI1, FI2, FI3, FI4, KB5, KB8, MAB, KB7, AI1. Rocks. Distribution: Suez Canal, Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Mediterranean. 119. Hydroides homoceros Pixell, 1913 Distribution in Kuwait: MAN, KB4, KB5. Distribution: Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Mediterranean. 120. Hydroides cf. operculata (Treadwell, 1929) Distribution in Kuwait: AHA, MES, FNI, KB3, KB4, KB5, KB7, KB8, JUL, MAN, NUW, KB9, MAH, MAB, RZO. Rocks. Distribution: Red Sea, Gulf of Aden. 121. Hydroides sp.n. Distribution in Kuwait: FI2.

122. Protula palliata (Willey, 1905) Distribution in Kuwait: BI1. Rocks, mud. Distribution: Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean, West Pacific. 123. Serpula cf. concharum Langerhans, 1880 Distribution in Kuwait: MAH, NUW, FNI, SAL, KB4, KB5, KB7, KB8, RZO, Rocks, sand. Distribution: Red Sea, East Atlantic, Mediterranean. 124. Spirobranchus cf. kraussii (Baird, 1865) Distribution in Kuwait: JUL, NUW, KB9, DZO, KB4, KB5, KB7, KB8, MAH, AHA, MES, FNI, MAN, SAL, FI2, FI4, MAB. Rocks. Distribution: South Africa (Simon et al., 2019) 125. Spirobranchus cf. tetraceros (Schmarda, 1861) Distribution in Kuwait: MES, KB5, KB7, KB8, FNI, MAN, KB9, MAH, RZO. Rocks. Distribution: Suez Canal, Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, West Atlantic, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, West Pacific. 126. Vermiliopsis glandigera Gravier, 1906 Distribution in Kuwait: AHA, MES, KHI, MAN, NUW, KB9, FI2, FI3, FI4, KB5, KB8, MAB, FNI, MAH. Rocks. Distribution: Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Gulf, West Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean. Family Sphaerodoridae 127. Sphaerodoridae g. sp. New family for the Arabian Gulf. Distribution in Kuwait: KS2. Rocks, shells. Family Sigalionidae 128. Euthalenes sadigitata (McIntosh, 1885) Distribution in Kuwait: FNI, MAN, QI1, RZO, KB8, MAH. Distribution: Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Gulf, South-West Pacific. 129. Sthenelais boa (Johnston, 1833) Distribution in Kuwait: FNI, KHI, NUW, BI1, FI2, FI3, FI4, KB7, RZO, KS1, KS2. Rocks, mud, shells. Distribution: Red Sea, Arabian Gulf, West Atlantic, East Atlantic, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean. Family Spionidae 130. Aonides cf. oxycephala (Sars, 1862) Distribution in Kuwait: QI2, AI2, UN3. Sand. Distribution: Red Sea, Arabian Gulf, East Atlantic, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean. 131. Dipolydora cf. capensis (Day, 1955). New species for the Arabian region. Distribution in Kuwait: MAH, KB4, KB8, MAB, MES, FI3, AI2.Rocks, shells, mud. Distribution: South Africa. 132. Dipolydora cf. normalis (Day, 1957). New species for the Arabian region. Distribution in Kuwait: KB4, KB8, FNI, SAL, MAH, MAB, KHI, AI2, MI1. Sand, shells. Distribution: West Atlantic, East Atlantic, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean. 133. Dipolydora sp. C Distribution in Kuwait: AI2. Shells. 134. Malacoceros indicus (Fauvel, 1928) Distribution in Kuwait: FI3. Mud. Distribution: Red Sea, Arabian Gulf, West Atlantic, Indian Ocean. 135. Microspio sp. A. New genus for the Arabian Gulf. Distribution in Kuwait: MAN, MES, MI1. Mud.

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136. Paraprionospio sp. A. Distribution in Kuwait: KB2, KB6. Rocks, mud. 137. Paraprionospio cf. cordifolia Yokoyama, 2007. New species for the Arabian region. Distribution in Kuwait: KB1, KB6, KB6, BI3, FI3. Mud. Distribution: West Pacific. 138. Polydora aff. hoplura Claparède, 1868 Distribution in Kuwait: KB4, KB8, FI3, AI2. Shells. Distribution: Arabian Gulf, East Pacific, Mediterranean, West Pacific. 139. Polydora sp. A Distribution in Kuwait: KS2, KB4, KB5, KB7, KB8, MES, MAH, SAL, AI2. Rocks, mud. 140. Polydora cf. narica Light, 1969. New species for the Arabian region. Distribution in Kuwait: KB4, MES. Rocks. Distribution: East Pacific. 141. Polydora cf. haswelli Blake and Kudenov, 1978 Distribution in Kuwait: AI2. Shells. Distribution: East Pacific. 142. Polydora sp. C Distribution in Kuwait: FI3, FI4, KB8, MAH, MES, MAB, UN3. Rocks, shells, sand. 143. Polydora spondylana Mohammad, 1973 Distribution in Kuwait: KHI, KB8, MI1. Shells. Distribution: Arabian Gulf. 144. Polydora vulgaris Mohammad, 1972 Distribution in Kuwait: FI3, KB8. Rocks, shells. Distribution: Arabian Gulf. 145. Prionospio cf. krusadensis Fauvel, 1929. New species for the Arabian region. Distribution in Kuwait: KB5, UN3. Sand. Distribution: Mediterranean, Indian Ocean. 146. Prionospio rotalis Mohammad, 1970 Distribution in Kuwait: FI1, FI3, KB5, KB5, KB8, KB9, SAL, MES, FNI, AHA, MAN, MAH, MAB, JUL, KHI. Sand. Distribution: Arabian Gulf. 147. Prionospio sp. 01 Distribution in Kuwait: MES, SAL, KHI, KB5, KB8, JUL. Sand. 148. Prionospio sp. 02 Distribution in Kuwait: RZO, SAL, KHI, MES, MAH, FI1, FI2, FI3, AI2. Sand. 149. Prionospio sp. 03 Distribution in Kuwait: KB4, KB5, KB5, KB9, MES, FNI, NUW, MI1, UN3, KB6. Sand. 150. Prionospio sp. 04 Distribution in Kuwait: KHI. Sand. 151. Prionospio sp. 05 Distribution in Kuwait: KHI. Sand. 152. Prionospio sp. 06 Distribution in Kuwait: KHI. Sand. 153. Pseudopolydora cf. corniculata Radashevsky & Hsieh, 2000. New species for the Arabian region. Distribution in Kuwait: SAL. Sand. Distribution: West Pacific. 154. Pseudopolydora sp. A Distribution in Kuwait: FI1, KB4, KB5, KB8, SAL, MAH, NUW, AI2. Sand. 155. Pseudopolydora sp. B Distribution in Kuwait: FI3, KS1, KS2, KB4, KB5, KB6, KB7, SAL, MES, MAH, NUW, KHI, UN3, MI1. Sand. 156. Pseudopolydora sp. C Distribution in Kuwait: FI1, FI2, FI3, KS2, KB4, KB5, KB8, BI3, SAL, AI2. Sand. 157. Rhynchospio sp. A. New genus for the Arabian region. Distribution in Kuwait: MAH, QI1, RZO. Sand.

9

158. Scolelepis sp. A Distribution in Kuwait: KB5, SAL, MAB, FNI, BI1. Sand, shells. 159. Scolelepis sp. B Distribution in Kuwait: KB4, KB5, KB8, KB9, MES, NUW, KHI, FI1. Sand. 160. Scolelepis sp. C Distribution in Kuwait: KB5, SAL. Sand. 161. Scolelepis sp. D Distribution in Kuwait: KI1. Sand. 162. Spio sp. A. New genus for the Arabian Gulf. Distribution in Kuwait: FI3, KB4, KB5, KB7, KB8, SAL, MES, MAH, JUL, NUW, KB9, MI1, AI2. Sand. 163. Spionidae g. sp. Distribution in Kuwait: MAB, KHI. Sand. Family Sternaspidae 164. Sternaspis thorsoni Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo, 2013 Distribution in Kuwait: BI2, FI3, KS1. Mud. Distribution: Oman Gulf. Family Syllidae 165. Syllidae g. sp. Distribution in Kuwait: AHA, FNI, JUL, KHI, MAB, MAN, MAH, MES, NUW, SAL, BI1, BI2, DZO, FI1, FI2, FI3, FI4, KS1, KS2, KI1, KI2, KB4, KB5, KB8, KB9, QI1, QI2, RZO, UI1, UI2, UI3. Family Terebellidae 166. Loimia cf. medusa (Savigny, 1822) Distribution in Kuwait: FNI, NUW, KB9, FI1, FI3, FI4, KB4, KB5, KB7, MAH, RZO. Rocks. Distribution: Suez Canal, Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, West Atlantic, East Atlantic, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean. 167. Nicoleagra cilibranchis (Grube, 1878) Distribution in Kuwait: NUW, KB5, KB7, KB8, MAH, RZO. Rocks. Distribution: Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, West Pacific. 168. Polycirrus coccineus (Grube, 1870) Distribution in Kuwait: NUW, KHI. Rocks, sand. Distribution: Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Gulf. 169. Streblosoma sp. Distribution in Kuwait: FNI, MAN, NUW, BI1, FI1, KS2, KB4, KB5, KB7, KB8, MAH, RZO. Rocks. 170. Terebella sp. Distribution in Kuwait: AHA, MAN, KB4. Rocks. 171. Thelepus japonicus Marenzeller, 1884 Distribution in Kuwait: AHA, FNI, FI1, FI2, FI3, FI4, KS2, KB4, KB5, KB7, KB8, MAH, MAB. Rocks. Distribution: Arabian Gulf, West Pacific. Family Trichobranchidae 172. Terebellides persiae Parapar, Moreira, Gil & Martin, 2016 Distribution in Kuwait: NUW. Rocks. Distribution: Gulf of Oman, Strait of Omuz, Arabian Gulf. 4. Discussion 4.1. Comparison with previous studies A total of 262 species of polychaetes have been reported from the Arabian Gulf. The present study, which was restricted to the intertidal zone in Kuwait, documented 172 species of polychaetes,

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and accounts for 66% of the entire polychaete biodiversity documented in the Gulf. Obviously, investigating a wider geographical area and depth ranges combined with genetic analyses would reveal much higher polychaete diversity. Many studies using morphological and/or molecular methods have demonstrated that wide-spread ‘‘species’’ are actually complexes of similar species (Hutchings and Kupriyanova, 2018; Simon et al., 2019). In the present investigation, ‘‘species’’ most likely representing such complexes include Melinna cf. palmata (Ampharetidae), Capitella cf. capitata, Dasybranchus caducus, Notomastus cf. latericeus (Capitellidae), Lysidice collaris, Marphysas anguinea species group (Eunicidae), Polyophtalmus pictus (Opheliidae), Lepidonotus carinulatus (Polynoidae), Amphiglena mediterranea, Branchiomma cingulatum, Notaulax phaeotaenia (Sabellidae), Protula palliata (Serpulidae), and Loimia cf. medusa (Terebellidae). Therefore, to systematically and comprehensively document the full diversity of Polychaeta in the northern Arabian Gulf, molecular as well as morphological studies need to be included in future investigations. The importance of documenting species diversity on a regional basis is fundamental to assessing the impact of climate change, sea level rise, human-induced changes in coastal regions. The present study provides a qualitative baseline assessment of polychaete diversity for Kuwait’s intertidal zone. 4.2. New records In total, 36 (21%) of the identified polychaete taxa were range extensions. Polygordiidae was a new family for the Arabian region; Protodrilidae, Nerillidae, Saccocirridae, Sphaerodoridae and Fabricidae were new families for the Arabian Gulf; Monticellina (Cirratulidae), Podarkeopsis (Hesionidae), Parahalosydna (Polynoidae), Asclerocheilus, Oligobregma (Scalibregmatidae), Pseudopotamilla (Sabellidae), and Rhynchospio (Spionidae) were new genera for the Arabian region; Dodecaceria (Cirratulidae), Augeneria, Lumbrineriopsis (Lumbrineridae), Pholoe (Pholoidae), Malmgreniella (Polynoidae), Gymnonereis (Nereididae), Laonome (Sabellidae), Microspio, and Spio (Spionidae) were new genera for the Arabian Gulf. Certainly, many species will be described as new to science after through taxonomic investigations. These results showed that polychaete diversity in Kuwait and most likely the entire Arabian Gulf is far greater than indicated by any of the previous studies. Acknowledgements We thank polychaete expert Dr. Elena Kupriyanova (Australian Museum Research Institute, Sydney, Australia) who helped with identifications of the polychaete family Serpulidae and provided valuable comments to the present checklist. We are grateful to Dr. James M. Bishop and Dr. Saja Fakhraldeen (Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research) for their critical reading and language check of the manuscript. Special thanks go to Muneera Aljeri (KISR) for preparing the GIS map and all KISR staff of project FM075C for their help in polychaete sampling in the field and sample processing in the laboratory. Critical comments of anonymous reviewers helped us to significantly improve the quality of the manuscript. Gratitude goes to the Kuwait Petroleum Company (KPC) and the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) for providing financial support for this project. References Al Bakri, D., Behbehani, M., Khuraibet, A., 1997. Quantitative assessment of the intertidal environment of Kuwait I: Integrated environmental classification. J. Environ. Manag. 51 (4), 321–332.

Al-Bakri, D., Foda, M., Behbehani, M., Khalaf, F., Shublaq, W., Khuraibet, A., 1985. Environmental Assessment of the Intertidal Zone of Kuwait, Vols. 1–2. Research Report. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, KISR 1687, Kuwait, p. 429 (Unpublished report). Al-Rifaie, K., Al-Yamani, F., Lennox, A., Boltachova, N., Revkov, N., Grintsov, V., Murina, V., 2012. Macrozoobenthos community structure during four seasons in Kuwait Bay. Int. J. Oceans Oceanogr. 6 (1), 45–67. Al-Sarawi, M.A., Gundlach, E.R., Baca, B.J., 1985. An Atlas of Shoreline Types and Resources. Kuwait Foundation for Advancement of Science, Kuwait, p. 60. Al-Sarawi, M.A., Massoud, M.S., Khader, S.R., Bou-Olyan, A.H., 2002. Recent trace metal levels in coastal waters of Sulaibikhat Bay. Kuwait Technol. 8 (1–2), 27–38. Aungtonya, C., 2002. A Preliminary Study of Sigalionidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Andaman Sea Off Southwestern Thailand with an Overview of Presently Recognized Genera, Vol. 24. 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