- Email: [email protected]
Chemical Treatment of Salmonella-Contaminated Fertile Hatching Eggs using an Automated Egg Spray Sanitizing Machine
01994 Applied Poultry Science, Inc
CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF SALMONELLA-CONTAMINATED FERTILE HATCHING EGGSUSING AN AUTOMATED EGGSPRAY SANITIZING MACHINE N.A. COX', J. S. BAILEY, and M. E. BERRANG U.S.Department of Agriculture, Apicultural Research Service, Russell Research Center
Primary Audience: Production Managers, Grading Supervisors, Quality Control Personnel, Egg Producers
itive eggs. Overall, each chemical
rds: Fertile hatching eggs, Salmonella, sanit
serovars found on the final product (fully proDESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM cessed broiler carcasses) predominately origFor decades, commercialpoultry feed and feed ingredients were believed to be primary contributors to salmonellae contamination of poultry. Many poultry producers thought that if salmonellae were eliminated from the feed, the problem would be solved. However, the situation is not that simple. Various studies [l, 2, 31 have demonstrated that Salmonella
1
To whom correspondence should be addressed
inate from sources other than the feed, such as hatcheries, breeder flocks, and litter. Regardless of the source, exposure of the newly hatched chick to Salmonella organisms is very critical because the young animal lacks a mature gut microflora and is highly susceptible to intestinal colonization by salmonellae. Research has shown that very low levels of
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of New Orleans on June 5, 2015
P.O. Box 5677, Athens, GA 30613 Phone: (706) 546-3484 F B : (706) 546-3771 R. J. BUHR and J. M. MAULDIN Department of Poultry Science, Universily of Georg'a, Athens, G A 30602
Research Report 27
COX et al.
ing these experiments the wash solution was maintained near 111°F (44°C) and the sanitizing solution at 118°F (49°C). The MiniMaster/4000 can sanitize 5000 eggs per hour. The chemicals and concentration of sanitizing solutions that were applied by spray and evaluated in this study are listed in Table 1. For each chemical tested, ten or twenty inoculated eggs were sanitized with the chemical and for comparison an equal number of inoculated eggs were sanitized with water only. The entire experiment was replicated. Recovery procedures for the marker S. typhimurium from all treated eggs were described by Berrang et al. [16]. This method consists of breaking the eggshell and discarding the contents, then gently hand crushing the shell and adhering membranes in 50 ml of buffered peptone in a sterile plastic bag. The bag and contents were then incubated for 24 hr at 37°C. Following this preenrichment step, researchers soaked a sterile cotton swab in the broth and streaked it on a BG Sulfa agar plate (Difco, Detroit, MI) with 200 ppm sodium salt hydrate nalidixic acid (Aldrich, Milwaukee, WI).Characteristic Salmonella colonies appearing on the plate were confirmed to be our marker S . typhimurium and the data were recorded as number of Salmonella-positive eggshumber of eggs treated. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Treatments were tested with parametric analysis on an angular transformation of percentage data using the General Linear Models (GLM) procedure of SAS software [17]. Contrasts were determined using individual chemical reduction values against all other chemicals.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Freshly laid broiler hatching eggs were individually inoculated by the method of Berrang et al. [16]. Ten pl of cell suspension (25°C) in 1% peptone was placed on the side of a 42°C egg which had been warmed by holding in an incubator for 12 hr. The inoculum was spread over the egg with a sterile bent glass rod. The number of cells in each lop1 drop was monitored and the average inoculum was 2.0 x 106 nalidixic acid resistant S. typhimurium per egg. After inoculation the eggs were held at room temperature for 4 hr and then placed in plastic flats and sanitized using the MS Technologies, Inc. Mini-Master/W egg sanitizing machine. This is a two-stage pressure spray system. The first stage is a spray wash that is filtered and recycled, followed by a second non-recycled spray of sanitizing solution. Dur-
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 2 shows the effect of ten different sanitizers and water applied to Salmonellainoculated hatching eggs. PHMB was found to be the most effective chemical tested and was the only chemical that was statistically different (P = 0.018) from the others as measured by Proc GLM Contrast. All forty of the inoculated eggs treated with a PHMB (trade name Cosmocil CQ) spray were found to be negative after treatment. These negative results (0/40) were impressive when one considers that the methodology used has been shown to be effec-
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of New Orleans on June 5, 2015
Salmonella can colonize the intestinal tract of young broiler chicks [4,5,6]. Laboratory studies have demonstrated that Salmonella can rapidly penetrate the freshly laid fertile hatching egg [7l. These invading Salmonella do not ordinarily cause extensive decomposition to the fertile egg and the chick hatches [8] resulting in the establishment of Salmonella reservoirs in the commercial broiler and breeder hatcheries [9,10] and broiler populations [ll]. These reservoirs will continue to exist until salmonellae have been eliminated from broiler breeder flocks or until the salmonellae are eliminated by an effective chemical treatment. Research thus far suggests that most fertile hatching eggs can be disinfected, but only with an effective chemical and only if the chemical is applied as soon as possible after exposure of the egg to Salmonella [ 12,13,14]. In an earlier study [ l q , an automated hatching egg spraysanitizer (Mini-Master/W, MS Technologies, Inc., Chattanooga, TN) used to spray various chemical disinfectantson fertile hatching eggs was a very effective method of reducing the total microbial load on the egg without adversely affecting hatchability. The objective of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of this automated spray sanitizer used with an assortment of disinfectants to reduce or eliminate Salmonella typhimurium inoculated onto freshly laid, fertile hatching eggs.
JAPR SANITIZING EGGS
28
TRADE NAME
COMPANY
ACTIVE INGREDIENT
TYPE
WASH SOLUTION
CONCENTRATION^
MS Technologies USA, Inc. Chattanooga, T N 37421
Quaternary ammonium
0.26%
Chlor-Wash
MS Technologies USA, Inc. Chattanooga, TN 37421
Peroxygen compounds
1.0%
Bioquat 20
Biosentry, Inc. Stone Mountain, GA 30083
Qua ternary ammonium
0.39%
Liquid eggwash
Biosentry, Inc. Stone Mountain, GA 30083
Potassium hydroxide & potassium hypochlorite
0.39%
CL 600
Biosentry, Inc. Stone Mountain, G A 30083
Sodium dichloro-s-triainetrione
0.052%
RCL
Biosentry, Inc. Stone Mountain, C A 30083
Blend of quaternary ammonium compounds
0.33%
HzOz
J.T. Baker, Inc. Phillimbure. NJ 08865
Hydrogen peroxide
1.4%
Coverage 256
Sanoli, Inc., Overland Park, KS 66210
Blend of quaternary ammonium compounds
0.39%
Cosmocil CQ
IC1 Americas, Inc. Wilmington, D E 19897
Poly (hexamethylenebiguanide) hydrochloride
0.035%
SM-9
SMI Agricultural Products Valdosta, G A 31603
Blend OF secondary alcohols reacted with ethylene oxide
0.19%
Tektrol
Bio-Tek Industries, Inc. Atlanta, GA 30318
Blend OF phenols
0.39%
Tryad
Hess & Clark, Inc. Ashland, OH 44805
Quaternary ammonium & sodium hydroxide
0.39%
tive in the recovery of sublethally injured or stressed Salmonella cells [MI.PHMB has been shown to be an effective chemical for reducing or eliminating Saltnonella from fertile hatching eggs in previous studies [12, 13, 14, 191. Overall, the water spray (control) resulted in a 28% reduction in Salmonella-positive eggs. After spraying with water, 166 of the eggs inoculated with over a million cells of S. typhimurium were Salmonella-positive and 64 were negative for Salmonella. When compared to the water-sanitized control, three of the sanitizers other than PHMB (hydrogen peroxide, Tryad, and Tektrol) produced greater than 50% reduction in the number of Salmonella-positive eggs. Four of the sanitizers (RCL plus CUOO and Chlor-wash plus Bioquat, Q800, or Coverage 256) reduced the number of Salmonella-positive eggs by 40-50%. Liquid egg wash plus CL600 and SM-9 reduced the number of Salmonellapositive eggs, as compared to the water control, by only 30%.
Even though all PHMB-treated eggs in the study were negative for Salmonella, our research to date suggests that no one chemical will continuously perform perfectly, particularly in a commercial setting. Research [20,21, 221 indicates that once Salmonella passes through the shell and past the membranes of fertile hatching eggs, it is difficult to prevent their further invasion of the egg contents or developing embryo. After incubation, Salmonella organisms entrapped in the membranes can be ingested by the embryo as it emerges from the egg. Another study [23] demonstrates that one contaminated ;hick hatching can corrupt most of the other chicks in the hatching cabinet. The best possible chemical disinfection of freshly laid eggs combined with disinfecting the circulating air in hatching cabinets, and innovative ways of applying undefined mucosal competitive exclusion (e.g., in ovo [24], in hatching cabinets and in grow out houses) are approaches that offer opportunities to make the production of salmonellaefree broilers a reality.
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of New Orleans on June 5, 2015
Qm
Research Report COX et al.
29
TABLE 2. Efficacy of various chemical treatments applied with an automated e g g spray-sanitizing machine to remove inoculated salmonellaAfrom hatching eggs
CHEMICAL
Si nificantly higher reduction (P = .018) than other chemicals as measured by SAS General Lineral Model Contrasts
ish. 198.5)
1. Bailey, J.S., N.A. Cox, LC. Blankenship, and N.J. Slern, 1991. Effect of competitiveexclusionmicroflora on the distribution of Salmonellaserotypes in an integrated poultry operation. Poultry Sci. 7O(Suppl):15. 2. Goren, E, W . k De Jong, P. Dorrenbal, N.M. Bolder, R.W.A.W. Mulder, and A. Jansen, 1988. Reduction of salmonellae infection of broilers by spray application of intestinal microflora; a longitudinal study. Vet. Q. 1 0249-255. 3. Lahellec, C. and P. Colin, 198.5. Relationship between serotype of salmonellae from hatcheries and rearingfarms and those from processed poultry carcasses. Br. Poultry Sci. 26:179-186. 4. Cox, N.A., J.S. Bailey, LC. Blankenship, R.J. Meinersmann, N.J. Slern, and F. McHan, 1990. Colonization dose 50% values for ~almonellaadministered orally and intrac~oaca~~yto young broiler chicks, poultry Sci. 691809-1812.
5. Milner, K.C. and M.F. Shaffer, 1952. Bacteriologic studies of experimental Salmonellainfections in chicks. J. Infect. Dis. 90:8185. 6. Schleirer, J.J., B.J. Juven, C.W. Beard, and N.A. Cox, 1984.Thesusceptibilityofchickst0-m in artificially contaminated poultry feed. Avian Dis. 28:497-503. 7. Williams, J.E and LII. Dillard, 1968. Salmonella penetration of fertile and infertile chicken eggs at progressive stages of inoculation. Avian Dis. 12:629435. 8. Maclaury, D.W. and AB. Moran, 1959. Bacterial contamination of hatching eggs. Kentucky Ag. Exp. Sta. Bull. 665, Lexington, KY.
9. Cox, N.A., J.S. Bailey, J.M. Mauldin, and LC. Blankenship, 1990. Presence and impact of f&lQEh contamination in commercial broiler hatcheries. Poultry Sci. 6916061609.
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of New Orleans on June 5, 2015
~ to 2 . 0 ~lo6.All inoculated eggs that were not treatedwith water or a chemical *Inoculum per e ranged from 1 . 0 lo6 were positive f o r ! .
SANITIZING EGGS
30 10. Cox, N.A., J.S. Bailey, J.M. Mauldin, L.C. Blankcnshlp, and J . L Wilson, 1991. Extent of salmonellae contamination in breeder hatcheries. Poultry Sci. 70416-418
11. Blankenship, LC., J.S. Bailey, N.A Cox, NJ. Stern, R Brewer, and 0.Williams, 1993. Two-step mucosal competitive exclusion flora treatment to diminish Salmonella in commercial broiler chickens. Poultry Sci. 7231667-1672
13. Cox, N.A. and J.S. Bailey, 1991b.Effect ofchemical treatments to eliminate &bandla on hatching eggs. Poultry Sci. 7O(Suppl):154. 14. Cox, .N.k and J.S. Bailey, 1992. Chemical treatat the ment of fertile hatching eggs to control breeder flockand hatchery level. Poultry Sa. 71(Suppl):7. 15. Cox, N.A., J.S. Bailey, RJ. Buhr, and J.M. Mauldin, 1993. Effect of chemical disinfectant sprays on the microbiolo ’cal recovery from fertile hatchingeggs. Poultry Sci. 72(&ppl):160. 16. Bewan& M.E, N.A. Cox, J.S. Bailey, and LC. Blankenship, 1991. Methods for recovery of S s a from chicken eggs. Poultry Sci. 702267-2270. 17. SAS Institute, 1985. SAS User’s Guide: Statistics. Version 5 Edition. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. 18, Juven, B.J., N.A. Cox, J.S. Bailey, J . E Thomson, O.W. Charles, and J.V. Shutu, 1984. Survival of salmpl &in dry food and feed. J. Food Prot. 47445448. 19. Cox, N.A., J.S. Bailey, J.E. Thomson, C.H. Snocyenbos, and S.A. Veuy, 1982. The use of poly-
Poultry Sci. 61:1375-1376. 20. Cason, J.A., N.A. Cox! and J.S. Bailey, 1991a. during incubaSurvival of &@u&a, tion and hatching of in=ggs. Poultry Sci. 70(Suppl):152. 21. Cason, J.A., N.A. Cox, and J.S. Bailey, 1991b. ’ . during Horizontal transfer of ,%&un&i hatching of broiler chicks. Poultry Sc-151.
22. Cason, J.A.,J.S. Bailey, and N.A. Cox, 1992. Local‘ ’ durin incubationand izationofS&u&k hatching of inoculated=ry Sci.$l(Suppl):l43. 23. Bailey, J.S., N.A. Cox, LC. Blankenship, and NJ. Stern, 1992. Hatchery contamination reduces the effectiveness of comwtitive exclusion treatments to control Salmonella colokzation of broiler chickens. Poultry Sci. 70(Suppl):15. 24. Cox, N.A.,J.S. Bailey, LC. Blankenship, and R P . Gildersleeve, 1992.InQyQadministrationof acom titive exclusion culture treatment to broiler embryos. Kultry Sci. 71:1781-1784.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authorswish to thank P. Feldner and D. Posey for their technical assistance and D. Hinson for the secretarial assistance. Mention of a trademark or proprietary product does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by the U.S.Department of Agriculture and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products that may also be suitable.
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of New Orleans on June 5, 2015
-
12. Cox, N.A. and J.S. Bailey, 1991a. Efficacy ofvarious chemical treatments to eliminate ,%&un&ion hatching eggs. Poultry Sci. 7O(SuppI):31.
hexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride to eliminateS&
monella and other microorganisms on hatching eggs.
CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF SALMONELLA-CONTAMINATED FERTILE HATCHING EGGSUSING AN AUTOMATED EGGSPRAY SANITIZING MACHINE N.A. COX', J. S. BAILEY, and M. E. BERRANG U.S.Department of Agriculture, Apicultural Research Service, Russell Research Center
Primary Audience: Production Managers, Grading Supervisors, Quality Control Personnel, Egg Producers
itive eggs. Overall, each chemical
rds: Fertile hatching eggs, Salmonella, sanit
serovars found on the final product (fully proDESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM cessed broiler carcasses) predominately origFor decades, commercialpoultry feed and feed ingredients were believed to be primary contributors to salmonellae contamination of poultry. Many poultry producers thought that if salmonellae were eliminated from the feed, the problem would be solved. However, the situation is not that simple. Various studies [l, 2, 31 have demonstrated that Salmonella
1
To whom correspondence should be addressed
inate from sources other than the feed, such as hatcheries, breeder flocks, and litter. Regardless of the source, exposure of the newly hatched chick to Salmonella organisms is very critical because the young animal lacks a mature gut microflora and is highly susceptible to intestinal colonization by salmonellae. Research has shown that very low levels of
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of New Orleans on June 5, 2015
P.O. Box 5677, Athens, GA 30613 Phone: (706) 546-3484 F B : (706) 546-3771 R. J. BUHR and J. M. MAULDIN Department of Poultry Science, Universily of Georg'a, Athens, G A 30602
Research Report 27
COX et al.
ing these experiments the wash solution was maintained near 111°F (44°C) and the sanitizing solution at 118°F (49°C). The MiniMaster/4000 can sanitize 5000 eggs per hour. The chemicals and concentration of sanitizing solutions that were applied by spray and evaluated in this study are listed in Table 1. For each chemical tested, ten or twenty inoculated eggs were sanitized with the chemical and for comparison an equal number of inoculated eggs were sanitized with water only. The entire experiment was replicated. Recovery procedures for the marker S. typhimurium from all treated eggs were described by Berrang et al. [16]. This method consists of breaking the eggshell and discarding the contents, then gently hand crushing the shell and adhering membranes in 50 ml of buffered peptone in a sterile plastic bag. The bag and contents were then incubated for 24 hr at 37°C. Following this preenrichment step, researchers soaked a sterile cotton swab in the broth and streaked it on a BG Sulfa agar plate (Difco, Detroit, MI) with 200 ppm sodium salt hydrate nalidixic acid (Aldrich, Milwaukee, WI).Characteristic Salmonella colonies appearing on the plate were confirmed to be our marker S . typhimurium and the data were recorded as number of Salmonella-positive eggshumber of eggs treated. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Treatments were tested with parametric analysis on an angular transformation of percentage data using the General Linear Models (GLM) procedure of SAS software [17]. Contrasts were determined using individual chemical reduction values against all other chemicals.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Freshly laid broiler hatching eggs were individually inoculated by the method of Berrang et al. [16]. Ten pl of cell suspension (25°C) in 1% peptone was placed on the side of a 42°C egg which had been warmed by holding in an incubator for 12 hr. The inoculum was spread over the egg with a sterile bent glass rod. The number of cells in each lop1 drop was monitored and the average inoculum was 2.0 x 106 nalidixic acid resistant S. typhimurium per egg. After inoculation the eggs were held at room temperature for 4 hr and then placed in plastic flats and sanitized using the MS Technologies, Inc. Mini-Master/W egg sanitizing machine. This is a two-stage pressure spray system. The first stage is a spray wash that is filtered and recycled, followed by a second non-recycled spray of sanitizing solution. Dur-
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 2 shows the effect of ten different sanitizers and water applied to Salmonellainoculated hatching eggs. PHMB was found to be the most effective chemical tested and was the only chemical that was statistically different (P = 0.018) from the others as measured by Proc GLM Contrast. All forty of the inoculated eggs treated with a PHMB (trade name Cosmocil CQ) spray were found to be negative after treatment. These negative results (0/40) were impressive when one considers that the methodology used has been shown to be effec-
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of New Orleans on June 5, 2015
Salmonella can colonize the intestinal tract of young broiler chicks [4,5,6]. Laboratory studies have demonstrated that Salmonella can rapidly penetrate the freshly laid fertile hatching egg [7l. These invading Salmonella do not ordinarily cause extensive decomposition to the fertile egg and the chick hatches [8] resulting in the establishment of Salmonella reservoirs in the commercial broiler and breeder hatcheries [9,10] and broiler populations [ll]. These reservoirs will continue to exist until salmonellae have been eliminated from broiler breeder flocks or until the salmonellae are eliminated by an effective chemical treatment. Research thus far suggests that most fertile hatching eggs can be disinfected, but only with an effective chemical and only if the chemical is applied as soon as possible after exposure of the egg to Salmonella [ 12,13,14]. In an earlier study [ l q , an automated hatching egg spraysanitizer (Mini-Master/W, MS Technologies, Inc., Chattanooga, TN) used to spray various chemical disinfectantson fertile hatching eggs was a very effective method of reducing the total microbial load on the egg without adversely affecting hatchability. The objective of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of this automated spray sanitizer used with an assortment of disinfectants to reduce or eliminate Salmonella typhimurium inoculated onto freshly laid, fertile hatching eggs.
JAPR SANITIZING EGGS
28
TRADE NAME
COMPANY
ACTIVE INGREDIENT
TYPE
WASH SOLUTION
CONCENTRATION^
MS Technologies USA, Inc. Chattanooga, T N 37421
Quaternary ammonium
0.26%
Chlor-Wash
MS Technologies USA, Inc. Chattanooga, TN 37421
Peroxygen compounds
1.0%
Bioquat 20
Biosentry, Inc. Stone Mountain, GA 30083
Qua ternary ammonium
0.39%
Liquid eggwash
Biosentry, Inc. Stone Mountain, GA 30083
Potassium hydroxide & potassium hypochlorite
0.39%
CL 600
Biosentry, Inc. Stone Mountain, G A 30083
Sodium dichloro-s-triainetrione
0.052%
RCL
Biosentry, Inc. Stone Mountain, C A 30083
Blend of quaternary ammonium compounds
0.33%
HzOz
J.T. Baker, Inc. Phillimbure. NJ 08865
Hydrogen peroxide
1.4%
Coverage 256
Sanoli, Inc., Overland Park, KS 66210
Blend of quaternary ammonium compounds
0.39%
Cosmocil CQ
IC1 Americas, Inc. Wilmington, D E 19897
Poly (hexamethylenebiguanide) hydrochloride
0.035%
SM-9
SMI Agricultural Products Valdosta, G A 31603
Blend OF secondary alcohols reacted with ethylene oxide
0.19%
Tektrol
Bio-Tek Industries, Inc. Atlanta, GA 30318
Blend OF phenols
0.39%
Tryad
Hess & Clark, Inc. Ashland, OH 44805
Quaternary ammonium & sodium hydroxide
0.39%
tive in the recovery of sublethally injured or stressed Salmonella cells [MI.PHMB has been shown to be an effective chemical for reducing or eliminating Saltnonella from fertile hatching eggs in previous studies [12, 13, 14, 191. Overall, the water spray (control) resulted in a 28% reduction in Salmonella-positive eggs. After spraying with water, 166 of the eggs inoculated with over a million cells of S. typhimurium were Salmonella-positive and 64 were negative for Salmonella. When compared to the water-sanitized control, three of the sanitizers other than PHMB (hydrogen peroxide, Tryad, and Tektrol) produced greater than 50% reduction in the number of Salmonella-positive eggs. Four of the sanitizers (RCL plus CUOO and Chlor-wash plus Bioquat, Q800, or Coverage 256) reduced the number of Salmonella-positive eggs by 40-50%. Liquid egg wash plus CL600 and SM-9 reduced the number of Salmonellapositive eggs, as compared to the water control, by only 30%.
Even though all PHMB-treated eggs in the study were negative for Salmonella, our research to date suggests that no one chemical will continuously perform perfectly, particularly in a commercial setting. Research [20,21, 221 indicates that once Salmonella passes through the shell and past the membranes of fertile hatching eggs, it is difficult to prevent their further invasion of the egg contents or developing embryo. After incubation, Salmonella organisms entrapped in the membranes can be ingested by the embryo as it emerges from the egg. Another study [23] demonstrates that one contaminated ;hick hatching can corrupt most of the other chicks in the hatching cabinet. The best possible chemical disinfection of freshly laid eggs combined with disinfecting the circulating air in hatching cabinets, and innovative ways of applying undefined mucosal competitive exclusion (e.g., in ovo [24], in hatching cabinets and in grow out houses) are approaches that offer opportunities to make the production of salmonellaefree broilers a reality.
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of New Orleans on June 5, 2015
Qm
Research Report COX et al.
29
TABLE 2. Efficacy of various chemical treatments applied with an automated e g g spray-sanitizing machine to remove inoculated salmonellaAfrom hatching eggs
CHEMICAL
Si nificantly higher reduction (P = .018) than other chemicals as measured by SAS General Lineral Model Contrasts
ish. 198.5)
1. Bailey, J.S., N.A. Cox, LC. Blankenship, and N.J. Slern, 1991. Effect of competitiveexclusionmicroflora on the distribution of Salmonellaserotypes in an integrated poultry operation. Poultry Sci. 7O(Suppl):15. 2. Goren, E, W . k De Jong, P. Dorrenbal, N.M. Bolder, R.W.A.W. Mulder, and A. Jansen, 1988. Reduction of salmonellae infection of broilers by spray application of intestinal microflora; a longitudinal study. Vet. Q. 1 0249-255. 3. Lahellec, C. and P. Colin, 198.5. Relationship between serotype of salmonellae from hatcheries and rearingfarms and those from processed poultry carcasses. Br. Poultry Sci. 26:179-186. 4. Cox, N.A., J.S. Bailey, LC. Blankenship, R.J. Meinersmann, N.J. Slern, and F. McHan, 1990. Colonization dose 50% values for ~almonellaadministered orally and intrac~oaca~~yto young broiler chicks, poultry Sci. 691809-1812.
5. Milner, K.C. and M.F. Shaffer, 1952. Bacteriologic studies of experimental Salmonellainfections in chicks. J. Infect. Dis. 90:8185. 6. Schleirer, J.J., B.J. Juven, C.W. Beard, and N.A. Cox, 1984.Thesusceptibilityofchickst0-m in artificially contaminated poultry feed. Avian Dis. 28:497-503. 7. Williams, J.E and LII. Dillard, 1968. Salmonella penetration of fertile and infertile chicken eggs at progressive stages of inoculation. Avian Dis. 12:629435. 8. Maclaury, D.W. and AB. Moran, 1959. Bacterial contamination of hatching eggs. Kentucky Ag. Exp. Sta. Bull. 665, Lexington, KY.
9. Cox, N.A., J.S. Bailey, J.M. Mauldin, and LC. Blankenship, 1990. Presence and impact of f&lQEh contamination in commercial broiler hatcheries. Poultry Sci. 6916061609.
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of New Orleans on June 5, 2015
~ to 2 . 0 ~lo6.All inoculated eggs that were not treatedwith water or a chemical *Inoculum per e ranged from 1 . 0 lo6 were positive f o r ! .
SANITIZING EGGS
30 10. Cox, N.A., J.S. Bailey, J.M. Mauldin, L.C. Blankcnshlp, and J . L Wilson, 1991. Extent of salmonellae contamination in breeder hatcheries. Poultry Sci. 70416-418
11. Blankenship, LC., J.S. Bailey, N.A Cox, NJ. Stern, R Brewer, and 0.Williams, 1993. Two-step mucosal competitive exclusion flora treatment to diminish Salmonella in commercial broiler chickens. Poultry Sci. 7231667-1672
13. Cox, N.A. and J.S. Bailey, 1991b.Effect ofchemical treatments to eliminate &bandla on hatching eggs. Poultry Sci. 7O(Suppl):154. 14. Cox, .N.k and J.S. Bailey, 1992. Chemical treatat the ment of fertile hatching eggs to control breeder flockand hatchery level. Poultry Sa. 71(Suppl):7. 15. Cox, N.A., J.S. Bailey, RJ. Buhr, and J.M. Mauldin, 1993. Effect of chemical disinfectant sprays on the microbiolo ’cal recovery from fertile hatchingeggs. Poultry Sci. 72(&ppl):160. 16. Bewan& M.E, N.A. Cox, J.S. Bailey, and LC. Blankenship, 1991. Methods for recovery of S s a from chicken eggs. Poultry Sci. 702267-2270. 17. SAS Institute, 1985. SAS User’s Guide: Statistics. Version 5 Edition. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. 18, Juven, B.J., N.A. Cox, J.S. Bailey, J . E Thomson, O.W. Charles, and J.V. Shutu, 1984. Survival of salmpl &in dry food and feed. J. Food Prot. 47445448. 19. Cox, N.A., J.S. Bailey, J.E. Thomson, C.H. Snocyenbos, and S.A. Veuy, 1982. The use of poly-
Poultry Sci. 61:1375-1376. 20. Cason, J.A., N.A. Cox! and J.S. Bailey, 1991a. during incubaSurvival of &@u&a, tion and hatching of in=ggs. Poultry Sci. 70(Suppl):152. 21. Cason, J.A., N.A. Cox, and J.S. Bailey, 1991b. ’ . during Horizontal transfer of ,%&un&i hatching of broiler chicks. Poultry Sc-151.
22. Cason, J.A.,J.S. Bailey, and N.A. Cox, 1992. Local‘ ’ durin incubationand izationofS&u&k hatching of inoculated=ry Sci.$l(Suppl):l43. 23. Bailey, J.S., N.A. Cox, LC. Blankenship, and NJ. Stern, 1992. Hatchery contamination reduces the effectiveness of comwtitive exclusion treatments to control Salmonella colokzation of broiler chickens. Poultry Sci. 70(Suppl):15. 24. Cox, N.A.,J.S. Bailey, LC. Blankenship, and R P . Gildersleeve, 1992.InQyQadministrationof acom titive exclusion culture treatment to broiler embryos. Kultry Sci. 71:1781-1784.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authorswish to thank P. Feldner and D. Posey for their technical assistance and D. Hinson for the secretarial assistance. Mention of a trademark or proprietary product does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by the U.S.Department of Agriculture and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products that may also be suitable.
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of New Orleans on June 5, 2015
-
12. Cox, N.A. and J.S. Bailey, 1991a. Efficacy ofvarious chemical treatments to eliminate ,%&un&ion hatching eggs. Poultry Sci. 7O(SuppI):31.
hexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride to eliminateS&
monella and other microorganisms on hatching eggs.