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Chemistry of coal weathering
Book
Chemistry
Reviews
of Coal Weathering
Charles R. Nelson Coal Science and Technology 14, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1989, pp. 230, ISBN o-4448-8088-7, Ego.31 This book explores the topic of timedependent coal property variability from the standpoint of the chemistry associated with the progressive material degradation process known as weathering. The first chapter summarizes important aspects of previous investigations that provide insight regarding the chemical processes and pathways involved in the weathering of coal. The atmospheric gas interactions with solid materials, particularly those involving molecular oxygen (0, ) and moisture (H,O ). are discussed. Chapter 2 is concerned with the early stages of coal weathering and oxidation, and the changes induced in the chemistry of both mineral and maceral entities. and in the physical and technological properties of coals. Attempts are made to extrapolate laboratory coal oxidation data and results to natural in-seam weathering. Chapter 3 discusses the effects of weathering on the molecular structure of coal. The types of compositional and structural changes that occur as a result of the reaction of coalified organic matter with molecular oxygen are described in terms of the time evolution of reactant, intermediate and product structures. The fourth chapter presents an effective technique, photoacoustic infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, for surface characterization of oxidized coals. Included is the development of this spectroscopy, experimental details, sample preparation and studies of naturally weathered and thermally oxidized coals. The detection of a new carbonyl-type functionality at the solid coal surface is illustrated. In Chapter 5 the influence of weathering and low temperature oxidation on the thermoplastic properties of coal is described. The thermoplastic properties of coal, its measurement methods, its mechanisms, and factors influencing thermoplasticity are reviewed. The aim is to draw these research fields together and relate these phenomena to technical aspects of coal utilization. The sixth chapter provides an extensive review of the spontaneous heating of stored coal, dealing with the process and model for spontaneous heating. methods of solution, verification of the model, and practical implications. The input data used in calculations with the model and the results of model calculations are also given. A comparison of the results of calculations with those of measurements is made. The model provides a good description of the spontaneous heating process and, therefore, it can be used for predictive purposes. Coal weathering research is a multidisciplinary field of activity overlapping several fundamental and applied sciences.
and
New
York,
This book provides an excellent up-todate account of the approaches which have been used and of the advances made in our understanding of coal weathering. The diverse subject matter which comprises the field of coal weathering research is presented and discussed from a variety of viewpoints and investigative approaches. Primary attention is devoted to the description of what are judged to be among the most important chemical processes and physical phenomena, their conceptual interpretation. and their relationships to various technical aspects of coal utilization, transport and storage. Most recent research and development
Complexation D. Cagniant Chromatographic 1991, pp. 294,
work in the area of surface controlled fine coal beneficiation technology is directly affected by the weathering and surface oxidation of coals. Those advanced technologies are aimed to produce new fuels such as coal-water fuel and premium fuel for replacing oil and natural gas, and to reduce pollutants such as SO,. NO, and trace elements for environmental control. This reviewer suggests that, for a future edition, a new chapter dealing with the colloid chemistry aspects of coals, weathered coals and oxidized coals would be a valuable addition. W. Wen
Chromatography Science Series, Volume 57, Marcel ISBN o-8247-8577-0, USSI 14.50
Professor Cagniant, the editor of this volume. is well known for her work on Extrography, combining solvent extraction and complexation with chromatography. This book is of interest since it combines an up-to-date review of the main complexation techniques and chromatographic analyses. with short but fundamental theoretical descriptions of each sort of complexation. General considerations on complexation in chromatography are given by L. Nondek (Water Research Institute. Praha) and a survey of packings in donor-acceptor complex chromatography is presented by G. Felix (University of Bordeaux ). Ligand-exchange chromatography of chiral compounds is described by V. A. Davankov (Academy of Sciences. Moscow ). Three chapters are the personal contribution of D. Cagniant. These include charge transfer chromatography and argentation chromatography with application to the determination of polycyclic aromatic compounds, aromatic amines and azaarenes and biological compounds. A survey of the basic factors involved in complex formation is discussed. as complex formation governs the retention mechanism and selectivity in all types of complexation chromatography. Recent developments in chromatographic processes (new detectors and phases ) are also discussed. The last chapter presented by Professor
Dekker,
New York,
Cagniant. concerning the application of complexation chromatography to the analysis of coal and petroleum products. is of great practical interest. This special topic integrates Professor Cagniant’s long term research and experience concerning the analytical problems of hydroliquefaction or pyrolysis of coal, tar and pitch beneticiation and upgrading of heavy petroleum residues. Examples of coal oil and petroleum analytical problems are given for cases ranging from simple hydrocarbon group analysis, quantitative estimation of saturates, oletins and polycyclic aromatics. to the more complex analysis of hydroaromatic and polyhydroaromatic hydrocarbons, the polar compounds such as heavy phenols and polyaromatic phenols. One remarkable case mentioned is the analysis of a hydrogenated anthracene oil fraction in which 90 compounds were identified and quantitively determined. Attention has also been paid to the separation and determination of heteroatomic compounds: sulphur compounds such as sulphur heterocycles, mercaptans, organic sulphides and disulphides and nitrogen compounds. This book is a most valuable contribution to the basic understanding of complexation chromatography and to the practical application ofthe technique.
FUEL,
R. CyprPs
1992,
Vol 71, November
1343
Chemistry
Reviews
of Coal Weathering
Charles R. Nelson Coal Science and Technology 14, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1989, pp. 230, ISBN o-4448-8088-7, Ego.31 This book explores the topic of timedependent coal property variability from the standpoint of the chemistry associated with the progressive material degradation process known as weathering. The first chapter summarizes important aspects of previous investigations that provide insight regarding the chemical processes and pathways involved in the weathering of coal. The atmospheric gas interactions with solid materials, particularly those involving molecular oxygen (0, ) and moisture (H,O ). are discussed. Chapter 2 is concerned with the early stages of coal weathering and oxidation, and the changes induced in the chemistry of both mineral and maceral entities. and in the physical and technological properties of coals. Attempts are made to extrapolate laboratory coal oxidation data and results to natural in-seam weathering. Chapter 3 discusses the effects of weathering on the molecular structure of coal. The types of compositional and structural changes that occur as a result of the reaction of coalified organic matter with molecular oxygen are described in terms of the time evolution of reactant, intermediate and product structures. The fourth chapter presents an effective technique, photoacoustic infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, for surface characterization of oxidized coals. Included is the development of this spectroscopy, experimental details, sample preparation and studies of naturally weathered and thermally oxidized coals. The detection of a new carbonyl-type functionality at the solid coal surface is illustrated. In Chapter 5 the influence of weathering and low temperature oxidation on the thermoplastic properties of coal is described. The thermoplastic properties of coal, its measurement methods, its mechanisms, and factors influencing thermoplasticity are reviewed. The aim is to draw these research fields together and relate these phenomena to technical aspects of coal utilization. The sixth chapter provides an extensive review of the spontaneous heating of stored coal, dealing with the process and model for spontaneous heating. methods of solution, verification of the model, and practical implications. The input data used in calculations with the model and the results of model calculations are also given. A comparison of the results of calculations with those of measurements is made. The model provides a good description of the spontaneous heating process and, therefore, it can be used for predictive purposes. Coal weathering research is a multidisciplinary field of activity overlapping several fundamental and applied sciences.
and
New
York,
This book provides an excellent up-todate account of the approaches which have been used and of the advances made in our understanding of coal weathering. The diverse subject matter which comprises the field of coal weathering research is presented and discussed from a variety of viewpoints and investigative approaches. Primary attention is devoted to the description of what are judged to be among the most important chemical processes and physical phenomena, their conceptual interpretation. and their relationships to various technical aspects of coal utilization, transport and storage. Most recent research and development
Complexation D. Cagniant Chromatographic 1991, pp. 294,
work in the area of surface controlled fine coal beneficiation technology is directly affected by the weathering and surface oxidation of coals. Those advanced technologies are aimed to produce new fuels such as coal-water fuel and premium fuel for replacing oil and natural gas, and to reduce pollutants such as SO,. NO, and trace elements for environmental control. This reviewer suggests that, for a future edition, a new chapter dealing with the colloid chemistry aspects of coals, weathered coals and oxidized coals would be a valuable addition. W. Wen
Chromatography Science Series, Volume 57, Marcel ISBN o-8247-8577-0, USSI 14.50
Professor Cagniant, the editor of this volume. is well known for her work on Extrography, combining solvent extraction and complexation with chromatography. This book is of interest since it combines an up-to-date review of the main complexation techniques and chromatographic analyses. with short but fundamental theoretical descriptions of each sort of complexation. General considerations on complexation in chromatography are given by L. Nondek (Water Research Institute. Praha) and a survey of packings in donor-acceptor complex chromatography is presented by G. Felix (University of Bordeaux ). Ligand-exchange chromatography of chiral compounds is described by V. A. Davankov (Academy of Sciences. Moscow ). Three chapters are the personal contribution of D. Cagniant. These include charge transfer chromatography and argentation chromatography with application to the determination of polycyclic aromatic compounds, aromatic amines and azaarenes and biological compounds. A survey of the basic factors involved in complex formation is discussed. as complex formation governs the retention mechanism and selectivity in all types of complexation chromatography. Recent developments in chromatographic processes (new detectors and phases ) are also discussed. The last chapter presented by Professor
Dekker,
New York,
Cagniant. concerning the application of complexation chromatography to the analysis of coal and petroleum products. is of great practical interest. This special topic integrates Professor Cagniant’s long term research and experience concerning the analytical problems of hydroliquefaction or pyrolysis of coal, tar and pitch beneticiation and upgrading of heavy petroleum residues. Examples of coal oil and petroleum analytical problems are given for cases ranging from simple hydrocarbon group analysis, quantitative estimation of saturates, oletins and polycyclic aromatics. to the more complex analysis of hydroaromatic and polyhydroaromatic hydrocarbons, the polar compounds such as heavy phenols and polyaromatic phenols. One remarkable case mentioned is the analysis of a hydrogenated anthracene oil fraction in which 90 compounds were identified and quantitively determined. Attention has also been paid to the separation and determination of heteroatomic compounds: sulphur compounds such as sulphur heterocycles, mercaptans, organic sulphides and disulphides and nitrogen compounds. This book is a most valuable contribution to the basic understanding of complexation chromatography and to the practical application ofthe technique.
FUEL,
R. CyprPs
1992,
Vol 71, November
1343