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Chloride Requirement of Young Turkeys1
Chloride Requirement of Young Turkeys1 R. H. HARMS
Department of Poultry Science, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (Received for publication April 19, 1982) ABSTRACT Two experiments of 21 days duration were conducted to determine the chloride requirement of the young turkey. Each experiment was repeated once. A corn-soybean basal diet with .040% chloride was used. Sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate were added to the diet to supply .140% sodium and varying levels of chloride. Maximum body weight and feed efficiency were obtained with dietary chloride of .126%. (Key words: chloride, turkey, poults)
INTRODUCTION Kubicek and Sullivan (1973) reviewed the literature concerning the chloride requirement of the chick and indicated that no data were published on the chloride requirement of the turkey poult. They also reported that the chloride requirement of young turkeys in a purified diet was greater than .125% and no more than .145%, and also described chloride deficiency signs. The National Research Council (1977) suggests chloride at .08% for poults 0 to 8 weeks of age. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the chloride requirement of the young turkey fed a corn-soybean meal diet. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two experiments of 21 days duration were conducted with starting turkeys maintained in electrically heated battery brooders. Each experiment was repeated once and each repeat is considered as a trial. In each trial, day-old Large White turkeys of the Nicholas strain were sexed and randomly assigned to the experimental diet. In Experiment 1, 5 replicates each containing 4 male and 4 female poults were fed each experimental diet in each trial. In Experiment 2, 6 replicates, each containing 5 male and 5 female poults, were fed each of the experimental diets in each trial. Experimental diets and deionized water were given ad libitum in all experiments. The basal diet (Table 1) was formulated to meet all nutritional requirements except
sodium and chloride. It contained 28% protein and 2686 kcal/kg. Sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate were used to furnish a level of .14% sodium and various levels of chloride in each of the two experiments. Chemical analysis indicated that the basal diet contained .040% chloride (Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1975) and .06% sodium as determined with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Poults were grouped weighed by sex at 21 days of age and feed efficiency calculated. Mortality was recorded daily; however, it is not reported, because chloride level showed no difference in mortality. Supplemental chloride ranging from 0 to .216% was fed in Experiment 1 using sodium chloride. A constant level of .14% supplemental sodium was maintained by replacing sodium chloride with bicarbonate. This level of sodium was selected, because levels above this did not improve performance of poults (Harms, 1982). In Experiment 2, diets containing supplemental chloride ranging from .043 to .172% were fed. Three additional diets were formed by adding sodium bicarbonate to furnish .028% sodium to the diets containing the three lowest levels of chloride. Because the treatment X trial or sex X treatment interactions were not significant in either experiment, the data for the two trials in each experiment have been combined for presentation. Duncan's multiple range test (1955) was used to determine significant differences between treatment means. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. 3743.
Experiment 2447
1.
When
the
supplemental
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Birmingham on June 4, 2015
1982 Poultry Science 61:2447-2449
2448
HARMS TABLE 1. Composition of basal diet
Ingredient
(%)
Yellow corn Soybean meal Animal fat Dicalcium phosphate (18.5% P, 22% Ca) Limestone Microingredients a
43.4 49.4 3.0 2.5 1.2 .5
chloride was increased from 0 to .043%, a significant increase in body weight was obtained (Table 2). A further increase in body weight was obtained by increasing supplemental chloride to .086%. A further increase in supplemental chloride did not significantly increase body weight. Increasing supplemental chloride in the diet resulted in significantly improved feed efficiency; however, increasing chloride above .043% did not give further improvement. Poults fed the diet containing no supplemental sodium chloride developed signs of nervousness similar to those described by Kubicek and Sullivan (1973). Experiment 2. Increasing supplemental chloride resulted in significantly heavier poults
TABLE 2. Body weight and feed efficiency of young turkeys when fed various levels of sodium furnished by NaCl and NaHC03 (Experiment 1)' Supplemental Na from NaHC0 3
NaCl
.140 .112 .084 .056 .028
0 .028 .056 .084 .112 .140
0
Total
(«)
.140 .140 .140 .140 .140 .140
Supplemental CI
0 .043 .086 .129 .172 .216
Body weight (g) 287 a 372 b 421c 426c 424 c 433c
Feed efficiency (g feed/g gain) 1.52 a 1.38b 1.35b 1.42 a b 1.29 b 1.38 b
' ' Means with different superscripts are significantly different according to Duncan's multiple range test (P<.05). 1
Each value represents 12 values for males and 12 for females.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Birmingham on June 4, 2015
Supplies per kilogram of diet: 6,600 IU vitamin A; 2,200 ICU vitamin D 3 ; 11 IU vitamin E; 2.2 mg menadione dimethylpyrimidinol bisulfite (MPB); 4.4 mg riboflavin; 13.2 mg pantothenic acid; 59.6 mg niacin; 998.8 mg chloine chloride; 22 Mg vitamin B 1 2 ; 110 Mg biotin; 125 mg ethoxyquin; 60 mg manganese; 50 mg iron; 6 mg copper; .198 mg cobalt; 1.1 mg iodine; 60 mg zinc.
(Table 3). The increase in body weight was obtained at each increase in supplemental chloride. However, sodium was also increased and was considered to be the factor responsible for the increase in growth above the supplemental level of .086% chloride when the sodium was supplied with sodium chloride. However, maximum body weight was obtained with .086% chloride when the additional sodium was supplied by sodium bicarbonate. The addition of .028% sodium from sodium bicarbonate to the diet containing .028% sodium supplied from the sodium chloride resulted in significantly improving body weights (Table 3). When the diet contained .086% supplemental chloride, the addition of .028% sodium from sodium bicarbonate again significantly increased weight. The addition of the sodium bicarbonate also improved body weight when added to the diet containing .129% supplemental chloride. This response was attributed to the sodium and not chloride, because the lower levels of sodium were not supporting maximum growth. Feed efficiency was improved by increasing supplemental chloride in the diet (Table 3). Maximum utilization of feed was obtained at the level of .129% chloride and .084% supplemental sodium in the sodium chloride series. However, maximum utilization of feed was obtained with a level of .084% supplemental chloride when the sodium bicarbonate was added to the diet containing .056% sodium supplied by sodium chloride. These data indicate that .086% supplemental chloride in a corn-soy basal diet will support maximum performance of young turkey poults.
CHLORIDE REQUIREMENT OF POULTS
2449
TABLE 3. Body weight and feed efficiency of young poults fed various levels of sodium supplied from NaCl and NaHCOi (Experiment 2)' Supplemental Na Supplemental CI
NaCl
.043 .086 .129 .172 .043 .086 .129
.028 .056 .084 .112 .028 .056 .084
NaHCO,
Total
.028 .028 .028
.028 .056 .084 .112 .056 .084 .112
(%)
Body weight (g) 232 a 304b 339 c 355cd 295b 348 c 371d
Feed efficiency (g feed/g gain) 1.75 a 1.37 b c 1.37 bc 1.31 c 1.43 b 1.31 c 1.28 c
1
Each value represents 10 values for males and 10 for females.
The presence of animal proteins would lower the need for supplemental chloride. Because the basal diet contained .040% chloride, the turkey poult's requirement would appear to be no greater than .124%, which is considerably higher than the .08% chloride suggested by the National Research Council (1977). However, it confirms the report by Kubicek and Sullivan (1973), which indicated that the requirement for growth in a purified diet is greater than .127% but not more than .145%. Also, the requirement of .127% does not allow for a margin of safety.
REFERENCES Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1975. Official Methods of Analysis. 12th ed. William Horowitz, ed. Washington, DC. Duncan, D. B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics 11:1—42. Harms, R. H., 1982. Sodium chloride requirement of young turkeys. Poultry Sci. 61:1772-1774. Kubicek, J. J., and T. W. Sullivan, 1973. Dietary chloride requirement of starting turkeys. Poultry Sci. 52:1903-1909. National Research Council, 1977. Nutrient Requirements for Domestic Animals. No. 1. Nutrient Requirements for Poultry. Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Birmingham on June 4, 2015
a ' ' c ' Means within a row or column with different superscripts are significantly different according to Duncan's multiple range test (P<.05).
Department of Poultry Science, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (Received for publication April 19, 1982) ABSTRACT Two experiments of 21 days duration were conducted to determine the chloride requirement of the young turkey. Each experiment was repeated once. A corn-soybean basal diet with .040% chloride was used. Sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate were added to the diet to supply .140% sodium and varying levels of chloride. Maximum body weight and feed efficiency were obtained with dietary chloride of .126%. (Key words: chloride, turkey, poults)
INTRODUCTION Kubicek and Sullivan (1973) reviewed the literature concerning the chloride requirement of the chick and indicated that no data were published on the chloride requirement of the turkey poult. They also reported that the chloride requirement of young turkeys in a purified diet was greater than .125% and no more than .145%, and also described chloride deficiency signs. The National Research Council (1977) suggests chloride at .08% for poults 0 to 8 weeks of age. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the chloride requirement of the young turkey fed a corn-soybean meal diet. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two experiments of 21 days duration were conducted with starting turkeys maintained in electrically heated battery brooders. Each experiment was repeated once and each repeat is considered as a trial. In each trial, day-old Large White turkeys of the Nicholas strain were sexed and randomly assigned to the experimental diet. In Experiment 1, 5 replicates each containing 4 male and 4 female poults were fed each experimental diet in each trial. In Experiment 2, 6 replicates, each containing 5 male and 5 female poults, were fed each of the experimental diets in each trial. Experimental diets and deionized water were given ad libitum in all experiments. The basal diet (Table 1) was formulated to meet all nutritional requirements except
sodium and chloride. It contained 28% protein and 2686 kcal/kg. Sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate were used to furnish a level of .14% sodium and various levels of chloride in each of the two experiments. Chemical analysis indicated that the basal diet contained .040% chloride (Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1975) and .06% sodium as determined with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Poults were grouped weighed by sex at 21 days of age and feed efficiency calculated. Mortality was recorded daily; however, it is not reported, because chloride level showed no difference in mortality. Supplemental chloride ranging from 0 to .216% was fed in Experiment 1 using sodium chloride. A constant level of .14% supplemental sodium was maintained by replacing sodium chloride with bicarbonate. This level of sodium was selected, because levels above this did not improve performance of poults (Harms, 1982). In Experiment 2, diets containing supplemental chloride ranging from .043 to .172% were fed. Three additional diets were formed by adding sodium bicarbonate to furnish .028% sodium to the diets containing the three lowest levels of chloride. Because the treatment X trial or sex X treatment interactions were not significant in either experiment, the data for the two trials in each experiment have been combined for presentation. Duncan's multiple range test (1955) was used to determine significant differences between treatment means. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. 3743.
Experiment 2447
1.
When
the
supplemental
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Birmingham on June 4, 2015
1982 Poultry Science 61:2447-2449
2448
HARMS TABLE 1. Composition of basal diet
Ingredient
(%)
Yellow corn Soybean meal Animal fat Dicalcium phosphate (18.5% P, 22% Ca) Limestone Microingredients a
43.4 49.4 3.0 2.5 1.2 .5
chloride was increased from 0 to .043%, a significant increase in body weight was obtained (Table 2). A further increase in body weight was obtained by increasing supplemental chloride to .086%. A further increase in supplemental chloride did not significantly increase body weight. Increasing supplemental chloride in the diet resulted in significantly improved feed efficiency; however, increasing chloride above .043% did not give further improvement. Poults fed the diet containing no supplemental sodium chloride developed signs of nervousness similar to those described by Kubicek and Sullivan (1973). Experiment 2. Increasing supplemental chloride resulted in significantly heavier poults
TABLE 2. Body weight and feed efficiency of young turkeys when fed various levels of sodium furnished by NaCl and NaHC03 (Experiment 1)' Supplemental Na from NaHC0 3
NaCl
.140 .112 .084 .056 .028
0 .028 .056 .084 .112 .140
0
Total
(«)
.140 .140 .140 .140 .140 .140
Supplemental CI
0 .043 .086 .129 .172 .216
Body weight (g) 287 a 372 b 421c 426c 424 c 433c
Feed efficiency (g feed/g gain) 1.52 a 1.38b 1.35b 1.42 a b 1.29 b 1.38 b
' ' Means with different superscripts are significantly different according to Duncan's multiple range test (P<.05). 1
Each value represents 12 values for males and 12 for females.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Birmingham on June 4, 2015
Supplies per kilogram of diet: 6,600 IU vitamin A; 2,200 ICU vitamin D 3 ; 11 IU vitamin E; 2.2 mg menadione dimethylpyrimidinol bisulfite (MPB); 4.4 mg riboflavin; 13.2 mg pantothenic acid; 59.6 mg niacin; 998.8 mg chloine chloride; 22 Mg vitamin B 1 2 ; 110 Mg biotin; 125 mg ethoxyquin; 60 mg manganese; 50 mg iron; 6 mg copper; .198 mg cobalt; 1.1 mg iodine; 60 mg zinc.
(Table 3). The increase in body weight was obtained at each increase in supplemental chloride. However, sodium was also increased and was considered to be the factor responsible for the increase in growth above the supplemental level of .086% chloride when the sodium was supplied with sodium chloride. However, maximum body weight was obtained with .086% chloride when the additional sodium was supplied by sodium bicarbonate. The addition of .028% sodium from sodium bicarbonate to the diet containing .028% sodium supplied from the sodium chloride resulted in significantly improving body weights (Table 3). When the diet contained .086% supplemental chloride, the addition of .028% sodium from sodium bicarbonate again significantly increased weight. The addition of the sodium bicarbonate also improved body weight when added to the diet containing .129% supplemental chloride. This response was attributed to the sodium and not chloride, because the lower levels of sodium were not supporting maximum growth. Feed efficiency was improved by increasing supplemental chloride in the diet (Table 3). Maximum utilization of feed was obtained at the level of .129% chloride and .084% supplemental sodium in the sodium chloride series. However, maximum utilization of feed was obtained with a level of .084% supplemental chloride when the sodium bicarbonate was added to the diet containing .056% sodium supplied by sodium chloride. These data indicate that .086% supplemental chloride in a corn-soy basal diet will support maximum performance of young turkey poults.
CHLORIDE REQUIREMENT OF POULTS
2449
TABLE 3. Body weight and feed efficiency of young poults fed various levels of sodium supplied from NaCl and NaHCOi (Experiment 2)' Supplemental Na Supplemental CI
NaCl
.043 .086 .129 .172 .043 .086 .129
.028 .056 .084 .112 .028 .056 .084
NaHCO,
Total
.028 .028 .028
.028 .056 .084 .112 .056 .084 .112
(%)
Body weight (g) 232 a 304b 339 c 355cd 295b 348 c 371d
Feed efficiency (g feed/g gain) 1.75 a 1.37 b c 1.37 bc 1.31 c 1.43 b 1.31 c 1.28 c
1
Each value represents 10 values for males and 10 for females.
The presence of animal proteins would lower the need for supplemental chloride. Because the basal diet contained .040% chloride, the turkey poult's requirement would appear to be no greater than .124%, which is considerably higher than the .08% chloride suggested by the National Research Council (1977). However, it confirms the report by Kubicek and Sullivan (1973), which indicated that the requirement for growth in a purified diet is greater than .127% but not more than .145%. Also, the requirement of .127% does not allow for a margin of safety.
REFERENCES Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1975. Official Methods of Analysis. 12th ed. William Horowitz, ed. Washington, DC. Duncan, D. B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics 11:1—42. Harms, R. H., 1982. Sodium chloride requirement of young turkeys. Poultry Sci. 61:1772-1774. Kubicek, J. J., and T. W. Sullivan, 1973. Dietary chloride requirement of starting turkeys. Poultry Sci. 52:1903-1909. National Research Council, 1977. Nutrient Requirements for Domestic Animals. No. 1. Nutrient Requirements for Poultry. Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Birmingham on June 4, 2015
a ' ' c ' Means within a row or column with different superscripts are significantly different according to Duncan's multiple range test (P<.05).