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Chlorine Content of Aqueous, Vitreous, and Serum
CHLORINE CONTENT OF AQUEOUS, VITREOUS, AND SERUM A comparative study on oxen P. W. SALIT, P H . D . IOWA CITY, IOWA Chlorine determinations in aqueous, vitreous, and serum were carried out in calves, 4-6 weeks old, and in adult oxen, 2-4 years old. T h e results in t e r m s of averages are as follows: In calves, t h e chlorine c o n t e n t in aqueous, vitreous, and serum w a s 401.8, 403.7, and 351.0 mg. percent, respectively; in adult cattle it w a s 408.2, 418.7, and 351.7 m g . percent, respectively. I t a p p e a r s t h a t age, within the limits of 4 weeks and 4 years, has practically n o effect on the chlorine concentration of aqueous, vitreous, and serum of oxen. A q u e o u s and vitreous are similar w i t h respect to their chlorine c o n t e n t s and contain about 16 p e r c e n t m o r e chlorine t h a n does s e r u m . F r o m t h e D e p a r t m e n t of O p h t h a l m o l o g y , College of Medicine, State U n i v e r s i t y of I o w a .
In 1922 Ascher 1 published data from comparative studies on the sodiumchloride content of human aqueous, vitreous, spinal fluid, and serum. The values in terms of milligrams per 100 gm. of fluid are as follows: aqueous 698, vitreous 670, spinal fluid 708, and serum 552. When these figures are multiplied by the factor 0.60667, the respective chlorine values are 423.5, 406.5, 429.5, and 334 mg. per 100 gm. According to Duke-Elder's 2 publication in 1927, the sodium-chloride contents of rabbit aqueous, arterial plasma, and venous plasma are 641, 590, and 551 milligrams percent, respectively, representing chlo rine values of 388.9, 357.9, and 334.3 milligrams percent. In the same year Tron 3 reported his studies on the chlo rine content of aqueous, vitreous, and serum of ox eyes. He found the chlorine content of aqueous to be 437 mg. per cent, that of vitreous 441 mg. percent, and that of serum 366 mg. percent. In 1929 O'Brien and Salit 4 made compara tive sodium-chloride studies on the aqueous, vitreous, and lens of ox eyes. From their sodium-chloride figures (714, 682, and 187-340 mg. percent, re
spectively) we obtain by calculation 433.2 mg. percent chlorine for aqueous, 413.7 mg. percent for vitreous, and 113.7-206.3 mg. percent for the lens. The above data show that in all cases both the aqueous and vitreous, within the range of experimental error, are alike with respect to chlorine content and contain more of this ingredient than does serum. Most of the above experi ments, however, were carried out on ex tremely small quantities of material and with no reference to the age of the ex perimental animal. Furthermore, Asch er and Tron measured the quantities of fluids gravimetrically while others used the volumetric method. Hence it was considered desirable to check the results once again, employing relatively large amounts of fluids, and to study the chlorine content with respect to age. In the present study chlorine deter minations were carried out on the aqueous, vitreous, and serum of calves (4-6 weeks old) and adult cattle (2-4 years old). The aqueous was obtained with a small graduated, well-oiled syringe, while the vitreous, after its re moval through an incision in the pos-
Table 1 M I N I M U M , M A X I M U M , AND AVERAGE CHLORINE VALUES OF AQUEOUS, VITREOUS, AND SERUM*
Animal Calves (4-6 weeks) Averages Adult cattle (2-4 years) Averages
No. of animals 4
Aqueous mg.% 384.0-416.0
Vitreous , mg.% 390.0-421.9
Serum mg.% 338.6-354.5
10
401.8 (4) 291.0-432.5
403.7 (8) 413.0-427.7
351.0 (8) 333.3-394.3
408.2 (16)
418.7 (18)
351.7 (16)
* Figures in p a r e n t h e s e s indicate the n u m b e r of analyses. 818
CHLORINE CONTENT OF AQUEOUS terior part of the bulbus, was collected in a large test tube and filtered. The analyses were carried out by the meth od of Wilson and Ball 5 . In calves, the combined aqueous of both eyes (1.8-2.0 c.c.) was used in each analysis, while in adult cattle the aqueous of each eye (1.5-2.0 c.c.) was analyzed separately. In the analyses of vitreous and serum, 2 c.c. of fluid were used. The results of this study corroborate the findings of previous investigators.
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The chlorine contents of aqueous and vitreous are practically the same and appreciably higher than that of serum. Age apparently has little or no effect on the chlorine content of aqueous, vitreous, and serum of ox eyes. For calves the chlorine averages up to 401.8 mg. percent in aqueous, 403.7 mg. per cent in vitreous, and 351.0 mg. percent in serum; for adult cattle the respective averages are: 408.2,418.7, and 351.7 mg. percent.
Bibliography 1
Ascher, K. W. Zur Chemie des menschlichen Kammerwassers. Arch. f. Ophth., 1922, v. 107, p. 247. Duke-Elder, S. W. The biochemistry of the aqueous humour. Biochem. Jour., 1927, v. 21, p. 63. 3 Tron, E. Chemische Untersuchungen uber die Natur der intraokularen Fliissigkeiten. II. Magnesium, Natrium und Chlor im Kammerwasser, Glasskorper und Blutserum des Ochsens. Arch. f. Ophth., 1927, v. 118, p. 713. 4 O'Brien, C. S., and Salit, P. W. The chemical constituents of the aqueous, vitreous, and lens. A comparative study on animal eyes. Extrait du Compte-Rendu du X I I I Concilium Ophthalmologicum Amsterdam—Den Haag, Sept., 1929; Amer. Jour. Ophth., 1931, v. 14, p. 582. 'Wilson, D. W., and Ball, E. G. A study of the estimation of chloride in blood and serum. Jour. Biol. Chem., 1928, v. 79, p. 221.
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In 1922 Ascher 1 published data from comparative studies on the sodiumchloride content of human aqueous, vitreous, spinal fluid, and serum. The values in terms of milligrams per 100 gm. of fluid are as follows: aqueous 698, vitreous 670, spinal fluid 708, and serum 552. When these figures are multiplied by the factor 0.60667, the respective chlorine values are 423.5, 406.5, 429.5, and 334 mg. per 100 gm. According to Duke-Elder's 2 publication in 1927, the sodium-chloride contents of rabbit aqueous, arterial plasma, and venous plasma are 641, 590, and 551 milligrams percent, respectively, representing chlo rine values of 388.9, 357.9, and 334.3 milligrams percent. In the same year Tron 3 reported his studies on the chlo rine content of aqueous, vitreous, and serum of ox eyes. He found the chlorine content of aqueous to be 437 mg. per cent, that of vitreous 441 mg. percent, and that of serum 366 mg. percent. In 1929 O'Brien and Salit 4 made compara tive sodium-chloride studies on the aqueous, vitreous, and lens of ox eyes. From their sodium-chloride figures (714, 682, and 187-340 mg. percent, re
spectively) we obtain by calculation 433.2 mg. percent chlorine for aqueous, 413.7 mg. percent for vitreous, and 113.7-206.3 mg. percent for the lens. The above data show that in all cases both the aqueous and vitreous, within the range of experimental error, are alike with respect to chlorine content and contain more of this ingredient than does serum. Most of the above experi ments, however, were carried out on ex tremely small quantities of material and with no reference to the age of the ex perimental animal. Furthermore, Asch er and Tron measured the quantities of fluids gravimetrically while others used the volumetric method. Hence it was considered desirable to check the results once again, employing relatively large amounts of fluids, and to study the chlorine content with respect to age. In the present study chlorine deter minations were carried out on the aqueous, vitreous, and serum of calves (4-6 weeks old) and adult cattle (2-4 years old). The aqueous was obtained with a small graduated, well-oiled syringe, while the vitreous, after its re moval through an incision in the pos-
Table 1 M I N I M U M , M A X I M U M , AND AVERAGE CHLORINE VALUES OF AQUEOUS, VITREOUS, AND SERUM*
Animal Calves (4-6 weeks) Averages Adult cattle (2-4 years) Averages
No. of animals 4
Aqueous mg.% 384.0-416.0
Vitreous , mg.% 390.0-421.9
Serum mg.% 338.6-354.5
10
401.8 (4) 291.0-432.5
403.7 (8) 413.0-427.7
351.0 (8) 333.3-394.3
408.2 (16)
418.7 (18)
351.7 (16)
* Figures in p a r e n t h e s e s indicate the n u m b e r of analyses. 818
CHLORINE CONTENT OF AQUEOUS terior part of the bulbus, was collected in a large test tube and filtered. The analyses were carried out by the meth od of Wilson and Ball 5 . In calves, the combined aqueous of both eyes (1.8-2.0 c.c.) was used in each analysis, while in adult cattle the aqueous of each eye (1.5-2.0 c.c.) was analyzed separately. In the analyses of vitreous and serum, 2 c.c. of fluid were used. The results of this study corroborate the findings of previous investigators.
819
The chlorine contents of aqueous and vitreous are practically the same and appreciably higher than that of serum. Age apparently has little or no effect on the chlorine content of aqueous, vitreous, and serum of ox eyes. For calves the chlorine averages up to 401.8 mg. percent in aqueous, 403.7 mg. per cent in vitreous, and 351.0 mg. percent in serum; for adult cattle the respective averages are: 408.2,418.7, and 351.7 mg. percent.
Bibliography 1
Ascher, K. W. Zur Chemie des menschlichen Kammerwassers. Arch. f. Ophth., 1922, v. 107, p. 247. Duke-Elder, S. W. The biochemistry of the aqueous humour. Biochem. Jour., 1927, v. 21, p. 63. 3 Tron, E. Chemische Untersuchungen uber die Natur der intraokularen Fliissigkeiten. II. Magnesium, Natrium und Chlor im Kammerwasser, Glasskorper und Blutserum des Ochsens. Arch. f. Ophth., 1927, v. 118, p. 713. 4 O'Brien, C. S., and Salit, P. W. The chemical constituents of the aqueous, vitreous, and lens. A comparative study on animal eyes. Extrait du Compte-Rendu du X I I I Concilium Ophthalmologicum Amsterdam—Den Haag, Sept., 1929; Amer. Jour. Ophth., 1931, v. 14, p. 582. 'Wilson, D. W., and Ball, E. G. A study of the estimation of chloride in blood and serum. Jour. Biol. Chem., 1928, v. 79, p. 221.
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