Circular economy practices within energy and waste management sectors of India: A meta-analysis

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Circular Economy Practices within Energy and Waste Management Sectors of India: A Meta-Analysis Priya Priyadarshini, Purushothaman Chirakkuzhyil Abhilash* Institute of Environment & Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India *Corresponding Author: PC Abhilash, Institute of Environment & Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; Mobile: +91 9415644280 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

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Abstract Adoption of circular practices within environmental management is gaining worldwide recognition owing to rapid resource depletion and detrimental effects of climate change. The present study therefore attempted to ascertain the linkages between circular economy (CE) and sustainable development (SD) by examining the role of renewable energy (RE) and waste management (WM) sectors in CE combined with policy setup and enabling frameworks boosting the influx of circularity principles in the Indian context. Results revealed that research dedicated towards energy recovery from waste in India lacks integration with SD. Findings also revealed that although India is extremely dedicated towards attainment of the SDGs, penetration of CE principles within administration requires considerable efforts especially since WM regulations for municipal, plastic and e-waste lack alignment with CE principles. Integration of WM and RE policies under an umbrella CE policy would provide further impetus to the attainment of circularity and SD within the Indian economy. Keywords: Circular economy; India; Policy frameworks; Renewable energy; Sustainable Development Goals; Waste management. 1. Introduction The effects of bio-physical systems deterioration quantified in terms of resource depletion, pollution and rising greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions negatively impacts the environment while restricting development within the social and economic dimensions of sustainability (Hashimoto et al., 2012). In wake of growing stress on the planet’s limited natural resources, governing bodies world-wide are becoming increasingly interested in models, frameworks and approaches dedicated towards sustainable development (SD) (Morseletto, 2020). The adoption of emerging paradigms such as circular economy (CE) principles within environmental management is one of such strategies for the transition towards a low-carbon and less polluting economy. While the concept of CE is relatively new, the theory of CE is closely associated with various other economic sustainability approaches such as industrial ecology (IE) and industrial symbiosis (IS), essentially targets the circularization of linear value chains (Morseletto, 2020). Although the principles of CE has been in circulation for long (www.eea.europa.ea), its definition is subjected to vast ambiguity owing to its close association with sustainability and SD (Corona et al., 2019), presence of similar concepts like green economy, (Kirchherr et 2

al., 2017; www.unep.org) and a lack of assessment methodologies for the quantitative measurement of circular systems. However, despite the impediments, the concept has widely gained recognition within business models (www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org) and policy frameworks (Murray et al., 2017). A comprehensive definition for a CE can be envisaged as a system, process or approach operating at the industry, eco-industrial park or regional level (Kirchherr et al., 2017) that emulates the natural systems. This emulation essentially arises in terms of regeneration through recycling (Geissdoerfer et al., 2017), closed loop material flows (Sauvé et al., 2016) as well as waste reduction and elimination (www.ec.europa.eu) thereby ensuring an advancement of human well-being and SD (Murray et al., 2017). Morseletto (2020), further refined the concept of CE as an “economic model aimed at the efficient use of resources through waste minimization, long-term value retention, reduction of primary resources, and closed loops of products, product parts, and materials within the boundaries of environmental protection and socioeconomic benefits”(Morseletto (2020). Any new approach or framework requires some measurement system and previous studies have attempted to define the requirements that a progress monitoring system for CE should meet (Elia et al., 2017; Pauliuk, 2018). Corona et al. (2019) carried out an extensive literature survey to elucidate the circularity metrics and divided them into circularity assessment indices and circularity assessment tools of which the latter was sub-divided into indicators and frameworks. The requirements or operating rules on which these indices and tools are based include reduction of input resources, emissions and waste while increasing shelf life of products, process efficiency and recycled products (Corona et al., 2019). The frameworks most often serving as tools in CE progress assessment include Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) (Fregonara et al., 2017) and Material Flow Analysis (MFA) (Pauliuk, 2018) especially since the “end of life” context is very closely associated with CE and tends to be more intensely explored within research as compared to CE. Another closely associated concept with CE is that of SD (Suárez-Eiroa et al., 2018) with the environmental and economic dimensions of sustainability forming greater coherence with the principles of CE. However, the same cannot be said with respect to the social dimension (Sauvé et al., 2016). The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs) providing a pathway to world economies for harmonious co-existence with nature (Priyadarshini and Abhilash, 2018; 2019a; 2019b) contains a number of goals and targets associated directly or indirectly with CE principles. SDG 12 (Sustainable Consumption and Production) in particular with its associated targets related to the importance of efficiency in

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resource management, reduction in food losses and waste generation reduction through recycling and reuse substantiate this linkage (www.sustainabledevelopment.un.org). Besides, target 8.4 of goal 8 (Decent work and Economic Growth) stresses on the need to achieve decoupling of economic growth from environmental degradation which is a key operating principle of CE (www.sustainabledevelopment.un.org). Therefore, it is evident that policymakers regard CE as an important approach in attaining sustainability (Priyadarshini and Abhilash, 2019c; 2019d). The present analysis was therefore dedicated towards comprehending the role of CE in fostering sustainability in India particularly within the renewable energy (RE) and waste management (WM) sectors. Although, research has been dedicated to the problem of waste generation and its lack of management (www.think-asia.org), energy potential of waste generated in India, and the various waste to energy (WtE) conversion processes available (Mohan et al., 2018) we attempted to analyse the sector from the context of CE and sustainability. The objectives of the present study were (i) examining the role of the research community in advancement of CE principles at the global and national stratum, (ii) assessing the potential of RE and WM sectors of India in influencing transition towards a circular economy, and (iii) understanding the key features of national policy regulations in context of CE and their linkages with the SD Goals and Targets. 2. Materials and Methods A step wise methodology was adopted for fulfilling the objectives of the metaanalysis. 2.1 Macro scale adoption of CE Implementation efforts for a CE can be envisaged at the micro, meso and macro scales of which the macro refers to implementation at the level of societal or national scales (Elia et al., 2017). Meanwhile, even though previous assessments have tried to evaluate CE definitions available in literature (Kirchherr et al., 2017) and sustainability based indicators useful for a CE (Kravchenko et al., 2019), research publications dedicated to establishing linkages between sustainability and CE as well as country based efforts aiming for a transition towards CE remains relatively under-evaluated. The approach for fulfilling the first objective therefore involved undertaking a Scopus based survey by using various combinations of keywords such as ‘economy and resource efficiency’, ‘bioeconomy’, circular economy and policy research’, ‘circular economy and China’, ‘circular economy and France’, ‘circular economy and India’ for retrieval of research and review articles dedicated to the 4

same. The time period was limited from 2000-2019 in order to retain the focus on recent articles. 2.2 Assessment of waste and energy sectors of India with respect to emergence of CE A preliminary assessment of the potential of major economic sectors of India in fostering CE was undertaken followed by data procurement from the annual reports of various ministries of India such as the Ministry of Environment Forests and Climate Change (MOEF&CC),

Ministry

(www.mospi.gov.in), (www.mohua.gov.in)

of

Statistics

Ministry and

of

Ministry

and

Programme

Housing of

New

and and

Implementation

Urban Renewable

Affairs Energy

(MOSPI) (MoHUA) (MNRE)

(www.mnre.gov.in) responsible for implementing and disseminating responsibilities related to WM and RE. The figures obtained helped in ascertaining the progress achieved by the country in the fields of waste recycling, WtE conversion, solar and wind based energy installations (www.mospi.gov.in; www.cpcb.nic.in). This was followed by literature scoping to undertake a broad spectrum overview of research efforts in India centred on development of technologies, processes and policies for WtE conversion. 2.3 Policy interventions for transition towards a CE Governance and policy framing would play a critical role in transition of world economies towards circularity especially since the concept of CE is not all pervasive within administrative circles and citizen knowledge (Kirchherr et al., 2017). Therefore, existing regulations in India related to WM and RE were examined to gauge their coherence with the SDG targets. The analysis involved acquiring regulation documents related solid plastic, hazardous and e-waste along with the policy documents on biofuels and off-shore wind from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) (www.cpcb.nic.in), MNRE (www.mnre.gov.in) and Gazette of India websites followed by their subsequent scanning for mention of strategies and objectives related to CE (www.egazette.nic.in). The SDG targets directly or indirectly affected by these features and appropriate recommendations suggested were then studied (www.niti.gov.in). 3. Results and Discussion 3.1 Research dedicated towards Circular Economy The principles and practices surrounding the concept of circular economy have gained widespread recognition within scientific community in recent years which was evident from

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the results of the Scopus survey as the search hit ‘circular economy’ yielded the maximum number of results. However, integration of CE with major areas influencing development such as RE and WM as well as within policy frameworks is still evidently missing as eventhough individual search strings like renewable energy (81623) and waste management (97475) yielded numerous results their combination with CE lowered the results considerably (Figure 1). Sorting of articles based on relevance in each category revealed that several articles approached CE through waste management as well as through improvement in product/ process efficiency.

Furthermore, developed and fast emerging economies from United States, Europe and South Asia were combined with the keyword CE to comprehend research efforts dedicated to this concept at national scales. Search results yielded maximum results for China followed by Germany. This is visible in practice also as China has formulated the Circular Economy Promotion Law (2009) and the Circular Economy Development Strategy and Immediate Plane of Action (2013) for integration of cleaner production strategies within economic development (www.teriin.org). Table (1) further provides some case studies of research efforts dedicated towards understanding the development of bioeconomy at the country scale. Furthermore, the EU Strategy on Bioeconomy, 2012 focuses on sustainable development through enhanced focus on renewable bio-based products and close loop value chains (Patermann and Aguilar, 2018). Likewise, concern over depleting resources and increasing emissions led to the emergence of bioeconomy within the United States with bioenergy (bioethanol, biogas, biodiesel) and bioproducts (biochemical, biopolymer, bioadhesives) constituting 2.5% of the US economy in 2017 (Guo and Song, 2019). 3.2 Potential for emergence of CE in India 3.2.1 Major Sectors influencing CE in India Results of objective 1 make it apparent that research although fragmented research is being dedicated towards the necessity of adopting sustainability and circularity practices within economies for the continued sustenance of environment and development. India with growing human numbers and material consumption consumes almost 7.2% of globally extracted resources and accounts for 6.6% of the global fossil-fuel consumption (www.teriin.org). Therefore, the country could benefit immensely through incorporation of 6

CE principles within various sectors influencing its economy and generating waste that can be reclaimed. In this regard the MOEF&CC (www.parivesh.nic.in) established a Resource Efficiency (RE) cell with the Indian Resource Panel serving as its Advisory Committee (www.cii.in). Primarily, the automotive manufacturing sector of the country contributes almost 7.1% to its GDP and utilises various metals like iron, aluminium zinc along-with steel, glass and plastics in a linear value chain manner (www.wsds.teriin.org). Likewise the Appliance and Consumer Electronics (APE) market in India is expected to grow exponentially fuelled by the increasing number of policies focusing on digitization. With increase in imports the ewaste generation is also expected to increase by almost 30% reaching 52 lakh MT per annum in 2020 (www.wsds.teriin.org). Moreover, the construction and demolition (C&D) industry of India would also witness growth owing to schemes like the PMAY (Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana/ Housing for All) (www.niti.gov.in). Table 2. further provides an overview of how the major sectors contributing towards national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) also have the potential of serving CE principles. Attaining RE through material recycling in major GDP influencing sectors of India would not only foster the growth of CE but simultaneously reduce the country’s reliance on imports. According to Nussholz and Milios 2017, recycling of resources in the construction value chain can be attained at the material manufacture, design planning and end of life stages. Besides, with the country being the second largest producer of C&D waste (Akhtar and Samrah, 2018) integrated wet recycling offers a viable solution for C&D WM with over 95 percent of waste recovery combined with minimum environmental impacts (Jain et al, 2020). Additionally, Grimes et al. 2008 point out that usage of recycled aluminium, one of the major components in both the manufacturing and APE sectors can conserve almost 94.89% of primary and secondary energy requirements. Similarly municipal solid waste (MSW) and industrial waste offer electricity potentials of 1700 MW and 1300 MW respectively (Mohan et al, 2018). Besides, blue economy (BE) defined as the sustainable procurement of marine resources achieved through decoupling of economic activities and environmental degradation (Bari, 2017) is another sector which displays considerable potential with respect to CE (Islam and Shamsuddoha, 2018). Moreover India, with an annual growth rate (2017-18) of 8.06 percent (inland and marine) in the fisheries sector with most of the fish catch being utilised for marketing purposes and employing a larger percentage of 7

traditional and mechanical fishing crafts as compared to motorised boats (www.apps.iasri.res.in) would benefit immensely through transition towards CE (Pauly, 2018). Therefore, adoption of CE practices is crucial towards ensuring the economic sustainability of the country. 3.2.2 Waste and energy sectors in India India contributed a total of 2066 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent emissions in the year 2015 with fuel combustion activities of the manufacturing, construction and transport sectors being the major emitters followed by fugitive fuel emissions, industrial processes like metal production and agriculture (www.mospi.gov.in). Furthermore, waste generated from all these processes results in methane and nitrous oxide emissions. In India the major waste categories include solid waste, hazardous waste, e-waste, plastic waste as well as C&D waste (www.think-asia.org). Meanwhile, the general chain involved in management of wastes includes collection, segregation, transportation, treatment and processing followed by final disposal (www.think-asia.org). On the other hand a state based summation placed the gross energy requirement of the country at 1,142,929 Million Units with the northern and western regions comprising of population dense states like Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra being the top placed. A deficit of 1.6% exists between energy requirements and supplies (www.mospi.gov.in). The major source of energy is thermal based (coal, petroleum and gas) followed by hydro, renewable and nuclear energy sources (www.mospi.gov.in). Table 3 further attempts to describe the present trends in the waste management (generation and treatment) and renewable energy (setup of decentralised units) sectors of the country. As evident from Table 3, wide disparity exists in the amount of waste generated versus recycled. As of 2017 of the total MSW generated in India 91% was collected of which only 23% was treated and the remaining was land-filled (www.mospi.gov.in). Similar is the case with e-waste recycling wherein a mere 3.47% of the total amount generated is recycled (www.loksabha.nic.in). Additionally, the annual report monitoring the details of plastic waste management does not provide quantitative details regarding amount of waste recycled at an all India or state level (www.cpcb.nic.in). The major problems associated with solid waste management

include

inadequate

processing

and

disposal

facilities,

ineffective

implementation of the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 by the state governments, unscientific landfills and lack of co-ordination between the authorities concerned with waste

8

management (www.cpcb.nic.in). While the country has 4773 registered and 1084 unregistered plastic manufacturing/recycling units, source collection and segregation remains an issue (www.cpcb.nic.in). Aryan et al. (2018) estimated the heating value of plastic (Polyethylene Terephthalate, PET) as 22381.92 KJ/kg PET waste while the electricity generation was computed as 1.392 kWh/kg of PET waste. Given the vast amounts of plastic waste generated in the country improvement in the collection and segregation stages could immensely contribute towards the twin problems of plastic WM and sustainable energy production. A leading example in this case is the MSW treatment facility located in, North Goa where 100 percent segregation of wastes into wet and dry fractions is achieved with the dry fraction further separated into different components such as glass, metal, PET, e-waste etc. Electricity generation of 0.57 MW per 100 MT of biodegradable waste is achieved (HWT, 2019). Furthermore, operational Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) facilities also exist in Chandigarh, Telengana and Madhya Pradesh and have been set up in Madhya Pradesh and Telengana. Composting facilities have also been set up at Bihar, Chandigarh, Chhattisgarh, Kerala, Nagaland, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Telengana, Tripura and Uttarakhand (www.cpcb.nic.in). Figure 2 further elucidates the bioenergy potential of the country owing to the vast amounts of agricultural wastes generated. Dhar et al., 2017 further estimated that of the total 568040 MT/day animal based manures generated in the country, only 15% is utilised by the rural communities while the remaining has an energy potential of 709421MW-hr/day. Food wastes offer another viable option for a bioeconomy as determined by Dung et al, 2014 in a study estimating bioenergy production from food waste for 21 countries. The same study estimated the total food waste for India at 35,000,000 tonnes per year with a bioenergy potential of 29,868 GWh/year (bio-methane production) and 5,515 GWh/year (bio-hythane production) (Dung et al, 2014). Besides, the country also produces copious amounts of endocarp biomass (almond, apricot, coconut, mango etc) which can satisfy between 0.8-3.0 percent of its energy consumption (Mendu et al, 2012). 3.2.3 Conversion processes for Sustainable WM and Bioenergy production

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Data presented in Figure 2 clearly indicates that the waste management industry offers significant advances to the overall sustainability of the country by providing employment, decreasing overall GHG emissions and boosting the economy by reducing reliance on imports (Mohan et al, 2018). Conversion of WtE can be achieved through traditional processes on composting, bioethanol and waste incineration or through modern technological approaches like biomethanation, waste biorefinery and production of biohydrogen (Huang, 2015; Pasupuleti et al., 2014). Research dedicated to the implementation of these practices in India for a transition towards a bioeconomy based on waste can be elucidated from Table 4. The analysis in Table 4 clearly establishes that research in the field of waste conversions to energy have been going on in various parts of India, its integration however, with sustainable development, CE and policy structuring is lacking. The processing potential of composting plants in India is 2.37 MT per annum. However, only 0.33 MT of compost is produced annually as mixed waste feedstock is used for production resulting in poor product quality (www.think-asia.org). The installed biomethanation plants also suffer from poor segregation and produce bio-CNG, manure and electricity as the major products (www.thinkasia.org; Brahma et al, 2016). Prabhu and Munturi, 2016 estimated biomethane potential by carrying out anaerobic co-digestion of food waste with sludge and obtained a maximum biogas yield of 823 ml gVS-1 with 60% methane content. Besides, anaerobic digestion of MSW offers considerable potential in the Indian scenario since organic wastes produced are mostly cellulosic and lingo-cellulosic in nature (Dhar et al, 2017). Therefore proper segregation, recognition of appropriate conversion process for WM based on the physicochemical properties of waste and up-scaling of pilot projects would lead to the integration of WM with CE. 3.3 Linking sustainability and policy framing to CE India’s GDP has been directly correlated with resource consumption which is in turn is positively proportional to population. This implies that adoption of sustainability principles within business models and policy frameworks through resource efficient strategies would have direct positive impact on the economy. Furthermore, model based scenarios suggest that approximately $697bn of Indian economy is at risk under a Business-as-Usual (BaU) scenario which could be reduced to $382billion under a technology improved and circular economy scenario involving resource efficient practices and closed value chains

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(www.ficcices.in; www.esds.teriin.org). Effective governance through sound policy frameworks can provide impetus towards a sustainable economy coherent with CE principles (Morseletto, 2020). Table 5 provides an overview of some such regulation existing in India and their linkage to SD Goals and Targets.

In addition to the interventions mentioned in Table 5, the National Housing and Habitat Policy, 2007 and the PMAY, 2015 focus on procurement of materials in a sustainable manner along with development of eco-friendly designs (NITI Aayog, GoI, 2017b). Translation of policy to practice is also visible in singular efforts such as the proposal to set up a methanol economy fund by the National Institution for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog for developing insights in the field of bioenergy (www.thehindubusinessline.com) as well as commissioning of the country’s largest waste to energy plant with a capacity to generate 24MW of energy in 2017 (www.hindustantimes.com). Besides, the MOEFCC (www.parivesh.nic.in) has also proposed a draft National Resource Efficiency Policy, 2019 which provides an overview of resources present in India, material consumption across major industrial sectors and their role in influencing the country’s GDP as well as the need for an integrated

resource

management

strategy

(www.parivesh.nic.in).

Additionally,

the

Department of Biotechnology (DBT) is considerably contributing towards the field of bioenergy through the development of lignocellulosic biomass based bio-refineries as well as setting up of three 2G ethanol plants (biofuel from agricultural wastes) in the states of Orissa (Bargarh), Madhya Pradesh (Bina) and Maharashtra (Khamgaon) (www.dbtindia.gov.in). The DBT is aptly supported by the MNRE which has autonomous institutions dedicated towards solar energy (for implementation of the International Solar Mission) and wind energy as well as the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) for funding of energy efficient projects (www.mnre.gov.in). Therefore, conceptualization of a separate CE policy (Figure 3) for India through integration of the circularity features present within existing policy frameworks (Table 5) and their alignment with the SDGs would essentially provide a pathway for closing open ended value chains existing in the manufacturing, APE and agriculture sectors as well as help in overcoming most of the drawbacks associated with existing mechanisms. As evident from Figure 3, the CE policy in its approach and implementation would be closely aligned with the Draft National Resource Efficiency Policy (www.parivesh.nic.in)

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but can adopt a more inclusive approach in terms of indicator definition and progress monitoring. The policy could borrow significantly from the targets and indicators of SDGs particularly SDG target 8.4 concerned with economic decoupling as well as SDG 12 (sustainable consumption and production) for indicator framing (www.niti.gov.in; www.mospi.gov.in). In keeping with the necessity of integration between policies for CE the MNRE has also launched the National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy aiming the promotion of technologies and frameworks involving combined wind-solar hybrid plants (MNRE, GoI, 2018a). Besides, co-ordinated working between the scientific community and the NITI Aayog could help restructure the material flow indicators for imports and exports in terms of Raw Material Equivalents (RME) instead of the existing Domestic Material Consumption (DMC) and Domestic Material Import (DMI) (www.niti.gov.in). Furthermore, specific indicators related to waste recycling and energy recovery from waste could also be developed. Additionally, training and capacity building of the informal sector in waste management (Awasthi and Li, 2017), promotion of pilot business models and local entrepreneurs’ with ideas promoting CE (Mohan et al, 2018), procurement of goods by consumers based on their environmental impact (CII, 2019) and re-conceptualization of the eco-labelling scheme better suited to the CE principles (www.niti.gov.in) are some other reforms that could positively impact influx of circularity with waste management and energy sectors. 4. Conclusion Negative repercussions of linear value chains are promoting transitions towards circularity. CE essentially targets increasing availability per unit of resource extracted through reutilization, waste minimization and RE production. The present analysis focused on assessing the role of research in CE in context of the waste management and energy sectors of India. Results revealed the need of better linkages between WtE conversion practices and CE. Besides, policy regulations for solid, plastic and e-waste suffer from inadequate implementation particularly at the processing and recycling stages. Framing of a CE policy for India would further enhance RE and boost attainment of the SDGs.

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Acknowledgment Authors are grateful to the Guest Editors of the Special Issue: Circular Bioeconomy (CirBioeco) for their kind invitation to contribute an article. Thanks are also due to Head, DESD and Director IESD for support and encouragements. Priya Priyadarshini is thankful to BHU for providing PhD fellowship. References 1. Akhtar, A., Sarmah, A.K., 2018. Construction and demolition waste generation and properties of recycled aggregate concrete: a global perspective. J. Clean. Prod. 186, 262–281. 2. Aryan, Y., Yadav, P., Samadder, S., R., 2018. Life Cycle Assessment of the Existing and Proposed Plastic Waste Management Options in India: A Case Study. J. Clean. Prod. 211, 1268-1283. 3. Athira, G., Bahurudeen, A., Appari, S., 2019. Sustainable alternatives to carbon intensive paddy field burning in India: A framework for cleaner production in agriculture, energy, and construction industries. J. Clean. Prod. 236, 117598. 4. Awasthi, M.K., Pandey, A.K., Khan, J., Bundela, P.S., Selvam, A., 2014. Evaluation of thermophilic fungal consortium for organic municipal solid waste composting. Bioresour. Technol. 168, S14-221 5. Awasthi, A.K., Li, J., 2017. Management of electrical and electronic waste: A comparative evaluation of China and India Renew Sust Energy Review. 76, 434-447. 6. Banerjee, J., Singh, R., Vijayaraghavan, R., et al. 2018. A hydrocolloid based biorefinery approach to the valorisation of mango peel waste. Food Hydrocolloids, 77, 142-151. 7. Bansal, S., K., Sreekrishnan, T., R., Singh, R., 2013. Effect of heat pretreated consortia on fermentative biohydrogen production from vegetable waste, National Academy Science Letters, 36(2), 125-131. 8. Chakraborty, D., Mohan, S.V., 2019. Efficient resource valorization by co-digestion of food and vegetable waste using three stage integrated bioprocess. Bioresour. Technol. 284, 373-380. 9. Corona, B., Shen, L., Reike, D., Carreón, J. R., Worrell, E., 2019. Towards sustainable development through the circular economy-A review and critical assessment on current circularity metrics. Resources, Conservation & Recycling. 151(2019), 104498. 10. Dhar, H., Kumar, S., Kumar, R., 2017. A review on organic wastes to energy systems in India. Bioresource Technology, 245, 1229-1237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.159 11. Dung, T., N., B., Sen, B., Chen, C., C., Kumar, G., Lin, C., Y., 2014. Food waste to bioenergy vis anaerobic processes. Energy Procedia, 61, 307-312. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.1113 12. Elia, V., Gnoni, M.G., Tornese, F., 2017. Measuring circular economy strategies through index methods: a critical analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production 142, 2741– 2751. 13. Fregonara, E., Giordano, R., Ferrando, D.G., Pattono, S., 2017. Economicenvironmental indicators to support investment decisions: a focus on the buildings’ end-of-life stage. Buildings 7(3), 65. 13

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30. Kumar, T.C.P., Rena, Meenakshi, A., Khapre, A.S., Kumar, S., Anshul, A., Singh, L., Kim, S.H., Lee, B.Y., Kumar, R., 2019. Bio-Hythane production from organic fraction of municipal solid waste in single and two stage anaerobic digestion processes. Bioresour. Technol., 294, 122220 31. Late, A., M., Mule, M., B., 2014. Aerobic composting of solid waste generated from Aurangabad city (MS), India, Int. Journal of Environmental Research, 8(2), 285-288. 32. Matharu, A., S., de Melo, E., M., Houghton, J., A., 2016. Opportunity for high valueadded chemicals from food supply chain wastes, Bioresource Technology, 215, 123130. 33. Mendu, V., Shearin, T., Campbell, J., E., et al., 2012. Global bioenergy potential form high-lignin agricultural residues. PNAS, 109, 4014-4019. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1112757109 34. Mishra, P., Balachandar, G., Das, D., 2017. Improvement in biohythane production using organic solid waste and distillery effluent. Waste Mgmt., 66, 70-78. 35. Mohan, S.V., Chiranjeevi, P., Dahiya, S., Kumar, A.N., 2018. Waste derived bioeconomy in India : A perspective. New Biotechnology, 40, 60–69. 36. Morseletto, P., 2020. Targets for a circular economy. Resources Conservation and Recycling 153, 104553. 37. Murray, A., Skene, K. Haynes, K., 2017. The Circular Economy: An Interdisciplinary Exploration of the Concept and Application in a Global Context. Journal of Business Ethics, Springer Netherlands, 140(3), 369–380. 38. Nalvolthula, R., Merugu, R., Pratap, P., Rudra, M., 2014. Biohydrogen production by photosytnhetic bacteria isolated from oil contaminated soil of Nacharam, Hyderabad, India. International J. Of Chem. Tech. Research, 6(11), 4629-4632. 39. Nixon, J., D., Dey, P., K., Ghosh, S., K., 2017. Energy recovery from waste in India: An evidence-based analysis, Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 21, 23-32. 40. Nussholz, J., Milios, L., 2017. Applying circular economy principles to building materials: Front-running companies’ business model innovation in the value chain for buildings. Available at: https://portal.research.lu.se/ws/files/32166497/Nussholz_and_Milios_2017_SustEcon _Conference_CE_for_Building_Materials.pdf 41. Pasupuleti, S.B., Mohan, S.K., 2015. Single-stage fermentation process for high-value biohythane production with the treatment of distillery spent-wash. Bioresource Tech., 189, 177-185. 42. Patermann, C., Aguilar, A., 2018. The origins of the bioeconomy in the European Union. New Biotechnology, 40, 20-24. 43. Pauly, D., 2018. A vision for marine fisheries in a global blue economy. Marine Policy, 87, 371-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.11.010 44. Pohit, S., Biswas, P., K., Ashra, S., 2011. Incentive structure of India's biofuel programs: Status, shortcomings and implications, Biofuels, 2(3), 355-369. 45. Prabhu, M., S., Mutnuri, S., 2016. Anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge and food waste. Waste management and research, 34, 307-315. DOI: 10.1177/0734242X16628976 46. Prakash, R., Henham, A., Bhat, I.K., 1998. Net energy and gross pollution from bioethanol production in India. Fuel, 77(14), 1629-1633. 47. Raman, J., K., Gnansaunou, E., 2015. LCA of bioethanol and furfural production from vetiver, Bioresource Technology, 185, 202-210.

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48. Sauvé, S., Bernard, S., Sloan, P., 2016 ‘Environmental sciences, sustainable development and circular economy: Alternative concepts for trans-disciplinary research. Environmental Development, 17, 48–56. 49. Singh, A., Jain, A., Sarma, B.K., Abhilash, P.C., Singh, H.B. 2013. Solid waste management of temple floral offerings by vermicomposting using Eisenia fetida. Waste management 33 (5), 1113-1118 50. Springer, C., Heldt, N., 2016. Identification of locally available structural material as co-substrate for organic waste composting in Tamil Nadu, India, Waste Manag. Res. 34(6), 584-592.

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Table 1: An indicative list of research and policy initiatives dedicated world-wide towards the transition towards a circular or bio-based economy. Country/Region Focus sector Reference Canada Agricultural research and innovation Sarkar et al. (2018) Key findings:  The Pan Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change aims to address concerns related to climate change through carbon pricing.  Innovation Agenda defined by the federal government in 2016 to address government efforts in innovation and research particularly in the sectors of health, manufacturing and agriculture.  AgriInnovation Program within the five year policy framework Growing Forward 2 which is focused in funding innovation, market development and sustainability within agriculture.  Securing agricultural systems through rapid identification of pests using DNA barcodes instead of the traditional taxonomic identification.  Use of Next Generation Sequencing to discover disease resistance, winter hardiness and early maturity traits within wheat, maize and other crop species for crop improvement.  Mapping of soil data using satellite data for accurate prediction of flood risks in rural areas.  Application of metagenomics for characterization of microbiomes and assessment of soil and water health assisting sustainable agriculture.  Agricultural Bioproducts Innovation Program started in 2006 targeting investment in bioproducts. Legislative considerations for forests and Finland Borgström (2018) natural resource management Key findings:  Identification of need for legislative interventions for transition towards a bioeconomy.  Incorporation adaptive principles combined with enhanced public participation and transparent systems for crucial for integration of bioeconomy principles within natural resource governance.  Integration of forest governance with other sectors such as pollution control, nature conservation as well as presence of adequate monitoring mechanisms would boost bioeconomy. Innovative frameworks and programs to France Stadler and Chauvet (2018) boost bioeconomy Key findings:  Bio based chemicals, materials and bioenergy production under the Industries and AgroResources (IAR) cluster policy launched in 2005 in the Grand Est and hauts-de-France regions.  Emergence of industrial biotechnologies within the Bazancourt-Pomacle biorefinery through product valorization, effluent management and optimal usage of water and energy illustrating the concept of industrial ecology.  The PIVERT Institute (energy transition) and IMPROVE innovation platform (plant protein improvement) as examples of public-private partnerships in building a bioeconomy. Public policies and initiatives focusing on Malaysia Arujanan and Singaram (2018) research in biotechnology and bioeconomy

17

Key findings:  Launch of the National Biotechnology Policy (NBP) along with its various thrust sectors targeting biotechnology as a key driver of the country’s economy.  Launch of the Bioeconomic Transformation Programme (BTP) in 2012 aligned with the NBP and focused on enhancing agricultural productivity, healthcare and industrial sustainability.  Need for exploration of the biotechnology-bioeconomy nexus in various other potential areas like aquaculture, biomass and plant based pharmaceuticals. Research activities from 2009 to 2015 in Poland Wozniak and Twardowski (2018) the context of bioeconomy Key findings:  Absence of a single, comprehensive document dedicated towards bioeconomy.  The Strategy for Innovation and Efficiency of the Economy, Strategy of Energy Safety and Environment and Strategy of Sustainable Development of Agriculture, Rural Areas and Fisheries are related to bioeconomy.  Identification of agriculture, agro-food processing and industry and forestry as three potential sectors of the country with respect to bioeconomy. Critical analysis of Spain’s bioeconomy Spain Lainez et al. (2018) strategy of 2016 Key findings:  Operational objectives and strategic concepts identified for the promotion and propagation of the bioeconomy policy.  Public and private research involvement for funding purposes and data generation.  Due consideration of social, political and administrative concepts.  Market development for bio based products and sustainable value chains.  Demand creation for bioproducts  Expansion of Spain’s bioeconomy policies to the EU strategies. Policy considerations and practices related China to waste recycling in context of circular Liu et al. (2017) economy Key findings:  Policy interventions at the local, state, administrative and ministerial level dedicated to circular economy for example The Circular Economy Promotion Law (2009).  Circular economy development Index released by the National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China in 2005.  The index comprises of resource consumption intensity, waste emission intensity, waste recycling rate and waste disposal rate.  Considerable achievements in circular economy attainment through efficient management of municipal solid waste and e-waste has been achieved although enforcement of management policies related to ‘zero waste’ could further boost the cause.

Table 2: Infusion of circularity tenets within some key manufacturing, agriculture and construction sectors influencing India’s economy and the available pathways for such transition (www.parivesh.nic.in ; www.rbidocs.rbi.org; www.wsds.teriin.org)

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Key Sectors Steel Industry

Aluminium Industry

Electronics Industry

Automotive sector

Contribut ion towards national GVA (2018-19)

Type of wastes

Coal washeries waste, mining overburden waste, iron/aluminiu m tailings, lime sludge, lime stone waste, kiln dust Discarded electronic equipment, silicone residues, hazardous 2,818,219 metals like Crore lead, mercury, Mining cadmium, sector noncontributio hazardous nmetals like 410,151 copper, Crore aluminium, gold etc

Machine lubricants, coolants, plastics, scrap metals, paints, hazardous cleaning chemicals

Waste Recycling Potential

Prospects for transition towards circularity

Wastes recycled Upto 60,855 into bricks million and tiles, savings reuse of through aluminium reduction in scrap, steel material input scrap and by adoption fuel of resource efficient practices (NITI Aayog (www.niti.go v.ic) Production of recycled raw materials for reutilization within the electronic industry

Automotive Sector: recovery of 1.5 MT of steel scrap and 0.18MT of aluminium scrap through efficient recycling (NITI Aayog, GoI, 2017b)

19

Engines, doors, bumpers from old vehicles reused in new vehicles, batteries, catalytic convertors, tyres, plastics recycled into new products

Conversion processes

Sorting, processing, shredding, melting in furnace followed by solidification as ingots

Collection and transportation, shredding and sorting, magnetic separation (iron and steel from waste), water separation technology (glass from plastics)

Transportation, shredding, separation (magnetic, eddy current, laser and infrared systems) for procurement of raw metal feedstock for various industries

Agriculture and allied sectors

Constructio n and Demolition Industry

2,775,851 Crore

Power generation Crop (rice, potential of wheat) 50,000 MW residues, saw from 600 MT mill waste, of annual vegetable and agricultural floral waste, waste banana stalk, generated cotton stalk (Mohan et al, 2018)

Recycled paper, insulation boards, wall panels, bricks, compost, electricity generation, bioethanol

Composting for biomass generation, biorefinery systems, biomethanation for biogas production

1,376,293 Crore

Ghosh et al, 2016 estimated a revenue return of Building 622624 materials, rupees from rubble, wood, C&D waste plastics, of five types masonry following waste, glass dismantling of a housing estate using LINGO-11.0 model

Fly ash bricks, Portland cement, blended cement, asphalt pavements, demolition material, plastic waste modified bitumen for road construction

Reuse of materials from demolition, deconstruction and renovation projects alongwith recovery of recyclable materials using trash compactors, shredders, balers and crushers

*GVA-Gross Value Added

Table 3: Waste and renewable energy sectors in India (www.mospi.gov.in; www.cpcb.nic.in) Waste Management Sector of India Municipal Solid Waste, 2017

Renewable Energy Sector of India

20

Generated- 142870 TPD Collected- 129967 TPD Treated- 29650.42 TPD Landfills- 35647 TPD

Installed Capacity of Renewable Power- 42849.40 MW Decentralised Biogas Plants- 48.35 lakh Decentralised Solar Cooker Devices- 1221.26 lakh

Hazardous Waste, 2017 Generated- 7.17 MT Recycled- 3.68 MT

Decentralised WtE Devices- 154.48 lakh Installation of Solar Photovoltaic Systems- 31.09 lakh

Plastic Waste 2018-19 Generation-3360043 TPA

Small Hydro power projects set up- 1076

E-waste, 2016 Generation- 20 lakh tonne *TPD- tonnes per day, MT- million tonnes, TPA- tonnes per annum, MW- mega watts

Table 4: An indicative list of research dedicated towards various conversion processes for WM in India (2000-2020) Process for waste reduction Composting/ vermicomposti ng

Examples of research undertaken Springer and Heldt (2016) Singh et al.

Broad aim/salient features of the study related to the concept of circular economy 



Evaluation of 11 locally available co-substrates for composting organic waste. Estimation of structural strength and water holding capacity effect in composting Solid waste management of temple floral offerings by 21

(2013) Late and Mule (2014)

Bioethanol production

Waste Valorisation

Biomethanatio n



Kalamdhad et al. (2009) Awasthi et al. (2014) Pohit et al. (2011) Jahnavi et al. (2017)



Ong et al. (2018)



Matharu et al. (2016)



Chakraborty and Mohan (2019) Athira et al. (2019)



Kumar and Ting (2010)



Saravanane et al. (2004)



Brahma et al. (2016)



Negi et al. (2018)



Reddy (2014)



  



vermicomposting using Eisenia fetida. Aerobic composting of generated waste using a metallic container. Tries to address the problems associated with space requirement in composting Standardised rotary drum composting of vegetable waste and tree leaves. Evaluation of thermophilic fungal consortium for the composting of organic fraction of MSW. Analysis of the incentive structure for India’s biofuel program. Comprehends the positive and negative aspects of the program Comprehensive overview of agro-residues in India with emphasis on pre-treatment and saccharification techniques. Biofuel production from algae Latest trends in food waste valorisation in various Asian economies including India. Legislative measures for food waste disposal have been explored Explores food waste valorisation with respect to sustainability, SDGs and bioeconomy. Potential of food supply waste chains (FSCW) and biorefineries with case studies on potato waste and orange peel waste Standardised three stage integrated bioprocess for the efficient valorization by co-digestion of food and vegetable waste. Various options for rice straw valorisation within energy and construction industries, availability of rice straw in major rice producing states of India Biomethanation plants at three locations examined with respect to solid waste management sustainability. Although an established technology, scaling up remains a hurdle Examination of biogas generation by integrating sugar industry waste (pressmud) with municipal sewage using bio methanation process. Power generation potential estimation of a biomethantion plant using GIS by estimating locally available biomass feedstocks. Biomass collection and transportation network was designed using GIS Co-digestion of MSW and rice straw was conducted for biogas and methane production. Co-digestion enhanced the biomethanation potential. Explores the different option for MSW waste to energy conversion in India. Of the 16 clean development waste to energy conversion projects in India. 11 are RDF and few biomethanation based 22

Biorefinery systems

Waste to Energy (WtE) conversion

Raman and Gnansounau (2015) Banerjee et al. (2018) Golberg et al. 2014



Nixon et al. (2017)



Gupta et al. (2019) Dhar et al. (2017)



 



Nalvolthula et  al. (2014)

Biohydrogen production

Prakash et al. (2018) Lee and Chiu (2012)

 



Bio-Hythane production

Bansal et al. (2013) Mishra et al (2017) Pasupuleti and Mohan (2015) Meena et al. (2019) Kumar et al. (2019)

  

 

LCA of a biorefinery system from vetiver leaves. Comparison with conventional systems showed reduction in CO2 emissions by 95% in case of a bioethanol system Utilization of horticultural waste (mango peels) for pectin extraction using a biorefinery approach Thermodynamic, metabolic and sustainability analysis for the optimization of a marine biorefinery. Model combines sustainability and legislative factors and incorporates two step conversion of Ulva feedstock to bioethanol Comparison of three WtE plants in India with two European plants to identify issues with WtE supply chains. Poor source segregation, contamination during transport and storage and low capitals identified as major issues Studied hydrothermal carbonization as pretreatment strategy for energy recovery from food and paper wastes Overall review of WtE potential, available technologies and associated challenges. Organic waste exhibits good potential with respect to sustainable energy production Biohydrogen production from phototropic bacteria isolated from an industrial area in Hyderabad under varying physico-chemical conditions Potential of microbes found in wastewaters in biohydrogen and biomethane production Model based prediction of development of biohydrogen sector and its impact on the economic growth in various developed and developing countries of the world Results indicated largest market in China followed by US, Japan and India Biohydrogen production through anaerobic digestion using vegetable waste under batch reactor systems Usage of groundnut and mustard deoiled cake as well as distillery effluent and algal biomass for biohythane production Development of biosystem for biohythane production from treated wastewater Examined the challenges and perspectives of biohythane production from food processing wastes A pilot scale study on bio-Hythane production from organic fraction of MSW waste by anaerobic digestion processes (both single and double stage digestion).

23

Table 5: Salient features of some key policy interventions in India related to circular economy principles and their linkages with the SDGs and its associated targets (www.parivesh.nic.in; www.mofpi.nic.in; www.mnre.gov.in; www.mines.gov.in; www.niti.gov.in) Policy Framework Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement)

Implementing Agency Ministry of Environment Forests and Climate Change

Basic Features related to CE  Provides guidelines for the storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes generated from petrochemical processes, crude oil production, industrial operations, hardening of steel etc. 24

Related SDGs and Targets  SDG 6  Targets: 6.3, 6.a  SDG 12  Targets:

Rules, 2015

Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016

Ministry of Environment Forests and Climate Change

E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016

Ministry of Environment Forests and Climate Change

Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016

Ministry of Environment Forests and Climate Change

 Six step waste management approach includes prevention, minimization, reuse, recycling, recovery and safe disposal in hierarchical order.  Incorporates co-processing of waste as a preferred mechanism over disposal for energy recovery.  Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) laid out for the environmentally sound management of waste.  Import of hazardous waste from other countries permitted only for recycle, recovery and reuse and not for disposal.  Thickness of virgin plastic increased to 50 microns in order to facilitate recycling.  Gram Panchayats held accountable for plastic waste management in rural areas.  Manufacture and use of multi-layered plastic which is non-recyclable (with no alternate use) to be phased out in two years.  Plastic waste unfit for further recycling to be used for road construction, energy recovery or waste to oil generation.  Formalization of the e-waste recycling sector by directing the e-waste generated in the country towards authorized dismantlers and recyclers.  Applicable to the manufacturer, producer, dealer, refurbisher, collection centres, consumer, dismantler and recycler.  Caters to Electronic and Electric Equipment as well as their components, consumables, parts and spares along with CFL and mercury containing lamps  Micro enterprises are exempted from the regulations.  Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is an important tool related to ewaste management.  Outlines the duties of waste generators such as segregation of waste and its proper storage before handover to waste collectors.  Outlines the duties of various nodal

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12.4, 12.5

 SDG 12  Targets: 12.4, 12.5

 SDG 11  Target: 11.6  SDG 12

  Construction and Demolition waste Management Rules, 2016

Ministry of Environment Forests and Climate Change





 National Solar Mission, 2010

Ministry of Power, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

 



National Offshore Wind Energy Policy, 2015

Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

  

National Policy on Biofuels, 2018

Ministry of New and Renewable Energy





ministries such as agriculture, power, chemicals and fertilizers and rural/urban development in waste management. Introduction of concepts like ‘user fee’ and ‘spot fine’ from waste generators. Procedures for recycling and production of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) from wastes as also been described. Waste generators generating more than 20 tons in one day shall submit a waste management plan and segregate the waste into different streams like concrete, soil, steel, wood and plastics, bricks and mortar. Local Authorities shall utilize construction and demolition waste for various purposes such as in nonstructural concrete, paving blocks, road pavements and rural roads. SPCB will grant authorization to construction and demolition waste processing facility. Launched under NAPCC, the mission aims to generate 1,00,000 MW of electricity through solar power by 2022. Involves both centralised and decentralised integration of solar technology through efficient policy framework. Mission planned under three phases comprising of deployment of solar collectors, roof top installations and offgrid solar applications. Development of Offshore wind farms in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the country. Promote investment in clean energy and enhanced involvement of the private sector in energy infrastructure. National Institute of Wind Energy would be the nodal agency responsible for implementation of the policy objectives. Utilization of degraded and non-forest lands of the country for the cultivation of non-edible oil seeds for the generation of biofuels. Categorization of biofuels as well as

26

 Targets: 12.4, 12.5

 SDG 9  Target: 9.4  SDG 11  Target: 11.6  SDG 12  Target: 12.5

 SDG 7  Targets: 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.a, 7.b  SDG 8  Target: 8.4

 

National Mineral Policy, 2019

Ministry of Mines

  

  Scheme for Agro-Marine Processing and Development of AgroProcessing Clusters, 2017 (SAMPADA)

Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MOFPI)

 



use of non-feed materials and byproducts of other industries as raw materials in bio-ethanol production. The policy plans to integrate the blending of ethanol to 20% in petrol and biodiesel to 5% in diesel by 2030. Focus on second generation (2G) ethanol technologies and fuels produced from MSW, industrial wastes and biomass targeting waste to energy conversion. Policy to ensure uniformity in mineral administration across the country. Zero waste mining projected as the national goal. All mining activities shall take place within a Sustainable Development Framework without detrimentally affecting the ecological environment. Reclamation and afforestation should simultaneously accompany mineral extraction activities. Use of research and development for energy conservation and environment protection in mining related activities. Creation of efficient supply chain management from farm fields to retails market Several ongoing under SAMPADA such as Mega Food Parks, Integrated Cold Chain and Value Addition Infrastructure focus on better infrastructure development, sustainable supply of raw materials as well as proper preservation of post harvest produce in order to reduce food losses New proposed schemes such as Creation/ Expansion of Food Processing and Preservation Capacities, Infrastructure for Agro Processing Clusters also aim towards reduction of food and other organic wastage by improving processing/ preservation units as well as integration of facilities along the entire agriculture value chain

27

 SDG 12  Target: 12.2, 12.5

 SDG 2  Target: 2.3, 2.4  SDG 8  Target: 8.4  SDG 9  Target: 9.4  SDG 12  Target: 12.3, 12.5

0 161 38

183 35

380

those in black reflect the review results.

28 5

6 8

85 2

13 0

Circular economy and Canada

1

35

Circular economy and Mexico

420

Review

2500 350

300

250

250

1500 200

136

150

739 100

12 50

Figure 1: Results of the Scopus survey (www.scopus.com) conducted to analyse the research

trends in the realm of circular economy. The figures in red indicate the article numbers while 0

Review Articles (2000-2019)

Research

Circular economy and Germany

7

25

Circular economy and Sweden

3210

Circular economy and France

4 30

Circular economy and Finland

5

31

Circular economy and India

646 832

Circular economy and Malaysia

138

Circular economy and China

118

Circular economy and sustainability

2000

Bioeconomy

718

Circular economy and technology

377 39

Circular economy and policy research

1000

Circular economy and waste management

45

Circular economy and renewable energy

500

Circular economy and resource efficiency

3000

Circular Economy

Research Articles (2000-2019) 3500 450

400

29

Figure 2: Statistics highlighting the scope of the waste and renewable energy sectors of India within CE. 2(A). State based plastic waste utilization (www.cpcb.nic.in); 2(B). Potential availability of agricultural biomass (www.apps.iasri.res.in); 2(C). Energy potential of various agricultural residues (Dhar et al., 2017; Hiloidhari et al., 2014; Lethomaki, 2006); 2(D). Renewable energy potential (www.mospi.gov.in; www.cpcb.nic.in).

30

National Solar Mission (2010)

National Offshore Wind Energy Policy (2015)

Plastic Waste Management (Amendment) Rules (2016)

Solid Waste Management Rules (2016)

E-Waste Management Rules (2016)

SAMPADA (2017)

Existing policies/ missions related to CE Benefits of the CE Policy Increase in resource availability Decrease in input material cost Reduction in import dependency; growth of export market Rise in employment opportunities Energy conservation and reduction in waste disposal costs

Assessment Tools/ Frameworks 1. Life Cycle Assessment 2. Material Flow Analysis 3. Product Recycling Potential 4. Design for Environment 5. Nature based Solutions Monitoring Mechanism 1. Dissemination of responsibilities at the Centre, State and District level 2. Framing of qualitative and quantitative indicators 3. Annual progress review

Existing policies/ missions related to CE Governing Bodies

MOEF&CC and CPCBimplementation through formulation of Acts and Schemes

NITI Aayog- monitoring framework, coherence with SDGs

MOSPI and SPCB- data collection, compilation and progress reporting

Figure 3: Proposed framework for a Circular Economy Policy for India. The guiding principles for the CE policy have been adapted from Corona4: et Proposed al. (2019) while the benefits of the proposed policy fromfor NITI Aayog ) Figure framework for a Circular Economy Policy India. The(www.niti.gov.in guiding principles for the CE policy have been adapted from Corona et al. (2019) while the benefits of the proposed policy from NITI Aayog, GoI (2019).

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List of Figures Figure 1: Results of the Scopus survey (www.scopus.com) conducted to analyse the research trends in the realm of circular economy. The figures in red indicate the article numbers while those in black reflect the review results. Figure 2: Statistics highlighting the scope of the waste and renewable energy sectors of India within CE. A. (www.cpcb.nic.in); B. (www.apps.iasri.res.in); C. (Dhar et al., 2017; Hiloidhari et al., 2014; Lethomaki, 2006); D. (www.mospi.gov.in; www.cpcb.nic.in). Figure 2: Statistics highlighting the scope of the waste and renewable energy sectors of India within CE. 2(A). State based plastic waste utilization (www.cpcb.nic.in); 2(B). Potential availability of agricultural biomass (www.apps.iasri.res.in); 2(C). Energy potential of various agricultural residues (Dhar et al., 2017; Hiloidhari et al., 2014; Lethomaki, 2006); 2(D). Renewable energy potential (www.mospi.gov.in; www.cpcb.nic.in).

Highlights  Transition from linear to Circular Economy is imperative for global sustainability  Evaluation of CE penetration within energy and waste management sectors of India.  Existing policy frameworks adopt CE principles in a fragmented manner  Waste management through segregation and recovery could boost transition towards CE  Inclusion of CE tenets within policies is essential for the green growth of India

Author’s statement Priya Priyadarshini: Conceptualization, Methodology, Data collection, Analysis, WritingInitial draft, Review and Editing P.C. Abhilash: Conceptualization, Methodology, Data collection, Analysis, Writing-Initial draft, Review, Editing & Supervision

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Circular Closed Value Chains

Enablers for

Linear Economic Value Chains

transition

Graphical Abstract

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Research dedicated to Circular Economy (CE) Potential of Renewable Energy and Waste Management sectors in transition towards CE Policy Research and interventions related to CE

Attainment of UN-SDGs