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Classified abstracts
Classified abstracts Editor's note The following notes have been compiled to assist the reader in understanding the system of classification used in Vacuum. This is a closed system which is intended to bring related subjects together under a limited number of important headings rather than to assign a specific and unique number to each possible subject (as in the Universal Decimal Classification). Revision or extension of the system to include specific reference to new subjects may therefore involve redefining the existing headings. It is anticipated that further revision of the classification scheme will be required as new vacuum techniques and applications are developed and these will be published as the need arises.
Classification system The system set out overleaf is an extension and revision of the system first published in May 1959 issue of Vacuum (Volume 9, pages 152-153). A new section, Miscellaneous, has been added, together with some amendments to the previous headings. The classification scheme is so arranged that the general precedes the specific and the important precedes the less important. Thus Section I, General Vacuum Science and Engineering, is intended to cover books, review articles and articles on basic vacuum physics which are not limited to a specific application of vacuum technique. Comprehensive review articles covering production and measurement of low pressures (and/or vacuum applications) would be given classification number 10. Review articles o n various methods of pumping or gettering, including discussions of baffles, traps, degassing, etc, appear under sub-section 11 when little is said about vacuum measurement and applications. Articles limited to description of a single type of pump or class of pump fluids would normally be classified under 21, but when considerable attention is also given to some of the general techniques of obtaining low pressures, the article may be given the double classification 11 : 21. If a review article on production of low pressures has an adequate treatment of pumps, baffles and leak detection, it may be given the multiple classification 11 : 21 : 25 : 27; but if the article is so comprehensive that it includes a great number of special headings (such as 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26) without emphasis or presentation of any new material for any one of these headings, then it will be placed under the single sub-section 11. The techniques listed under Section IV (45, 46, 48, 49) are not vacuum techniques but rather are general fabrication and processing techniques sometimes used in vacuum technology. Vacuum techniques are normally classified under various headings in Sections I, ll, and Ill. In some cases apparatus which is usually considered a part of a vacuum system is listed under II while the corresponding technique or process is listed under IV. Thus Heating Equipment and Thermometers are listed under 28 while Heating is listed under 48; Refrigeration Equipment is listed under 25 while Refrigeration appears under 48. However, Leak Detectors and Leak Detection are both listed under 27 since Leak Detection is a basic vacuum technique. When a vacuum gauge (including a mass spectrometer type) is used as a leak detector, the classification is 27 : 22. Articles on glass-to-metal sealing techniques when applied in vacuum pumping apparatus are listed under 23 : 46, but when applied to electronic tube manufacture are classified 31 : 46. When the properties and composition of the sealing glasses are also described, then the article is cross-referenced to 42. An article on vacuum metallurgy which also gives data on the properties of metals would appear under 37 : 41. However, an
article on the metallurgy of a metal like tungsten which is frequently used in vacuum technology, and where vacuum processes are not used in the metallurgical steps described, would be classified 41 : 53. Section V, Basic Science and Engineering, is used only for articles in which vacuum technique plays such a minor role or is so specialized in its application that the reader should have a cross-reference to the major field of science involved. Section VI, Miscellaneous, would include such topics as the history of vacuum pumps, classified 60 : 21, or if references to baffles, traps and pump-down performance are also included, the classification might be 60 : 11 : 21 or 60 : 11 : 21 : 25. An article on pressure units would be classified 61 : 12. A lecture demonstration of the kinetic theory of gases would be classified 62 : 14.
295
Classified abstracts
Classification system I. General vacuum science and engineering
Books, review articles, bibliographies, summaries, general techniques, articles on basic vacuum physics 10. Vacuum science and technology Books, review articles, etc 11. Production of low pressures Review articles, summaries, etc 12. Measurement of low pressures Review articles, summaries, etc 13. Vacuum applications Books, review articles, summaries, etc 14. Kinetic theory of gases Transport phenomena, diffusion through vapours, molecular flow of gases, etc 15. Fluid dypAmics Turbulent and viscous flow of gases, flow through nozzles, boundary layer flow, etc 16. Gases and solids Sorption, diffusion through solids, permeation, etc 17. Thermodynamics Compression, temperature, reactions, vaporization, dissociation, vapour pressure, cryogenics, etc 18. Gaseous electronics Ionization, discharges, plasma, emission, etc 19. Radiation Light, heat, X-rays, microwave radiation, etc
II. Vacuum apparatus a n d auxiliaries Design, testing, operation, performance and techniques of using individual apparatus for the production, measurement and control of low pressures 20. Pumping systems Plant, vacuum chambers, vacuum furnaces, vacuum coaters, ctc 21. Pumpsand pump fluids Mechanical pumps, vapour pumps, getter-inn pumps, cryopumps, etc 22. Gauges Including mass spectrometer types 23. Plumbing Joints, pipe, gaskets, fittings, flanges, glass-to-metal seals, shaft seals, windows, ports, etc 24. Valves Stopcocks, variable leaks, gas introducing devices, needle valves, etc 25. Baffles, traps and refrigeration equipment 26, Automatic protective and control equipment Cutoffs, switches liquid, level controls, manostats, etc 27. Leak detectors and leak detection 28. Heating equipment and thermometers Ovens, resistance heating units, induction heating units, electron bombardment units, thermometers, thermocouples, thermoregulators, pyrometers, etc 29. Miscellaneons
33. General physics and electronics Electron tube physics, electron microscopy, diffraction camera, field emission microscopes, spectroscope, X-ray tubes, low-temperature physics, atomic beams, molecular beams, etc 34. High altitude and space technology Test chambers, ion propulsion, etc 35. Impregnation and potting 36. Drying, degnssing and concentration Including freeze-drying, glass processing, evaporation of smvent, etc 37. Metallurgy, inorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry Production and analysis of metals and inorganic chemicals, melting, casting, annealing, sintering, degassing in molten state, vacuum fusion, gas analysis, mass spectrometer analysis of inorganic materials, etc 38. Distillation, organic chemistry, isotopic gas analysis 39. Miscellaneous applications Fumigation, etching, forming, surface area measurement, pyrolytic plating, etc. I V . Materials and techniques used in vacuum
technology Properties, composition, purification and use of materials; fabrlcation and processing techniques 40. Gases and vapours 41. Metals and alloys (including mercury) 42. Glass, ceramics and refractory oxides 43. Plastics and einstomers 44. Waxes, lubricants, cements, lacquers, paints, oils 45. Soldering, welding, brazing, solders 46. Glass blowing, glass-to-metal and ceramic-to-metal sealing techniques 47. Outgassing data, vapour pressure data, gattering data, residual gases in vacuum systems, residual gas analysis 48. Heating, refrigeration, ultrasonics, centrifuging 49. Miscellaneous materials and techniques V. Basic science and engineering
For cross-reference purposes 50. Mathematics 51. Physics, astronomy, geophysics 52. Physical chemistry 53. Metallurgy, ceramics, inorganic chemistry 54. Biology, biochemistry, pharmaceutics, toxicology, organic chemistry 55. Chemical engineering 56. Electrical engineering, electronic circuits, electrical devices 57. Mechanical engineering 58. Nucleonics 59. Miscellaneous V I . Miscellaneous
III. V a c u u m applications 30. Evaporation and sputtering To form solid coatings 31. Evacuation and sealing Electronic tubes, switche~, lamps, vacuum insulation, gas-filled devices 32. Nucleonics Particle accelerators, counters, plasma machines, isotope separation, etc 296
60. History, biography 61. Standards, nomenclature, units 62. Education, training, lecture demonstration 63. Documentation, abstracts, in'bUographies 64. Book reviews, symposiaprogrammesand reports 65. Professional societies, COmmittees, Ol'g~sizatioBs.
Classification system The system set out overleaf is an extension and revision of the system first published in May 1959 issue of Vacuum (Volume 9, pages 152-153). A new section, Miscellaneous, has been added, together with some amendments to the previous headings. The classification scheme is so arranged that the general precedes the specific and the important precedes the less important. Thus Section I, General Vacuum Science and Engineering, is intended to cover books, review articles and articles on basic vacuum physics which are not limited to a specific application of vacuum technique. Comprehensive review articles covering production and measurement of low pressures (and/or vacuum applications) would be given classification number 10. Review articles o n various methods of pumping or gettering, including discussions of baffles, traps, degassing, etc, appear under sub-section 11 when little is said about vacuum measurement and applications. Articles limited to description of a single type of pump or class of pump fluids would normally be classified under 21, but when considerable attention is also given to some of the general techniques of obtaining low pressures, the article may be given the double classification 11 : 21. If a review article on production of low pressures has an adequate treatment of pumps, baffles and leak detection, it may be given the multiple classification 11 : 21 : 25 : 27; but if the article is so comprehensive that it includes a great number of special headings (such as 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26) without emphasis or presentation of any new material for any one of these headings, then it will be placed under the single sub-section 11. The techniques listed under Section IV (45, 46, 48, 49) are not vacuum techniques but rather are general fabrication and processing techniques sometimes used in vacuum technology. Vacuum techniques are normally classified under various headings in Sections I, ll, and Ill. In some cases apparatus which is usually considered a part of a vacuum system is listed under II while the corresponding technique or process is listed under IV. Thus Heating Equipment and Thermometers are listed under 28 while Heating is listed under 48; Refrigeration Equipment is listed under 25 while Refrigeration appears under 48. However, Leak Detectors and Leak Detection are both listed under 27 since Leak Detection is a basic vacuum technique. When a vacuum gauge (including a mass spectrometer type) is used as a leak detector, the classification is 27 : 22. Articles on glass-to-metal sealing techniques when applied in vacuum pumping apparatus are listed under 23 : 46, but when applied to electronic tube manufacture are classified 31 : 46. When the properties and composition of the sealing glasses are also described, then the article is cross-referenced to 42. An article on vacuum metallurgy which also gives data on the properties of metals would appear under 37 : 41. However, an
article on the metallurgy of a metal like tungsten which is frequently used in vacuum technology, and where vacuum processes are not used in the metallurgical steps described, would be classified 41 : 53. Section V, Basic Science and Engineering, is used only for articles in which vacuum technique plays such a minor role or is so specialized in its application that the reader should have a cross-reference to the major field of science involved. Section VI, Miscellaneous, would include such topics as the history of vacuum pumps, classified 60 : 21, or if references to baffles, traps and pump-down performance are also included, the classification might be 60 : 11 : 21 or 60 : 11 : 21 : 25. An article on pressure units would be classified 61 : 12. A lecture demonstration of the kinetic theory of gases would be classified 62 : 14.
295
Classified abstracts
Classification system I. General vacuum science and engineering
Books, review articles, bibliographies, summaries, general techniques, articles on basic vacuum physics 10. Vacuum science and technology Books, review articles, etc 11. Production of low pressures Review articles, summaries, etc 12. Measurement of low pressures Review articles, summaries, etc 13. Vacuum applications Books, review articles, summaries, etc 14. Kinetic theory of gases Transport phenomena, diffusion through vapours, molecular flow of gases, etc 15. Fluid dypAmics Turbulent and viscous flow of gases, flow through nozzles, boundary layer flow, etc 16. Gases and solids Sorption, diffusion through solids, permeation, etc 17. Thermodynamics Compression, temperature, reactions, vaporization, dissociation, vapour pressure, cryogenics, etc 18. Gaseous electronics Ionization, discharges, plasma, emission, etc 19. Radiation Light, heat, X-rays, microwave radiation, etc
II. Vacuum apparatus a n d auxiliaries Design, testing, operation, performance and techniques of using individual apparatus for the production, measurement and control of low pressures 20. Pumping systems Plant, vacuum chambers, vacuum furnaces, vacuum coaters, ctc 21. Pumpsand pump fluids Mechanical pumps, vapour pumps, getter-inn pumps, cryopumps, etc 22. Gauges Including mass spectrometer types 23. Plumbing Joints, pipe, gaskets, fittings, flanges, glass-to-metal seals, shaft seals, windows, ports, etc 24. Valves Stopcocks, variable leaks, gas introducing devices, needle valves, etc 25. Baffles, traps and refrigeration equipment 26, Automatic protective and control equipment Cutoffs, switches liquid, level controls, manostats, etc 27. Leak detectors and leak detection 28. Heating equipment and thermometers Ovens, resistance heating units, induction heating units, electron bombardment units, thermometers, thermocouples, thermoregulators, pyrometers, etc 29. Miscellaneons
33. General physics and electronics Electron tube physics, electron microscopy, diffraction camera, field emission microscopes, spectroscope, X-ray tubes, low-temperature physics, atomic beams, molecular beams, etc 34. High altitude and space technology Test chambers, ion propulsion, etc 35. Impregnation and potting 36. Drying, degnssing and concentration Including freeze-drying, glass processing, evaporation of smvent, etc 37. Metallurgy, inorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry Production and analysis of metals and inorganic chemicals, melting, casting, annealing, sintering, degassing in molten state, vacuum fusion, gas analysis, mass spectrometer analysis of inorganic materials, etc 38. Distillation, organic chemistry, isotopic gas analysis 39. Miscellaneous applications Fumigation, etching, forming, surface area measurement, pyrolytic plating, etc. I V . Materials and techniques used in vacuum
technology Properties, composition, purification and use of materials; fabrlcation and processing techniques 40. Gases and vapours 41. Metals and alloys (including mercury) 42. Glass, ceramics and refractory oxides 43. Plastics and einstomers 44. Waxes, lubricants, cements, lacquers, paints, oils 45. Soldering, welding, brazing, solders 46. Glass blowing, glass-to-metal and ceramic-to-metal sealing techniques 47. Outgassing data, vapour pressure data, gattering data, residual gases in vacuum systems, residual gas analysis 48. Heating, refrigeration, ultrasonics, centrifuging 49. Miscellaneous materials and techniques V. Basic science and engineering
For cross-reference purposes 50. Mathematics 51. Physics, astronomy, geophysics 52. Physical chemistry 53. Metallurgy, ceramics, inorganic chemistry 54. Biology, biochemistry, pharmaceutics, toxicology, organic chemistry 55. Chemical engineering 56. Electrical engineering, electronic circuits, electrical devices 57. Mechanical engineering 58. Nucleonics 59. Miscellaneous V I . Miscellaneous
III. V a c u u m applications 30. Evaporation and sputtering To form solid coatings 31. Evacuation and sealing Electronic tubes, switche~, lamps, vacuum insulation, gas-filled devices 32. Nucleonics Particle accelerators, counters, plasma machines, isotope separation, etc 296
60. History, biography 61. Standards, nomenclature, units 62. Education, training, lecture demonstration 63. Documentation, abstracts, in'bUographies 64. Book reviews, symposiaprogrammesand reports 65. Professional societies, COmmittees, Ol'g~sizatioBs.