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Cleaning radioactive parts
COLLINS,
D. L.
radioactive mrt~. American Machinist, 108, No. 15,-p. 72 (1964) How to get rid of the radioactive contamination when it is no longer required is a problem growing with the growing use of radioisotopes in industry. Low levels of radiation are used for a great variety of testing and measuring applications, including of course assessing the effectiveness of ultrasonic cleaning. The success of the last application has been extended to practical decontamination except that higher powers and swept frequencies are used. A shielded cleansing and measuring installation is described and the disposal of the radioactive cleansing fluid is discussed. (2 figures) (Ultrasonics Z965, abstract 299) Cleaning
ABSTRACTS BHATNAGAR,
V. P.
method for determining electron and ion temperatures of plasma. Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Physics, 2, No. 5, p. 160 (1964). A mathematical paper describes a method of deriving electron and ion temperatures of an ionized gas plasma. Temperatures can be evaluated from the measured reflection coefficients for ultrasonic waves at two different frequencies; the higher one must be comparable to the electron plasma frequency. Taking the reflected and transmitted energies from two separate receiving probes the author elaborates on the necessary formulae and makes modifications and certain assumptions to derive the temperature. (1 figure, 4 references) (Ultrasonics 1965, abstract 295) An
~ItraScmic
BREEZE,A. 0. and CRAWFORD, A. E. A modular concept for ultrasonic systems. Design Electronics, I, No. 12, p. 22 (1964) Under the heading of “Design for industry” the authors discuss the many advantages of modular design for ultrasonic power supplies and transducers. The transducers are of the sandwich type: being of standard size they can be arranged in different ways to suit particular applications. The generator module consists of banks of power transistors connected in parallel and here again any number can be interconnected by standard busbars to give maximum power of 10 kW per generator. (3 photographs) (Ultrasonics 1965, abstract 296) and PALFREEMAN, J. s. delay lines and their application to television. Philips Technical Review, 25, No. 9, p. 234 (1964) A comprehensive account based on 15 years’ research on delay lines with special emphasis on their application in the field of television. Three types of delay line, using wires, liquids and extended solid media, are discussed as well as the transducers and the design of practical equipment. Liquid and solid delay lines are used in the Secam and PAL systems of colour television. They can also be used to provide synchronous conversion between the various line scanning systems. Delays range from a few microseconds to several milliseconds. (18 figures, 1 table and 18 references) (Ultrasonics 1965, abstract 297) BROCKELSBY, c. F. Ultrasonic
BUGAI, A. S. control in the celluloid-paper industry. Bumaznaya Promishlennost, No. 3, p. 20 (1964) The author describes a number of ultrasonic control, measuring and monitoring instruments used in paper mills but adaptable to most other industries and ideally suited to use in automatic plant. Mainly by means of interferometry to measure velocity, attenuation, reflection and refraction and their combination in various substances, ultrasonic methods can indicate suspension in both liquids and gases, viscosity, liquid level and other quantities, sometimes to 0.01% or better. An ultrasonic dustmeter based on measuring attenuation in two chambers, one being standard for comparison, suitable for measuring atmospheric pollution is also given. (4 figures, 6 references) (Ultrasonics 1965, abstract 298) Uhmcmic
D. I.
CRECRAIT,
ultrasonic dwac waves into solids at normal incidence by pressure coupling. Journal of Sound and Vibration, I, No. 4, p. 381 (1964). Shear waves can be launched into a solid at normal incidence, i.e. without wedges, from Y-cut quartz crystal simply by applying sufficient pressure to the transducer. Maximum transmission (over 90%) between plane boundaries of the solids of similar acoustic impedance is achieved without any couplant at about 20,000 lb/in2. Single or multi-crystal transducers can be used to make possible the propagation of shear waves polarized in any desired plane. Design of the transducers, methods of applying the pressure and calibration of the polarization axis are discussed. (5 figures) (Ultrasonics 1965, abstract 300) Launching
DIGNUM,
R.
Brief review of ultrasonic attenuation with some emphasis on work at ultra high frequency. American Journal of Physics, 32, No. 7, p. 507, (1964) Measurement of internal friction and the electron-phonon interaction provide valuable information about the structure of materials and this paper discusses the methods and experimental set-ups that are commonly employed in this study. Historical developments, review of the present work, sources of internal friction in metals, magneto-acoustic effect and the amplification of ultrasound in semiconductors are considered. Emphasis is placed on work of ultra high frequency in non-metallic crystals and glasses: in metals frequencies above 500 MC/S have not yet been reached. (15 figures, 74 references) (UZtrusonics 1965, abstract 301) DUNEGAN,
H. L.
Grain size measurements iu uranium by use of ultrasonics. Materials Evaluation, 22, No. 8, p. 353 (1964) The average grain size in polycrystalline uranium can be found by a non-destructive method by measuring the attenuation at a constant frequency. The empirical equation has been deducted from measurements on specimens with known grain structure. Varying the frequency makes it possible to follow the recrystallization process, whose duration and temperature are functions of the activation energy. Experimental procedure, equipment and specimens are described after which basic theory is given of the attenuation of sound in solids. (13 figures, 2 tables, 11 references) (Ultrasonics 1965, abstract 302) et d. Reflection of ultrasound from angular defects. Zavodskuya Luboratoriya, 30, No. 11, 1351 (1964) The authors say that angular reflectors give more reliable results than the standard flat-bottomed hole in calibrating pulse-echo flaw detectors for non-destructive testing of weld seams by shear waves. They derive theoretical formulae which are fully supported by experimental evidence. (5 figures, 1 table, 5 references) (Ukrusonics 1965, abstract 303) BRMOLOV, I. V.
n
uLTRAsoms/ January-March 1965
D. L.
radioactive mrt~. American Machinist, 108, No. 15,-p. 72 (1964) How to get rid of the radioactive contamination when it is no longer required is a problem growing with the growing use of radioisotopes in industry. Low levels of radiation are used for a great variety of testing and measuring applications, including of course assessing the effectiveness of ultrasonic cleaning. The success of the last application has been extended to practical decontamination except that higher powers and swept frequencies are used. A shielded cleansing and measuring installation is described and the disposal of the radioactive cleansing fluid is discussed. (2 figures) (Ultrasonics Z965, abstract 299) Cleaning
ABSTRACTS BHATNAGAR,
V. P.
method for determining electron and ion temperatures of plasma. Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Physics, 2, No. 5, p. 160 (1964). A mathematical paper describes a method of deriving electron and ion temperatures of an ionized gas plasma. Temperatures can be evaluated from the measured reflection coefficients for ultrasonic waves at two different frequencies; the higher one must be comparable to the electron plasma frequency. Taking the reflected and transmitted energies from two separate receiving probes the author elaborates on the necessary formulae and makes modifications and certain assumptions to derive the temperature. (1 figure, 4 references) (Ultrasonics 1965, abstract 295) An
~ItraScmic
BREEZE,A. 0. and CRAWFORD, A. E. A modular concept for ultrasonic systems. Design Electronics, I, No. 12, p. 22 (1964) Under the heading of “Design for industry” the authors discuss the many advantages of modular design for ultrasonic power supplies and transducers. The transducers are of the sandwich type: being of standard size they can be arranged in different ways to suit particular applications. The generator module consists of banks of power transistors connected in parallel and here again any number can be interconnected by standard busbars to give maximum power of 10 kW per generator. (3 photographs) (Ultrasonics 1965, abstract 296) and PALFREEMAN, J. s. delay lines and their application to television. Philips Technical Review, 25, No. 9, p. 234 (1964) A comprehensive account based on 15 years’ research on delay lines with special emphasis on their application in the field of television. Three types of delay line, using wires, liquids and extended solid media, are discussed as well as the transducers and the design of practical equipment. Liquid and solid delay lines are used in the Secam and PAL systems of colour television. They can also be used to provide synchronous conversion between the various line scanning systems. Delays range from a few microseconds to several milliseconds. (18 figures, 1 table and 18 references) (Ultrasonics 1965, abstract 297) BROCKELSBY, c. F. Ultrasonic
BUGAI, A. S. control in the celluloid-paper industry. Bumaznaya Promishlennost, No. 3, p. 20 (1964) The author describes a number of ultrasonic control, measuring and monitoring instruments used in paper mills but adaptable to most other industries and ideally suited to use in automatic plant. Mainly by means of interferometry to measure velocity, attenuation, reflection and refraction and their combination in various substances, ultrasonic methods can indicate suspension in both liquids and gases, viscosity, liquid level and other quantities, sometimes to 0.01% or better. An ultrasonic dustmeter based on measuring attenuation in two chambers, one being standard for comparison, suitable for measuring atmospheric pollution is also given. (4 figures, 6 references) (Ultrasonics 1965, abstract 298) Uhmcmic
D. I.
CRECRAIT,
ultrasonic dwac waves into solids at normal incidence by pressure coupling. Journal of Sound and Vibration, I, No. 4, p. 381 (1964). Shear waves can be launched into a solid at normal incidence, i.e. without wedges, from Y-cut quartz crystal simply by applying sufficient pressure to the transducer. Maximum transmission (over 90%) between plane boundaries of the solids of similar acoustic impedance is achieved without any couplant at about 20,000 lb/in2. Single or multi-crystal transducers can be used to make possible the propagation of shear waves polarized in any desired plane. Design of the transducers, methods of applying the pressure and calibration of the polarization axis are discussed. (5 figures) (Ultrasonics 1965, abstract 300) Launching
DIGNUM,
R.
Brief review of ultrasonic attenuation with some emphasis on work at ultra high frequency. American Journal of Physics, 32, No. 7, p. 507, (1964) Measurement of internal friction and the electron-phonon interaction provide valuable information about the structure of materials and this paper discusses the methods and experimental set-ups that are commonly employed in this study. Historical developments, review of the present work, sources of internal friction in metals, magneto-acoustic effect and the amplification of ultrasound in semiconductors are considered. Emphasis is placed on work of ultra high frequency in non-metallic crystals and glasses: in metals frequencies above 500 MC/S have not yet been reached. (15 figures, 74 references) (UZtrusonics 1965, abstract 301) DUNEGAN,
H. L.
Grain size measurements iu uranium by use of ultrasonics. Materials Evaluation, 22, No. 8, p. 353 (1964) The average grain size in polycrystalline uranium can be found by a non-destructive method by measuring the attenuation at a constant frequency. The empirical equation has been deducted from measurements on specimens with known grain structure. Varying the frequency makes it possible to follow the recrystallization process, whose duration and temperature are functions of the activation energy. Experimental procedure, equipment and specimens are described after which basic theory is given of the attenuation of sound in solids. (13 figures, 2 tables, 11 references) (Ultrasonics 1965, abstract 302) et d. Reflection of ultrasound from angular defects. Zavodskuya Luboratoriya, 30, No. 11, 1351 (1964) The authors say that angular reflectors give more reliable results than the standard flat-bottomed hole in calibrating pulse-echo flaw detectors for non-destructive testing of weld seams by shear waves. They derive theoretical formulae which are fully supported by experimental evidence. (5 figures, 1 table, 5 references) (Ukrusonics 1965, abstract 303) BRMOLOV, I. V.
n
uLTRAsoms/ January-March 1965