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Clinical pelvimetry and pelvic palpation as a basis for morphologic classification of the obstetric pelvis
CLINICAL PELVIMETRY AND PELVIC PALPATION BASIS FOR MORPHOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION THE OBSTETRIC PELVIS+ A Preliminary
AS
A
OF
Report
CLINICAL provided
pelvimetry as ordinarily pr;lc’tieed and interpreted bar; criteria for classification of llelves into normal and contracted types on the hasis of size. Oar roelltgenogrsl)llic studies of 1,500 obstetric pelves in the stereoscopr have shown that virtually inil normal and contracted pelves can be classified on a morphologic basis. Our radiographic csperience and a large number* of dried pelves in the Cornell collection, have shown that, the size of certain diameters and structural characteristics are indicative of the gynecoid, android, anthropoid and platypelloid types of (:aldwell and iV10lop.~ It’ this is so whet1 dried pelves or radiograms are studied under direct vision. then it is likely that clinical mensuration and vaginal palpation can provide information for morphologic elassificat,ion of 111c obstetric pelvis. The purpose of this communication is to ascertain whether such an approach is practical and feasible. Present
Study
A group of 100 patients in the Woman’s Clinic were subjected to clinical pelvimetry as will be doscribctl below, and also to a. careful pelvic palpation by vaginal examination. The <~ha~~:~dc~of the si~~~al CIWV~T,jBI,E
1.
~~OR1~liOl,Oc;Ir
~!II.2I:h~‘T~IIIS’Fl~~~
~iSl:.
rtSSil(‘I:\TEII
\\:lTll
‘I‘lCiI
J’ICI,VII~
TYPE’Si
-----
-----~~~-~__ I~I___ GYNI’,~‘~)ID
SEGUEh-T
PELVIC:
-.I__-.. I’T,hTYl’EI.-
TYPE
ANTHROPOID
LOID
:
Internal-spinous dianletcr Spines Forepelvis Pubic arch Posterior: Sacrosciatic notch Curvature of sacru1n Tip of sacrum __-__
--
M~~RPHOI,OCIC .ANDROID
-----
-_-..Anterior
= -___
_____
Average Average Average :\ verage
Narrow Sharp Pointed Narrow
Narrow Blunt Pointed Narrow
I- Wide 1 Average Average Average
Average Average Average
Karrow Straight hngulated forward
Wide Average Average
j /
__!
*This study has been conducted by Mr. and Xrs. Dunbar Bostwick tDr. Steele died June 18, 1942.
under a grant and friends.
from
the
Bostwick
Funtl
Average Average Average established
JAVERT
IW
BL.
:
CLASSINCATION
OF
OBSTETRIC
PELVIS
“17
ture, the saerosciatie notch, spines, pointing in the forepelvis, etc., was ascertained, as these vary with the type of pelvis, as Caldwell and Moloy’ have emphasized and as shown in Table I. Each pelvis was then classified according to the individual morphology of each anterior and post.crior segment, making 200 segments for consideration. Consideration of the pelvis in segments provides for a combination of these so that pure and mixed forms are recognized. This is essential, for about 50 per cent of pelves constitute either group. As is the practice with rocntgenologists and anatomists, the conformation of the pelvic inlet provides the key to classification. The features of the midpelvis and outlet are included because of their obstetric significance. The problem has been to discover whether clinical pelvimetry and vaginal palpation prop-
Fig. I.-Showing the obstetric conjugate (CO) in the plane of the ileopectineal lines: the diagonal conjugate (CD), and the external conjugate (BD) and the external sagittal diameter (E.A.S.). -4 perpendicular to CO, in the coronal plane of the transverse diameter of the inlet, passing through the base of the ischial spines, divides the pelvis into anterior and posterior segments.
crly performed, interpreted and correlated, will provide for classification of the pelvic inlet on morphologic grounds. The same patients were examined radiographically, using the combined isometric and stereoscopic technique of Steele and Javert,3 and the pelvis was classified according to segments. The x-ray diagnosis of pelvic type was used as the control for the clinical diagnosis. The clinical and radiographic studies were conducted independently, and the results were evaluated by a disinterested coworker. Before comparing the data, certain principles require brief consideration. Fig. 1 shows the obstetric conjugate (CO) as the anteroposterior diameter of the inlet in the plane of t.he ileopectineal lines. A perpendicular to this diameter placed in the coronal plane of the transverse
218
AMERICAN
JOURNAL
Fig. Z.-The transverse (11, anterior and posterior sagittal inlet of the true pelvis. Within the false pelvis. The external Fig. 3.
OF
OBSTETRICS
ASD
GYNECOLOGY
anterior and posterior transverse ( 2 and S), and the diameters (4 and 5).. govern the conformation of the limitations, these diameters also control the size of diameters of the latter rxn ho measured as shr~wn in
Fig. 3.-External diameters of anterior and A& between anterior superior spines, CR-GP chanteric and PTI-PTz the posterior transverse, measured as shown in Fig. 4. The interspinous eters are also shown.
posterior segments of the pelvis: AS,between the crests, !&-I-T?? intertroor tuber ilii diameter, which can be ii%-& and Tuber Ischii TIPTIE diam-
JAVERT
ET
AL.
:
CLASSIFICATION
OF
OBSTETRIC
219
PELVIS
diameter of the inlet traverses the interspinous diameter as well as t,he diameter between the iliac crests in the region of the anterior superior Accordingly, the entire pelvis is divided into anterior and spines. posterior segments. The diameters and morphology of each segment have variations which can be detected clinically and t,hese provide for classification of the obstetric pelvis on a morphologic basis. Fig. 2 illustrates the diameters of the pelvic inlet. when the pelvis is divided into its anterior and post.erior segments. The size of the diameters of t,he true inlet obviously control the size of the diameters of the false inlet within certain limitations. Therefore, mensuration of the diameters between the anterior superior spines, the crests, the trochanters, and the posterior superior spines, shown in Fig. 3, and external and internal conjugates shown in Fig. 1, should provide an indirect index of pelvic size for purposes of classification.
Fig.
4.-The
posterior rhomboid,
can
transverse diameter, be measured with
between a small
the bony Williams’
prominences pelvimeter.
in
the
The posterior transverse diameter (PT,-PT,) recently described hy Steele and Javert,4 and shown in Fig. 3, can be measured clinically in the rhomboid as indicated in Fig. 4. The average measurement for this diameter in 69 dried pelves was 5.3 cm. for android pelves, and 7.1 cm. for the gynecoid types. Therefore, when narrowed, it may be indicative of the android pelves. Values obtained clinically are shown in Table II. These are usually equal to or slightly larger than the radiographic measurement. The anterior transverse diameter also recently described by Steele and Javert” assists in detecting narrowing in the anterior segment, or forepelvis. The distance between the anterior superior spines and the trochanters, provides approximate index of this diameter in the various morphologic types, and serves to detect narrowing of the forepelvis as does vaginal palpation.
220
AMERICAN
JOURNAL
OF
OBSTETRICS
AND
GYNECOLOGY
The intercristal diameter gives an approsimat,e idea of the tvans>rerse diameter of the inlet. The srurl of tlrc intclrxpinous and intcrc~r+&l cliameters divided by 4 provides a nurncrkal valur. A new diameter, the estcrnal anterior sagit.tal diameter, is shown iu 7’ig. 1. It is difficult to mcasurc ir~cLr~aI(~ly this diameter clinically. It was measured in a large numlxx of &iogra.plric films of various pclrcs and an avcragc value of 7.0 cm. \vas obtained (-!0.75 cm.) for t trc f’out~
Fig.
6.-Mensuration
of the
tuber
ischii
diameter.
JAVERT
ET
AL.
:
CLASSIFICATION
OF
OBSTETRIC
221
PELVIS
parent types. This value when subtracted from the diagonal conjugate, gives the posterior sagittal diameter of the posterior segment as indicated in Fig. 5 and Table II. Its greatest value lies in the detection of the short posterior sagittal diameter in the android and the longer posterior sagittal diameter in the anthropoid pelvis. The diagonal conjugate can be measured more easily by placing the fist of an assistant, or a 4-inch roll in the Iumbosaeral curvature. This serves to level off the superior strait and makes the promontory more accessible. Average values obtained clinically for the various diameters, and the morphologic characteristics of the anterior and posterior segment, on vaginal palpation, from inlet to outlet, according to morphologic pelvic type (as determined clinically and roentgenographically) , are shown in Tables I and II. Only the external and internal diameters giving inTABLE
IT.
AVERAGE
DIAMETERS
BASED
ON CLIMCAL
PELVIMETRY
OF 100
CASES -
T GYNECOLD
.4nterior Segment: “Interspinous diameter “Intertrochanterie Tuber ischii diameter Posterior Segment: *Intercristal *Posterior transverse ;I-P Diameters (pure types): Baudelocques C. D. Sagittal Diameters: *Posterior (internal) *Only
these
diameters
are
MORPHOI,OGI(' TYPE T ANTHROPOID ANDROID
PLATYPEI.LOID
E
23.5 28 10
25 30 10
27 31.5 11.25
27 8.5
27 7
27 8
28 8.5
19.5 12.25
19
20 13
19 11.75
25.5
11.5
5 utilized
-
for
3.75 morphologic
6 clas si flcation
of p el ves.
4.5
formation as to the pelvic inlet are utilized for morphologic classificat.ion in accordance with the recent views presented by Steele and JaverV in their discussion of roentgenographic classification of the obstetric pelvis. Morphology and mensuration of the midpelvis and outlet are of value in a confirmatory manner. If the pelvic inlet is android and the sacrosciatic notch is narrow, this is confirmatory. Likewise, if the inlet is android and the transverse diameter is only 9 cm., it is also confirmatory. However, if the sacrosciatie notch and outlet are wide, the inlet may be still android. Therefore, care in interpretation and correlation of data is essential because of the multiple variations that are encountered. That is the reason the brim has been chosen as the key to classification in order to avoid a cumbersome situation. For completeness, it seems necessary to point out that most obstetricians measure the tuber ischii diameter too short. Most textbooks indicate that this diameter measures 11 cm., yet illustrate the use of Thorn’s pelvimeter at a level above the anal orifice, as shown in Fig. 6, which is too high on the pubic arch. Using this technique, JarchoS and our clinic have obtained average values of only 8.8 and 8.9 cm.. respectively, for this diameter in a group of mixed pelves, whereas, a similar group of patients studied radiographically showed an average value of 10.5 cm.,
STANDARDS
Normal Generally contractetl Funnel typical Simple flat Raehitic flat Total
t,ypiv:tl
- ~.-
“8-
50
13
A comparisorl of the clinical or etiologic classification with the morphologic types in the 100 patients is given in Table III. .As is shown, 24 per cent of the pelves showed clinical evidence of contraction, and of these, 16 or two-thirds, were android in type. The gynecoid and anthropoid pelves were nearly always regarded as *‘normal. ” The percentage of accuracy in the clinical attempt at morphologic classification of 200 segments of the pelvis is given in Table IV. The TABLE AND
Iv. PERCENTAGE OF ACCCRAC~Y w POSTERIOR SEGIIENTS AS COSTROLLEI) GYNECOID
Posterior Segment: Correct Incorrect Anterior Segment : Correct Incorrect
~tu:
CT,I~I~,AL DIAGNOSIS OF 200 ~~NTERIOK BY MORPIIOT,OGY IN TRE STEREOSCOPE
I AFDROID ,-----.-. -
s2 18
/ / -I---
8-i 1 ti
71 29
! I
54 4ti
ANTHROPOlU ..__----
PLATYPELLOID
_-_-_-_
gynecoid and android posterior segments were accurately diagnosed in about 80 per cent, which is satisfactory, since over three-fourths of all pelves constitute these two types. Furthermore, clinical recognition of the android pelvis which has an unfavorable obstetrical prognosis is reThe poorer results in the platypelloid garded as a true accomplishment. and anthropoid groups were caused by confusion with the gynecoid and android types. From the standpoint of size, such an error is not serious. In general, the pure forms were diagnosed more readily than the mixed types. The chief cause of error was found to be due to variations in size and in differentiating the gynecoid and platypelloid pelves. For example, an android pelvis somet,imes proved to be a small gynecoid pelvis and vice versa. or if large, was usually classified as anthropoid or pynecoid. The experience gained from a large rjtud)~ (1,500) of pelves by roentgenographic means has disclosed agreement. and disagreement with the morphologic classification of Caldwell and Moloy,* DeLee,’ Stander,” Thorns,“, B and WilliamslO as summarized in Table V. Caldwell and Moloy (1942) have agreed to the inclusion of their gynecoid pelvis with the female oval or brachypellic types of other classifications. As indicated
.JAVERT
ET
AL.
:
CLASSIFICATION
OF
OBSTETRIC
223
PELVIS
in Tables III and V, the rachitic and simple flat are more often android than platypelloid. The round or mesatipellic pelvis is probably gynecoid with anthropoid or vice versa. In general, contracted pelves are of the pure or mixed android variety. The authors do not disagree with the transverse or A. P. elliptical pelves of other classifications. TABLE
V.
~JTHORS'
AGREEMENT
AND
VARIATION
TVITII
OTHER
zz
ROUND NORMAL MESATIPELTJi
OTHER ~'I,dSSIFICATIONS
GYNECOID
II
OVAL BRA~'HYPELLT~ FEMALE
FEMALE Authors 1942
Gynecoid C Anthropoid or vice versa
CLASSIFICATIONS
Gynecoid
TRIANGI;LAK Fl'NNEL ANDROID MALE GEN.CON.FUN. RACHITIC FLA'I SIMPLE FLAT Android mixed
A. r. ELIPSE DOLICHOPELLIC BNTHROPOID, TRANSVERSELY CONTRACTED
NARROW, TRBNSVERSE ELIPSE, PLATYPELLIC PLATYPELLOID
or
-i
Platypelloid
Anthropoid
-
Routine x-ray examination of every pregnant woman, especially primiparous, has been advocated by Thorns and others. Such a program is very tenable when one compares t.he maternal and fetal morbidity due to syphilis (1 per cent in the Woman’s Clinic) for which a serologic test, is compulsory, with the clinical incidence of contracted pelves (15 per cent). This argument is made more forceful by the recent report of Steele and .JaverV who found that the incidence of contracted pelves is nearer 30 per cent when x-ray pelvimetry is employed. Therefore, routine radiographic study appears to be a prerequisite to sound obstetrical practice. It is probable that Public Health Authorities will ultimately realize this and insist on at least one radiographic examination in the lifetime of every childbearing woman, using a suitable technique. Until such a time, we believe that the principles outlined above will aid in the clinical classification of pelves with added accuracy and will also serve as a basis for selection of certain patients for roentgenographic study.
Summary
and Conclusions
A clinical approach to the morphologic classification of pelves is presented. Mensuration is employed for the determination of size and vaginal palpation is ut,ilized for t,he detection of morphologic characteristics. A perpendicular line to the inlet divides the entire pelvis into its anterior and pc&erior segments, each having certain diameters and morphologic characteristics. These may be employed for classification of the obstetric pelvis on a morphologic basis. The diameters of the true inlet control the size of the false inlet within certain limitations and the diameters of the latter can be measured by external pelvimetry. Experience has shown that mensuration alone is not always an accurate index of morphology. However, it has been found in a study of 100 patients (200 segments) that clinical mensuration of certain diameters and vaginal palpation of morphology of the brim, midpelvis and outlet, provides sufficient data to classify about 75 per cent of pelves. More-
References 1. 9. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. x. !I. 10.
Steele, H. B., and Javet+, C!. ‘I?.: Ax. .T. 0~9~. & GUSI%!. 43: BOO, l!LLZ. Steele, K. B., and JRY&, C. l’.: A?&. .T. 0~8~. & Gumi,c. 44: 78::, 1!%2. Jarcho. J.: Pelvis in Obstetrics, New York, 19X3, P. Hoeber. Thorns, H. : The Obstetrical Pelvis, Baltimore, 1935, Willia.ms ant1 Wilkins. DeLee, ;T. B.: Obstetrics, 1989, Philadelphia, W. II. Saunders Co. Ataniter, H. .I.: Williams Obstetrics, New York, 1911, Appleton-Century (To. Thorns, H. : AM. J. 01s~. & (+YNW. 42: %?i, 1941. (Revised Technique.) Williams, .J. W.: Ollstetrics, New York. 1903, D. Appleton-Century (‘0.
HYPER,TENGION
AND PREGNANCY’:’
LEVATIOK of blood preslsurc ahovc t htb avcrag? limits of rrormal is the most significant symptom of the tosemias 0.)’prcgtianc!y. IT1 fact, hypertension is present so consistently in I hc majority of diseases which are called tosemias of pregnanq- that, the term “hypertensive disease of pregnancy ” wonld perhaps be more descriptive of tlrcm that) Hypertensive diseaschrompliis t,he term “tosemias of pregnancy.” eating pregnancy would then includt> ~~hronir vascolar a.nd rcn>iL disease present prior to gestation, which is not. a diseasepeculiar to pregnanc;v~ and acute hypertcmsivc diseases of pregnancy (pre-eclampsin and eclampsia) , which are dependent on, and peculiar to, the pregnant state. There is a notable difference l~:twwn chronic vascular and renal disease which is present prior t,o pregnancy and acute hypertensive disease arising during prcgnanq-. The former, which will he yeferret to as chronic hypertensive vascular tliseasc, is characterized 1)s more or less:generalized sclerosis of the arterioles whirl1 may havtx lwtw c*aused by toxemia in a previous pregnancy, 1)~ previous acute illness or by unknown factors ; the latter, which will be referred to as acute hyperten-
E
*Read at a meeting April 18. 1942.
of the Washington
Obstetrical
Society,
Seattle,
Wmhington,
AS
A
OF
Report
CLINICAL provided
pelvimetry as ordinarily pr;lc’tieed and interpreted bar; criteria for classification of llelves into normal and contracted types on the hasis of size. Oar roelltgenogrsl)llic studies of 1,500 obstetric pelves in the stereoscopr have shown that virtually inil normal and contracted pelves can be classified on a morphologic basis. Our radiographic csperience and a large number* of dried pelves in the Cornell collection, have shown that, the size of certain diameters and structural characteristics are indicative of the gynecoid, android, anthropoid and platypelloid types of (:aldwell and iV10lop.~ It’ this is so whet1 dried pelves or radiograms are studied under direct vision. then it is likely that clinical mensuration and vaginal palpation can provide information for morphologic elassificat,ion of 111c obstetric pelvis. The purpose of this communication is to ascertain whether such an approach is practical and feasible. Present
Study
A group of 100 patients in the Woman’s Clinic were subjected to clinical pelvimetry as will be doscribctl below, and also to a. careful pelvic palpation by vaginal examination. The <~ha~~:~dc~of the si~~~al CIWV~T,jBI,E
1.
~~OR1~liOl,Oc;Ir
~!II.2I:h~‘T~IIIS’Fl~~~
~iSl:.
rtSSil(‘I:\TEII
\\:lTll
‘I‘lCiI
J’ICI,VII~
TYPE’Si
-----
-----~~~-~__ I~I___ GYNI’,~‘~)ID
SEGUEh-T
PELVIC:
-.I__-.. I’T,hTYl’EI.-
TYPE
ANTHROPOID
LOID
:
Internal-spinous dianletcr Spines Forepelvis Pubic arch Posterior: Sacrosciatic notch Curvature of sacru1n Tip of sacrum __-__
--
M~~RPHOI,OCIC .ANDROID
-----
-_-..Anterior
= -___
_____
Average Average Average :\ verage
Narrow Sharp Pointed Narrow
Narrow Blunt Pointed Narrow
I- Wide 1 Average Average Average
Average Average Average
Karrow Straight hngulated forward
Wide Average Average
j /
__!
*This study has been conducted by Mr. and Xrs. Dunbar Bostwick tDr. Steele died June 18, 1942.
under a grant and friends.
from
the
Bostwick
Funtl
Average Average Average established
JAVERT
IW
BL.
:
CLASSINCATION
OF
OBSTETRIC
PELVIS
“17
ture, the saerosciatie notch, spines, pointing in the forepelvis, etc., was ascertained, as these vary with the type of pelvis, as Caldwell and Moloy’ have emphasized and as shown in Table I. Each pelvis was then classified according to the individual morphology of each anterior and post.crior segment, making 200 segments for consideration. Consideration of the pelvis in segments provides for a combination of these so that pure and mixed forms are recognized. This is essential, for about 50 per cent of pelves constitute either group. As is the practice with rocntgenologists and anatomists, the conformation of the pelvic inlet provides the key to classification. The features of the midpelvis and outlet are included because of their obstetric significance. The problem has been to discover whether clinical pelvimetry and vaginal palpation prop-
Fig. I.-Showing the obstetric conjugate (CO) in the plane of the ileopectineal lines: the diagonal conjugate (CD), and the external conjugate (BD) and the external sagittal diameter (E.A.S.). -4 perpendicular to CO, in the coronal plane of the transverse diameter of the inlet, passing through the base of the ischial spines, divides the pelvis into anterior and posterior segments.
crly performed, interpreted and correlated, will provide for classification of the pelvic inlet on morphologic grounds. The same patients were examined radiographically, using the combined isometric and stereoscopic technique of Steele and Javert,3 and the pelvis was classified according to segments. The x-ray diagnosis of pelvic type was used as the control for the clinical diagnosis. The clinical and radiographic studies were conducted independently, and the results were evaluated by a disinterested coworker. Before comparing the data, certain principles require brief consideration. Fig. 1 shows the obstetric conjugate (CO) as the anteroposterior diameter of the inlet in the plane of t.he ileopectineal lines. A perpendicular to this diameter placed in the coronal plane of the transverse
218
AMERICAN
JOURNAL
Fig. Z.-The transverse (11, anterior and posterior sagittal inlet of the true pelvis. Within the false pelvis. The external Fig. 3.
OF
OBSTETRICS
ASD
GYNECOLOGY
anterior and posterior transverse ( 2 and S), and the diameters (4 and 5).. govern the conformation of the limitations, these diameters also control the size of diameters of the latter rxn ho measured as shr~wn in
Fig. 3.-External diameters of anterior and A& between anterior superior spines, CR-GP chanteric and PTI-PTz the posterior transverse, measured as shown in Fig. 4. The interspinous eters are also shown.
posterior segments of the pelvis: AS,between the crests, !&-I-T?? intertroor tuber ilii diameter, which can be ii%-& and Tuber Ischii TIPTIE diam-
JAVERT
ET
AL.
:
CLASSIFICATION
OF
OBSTETRIC
219
PELVIS
diameter of the inlet traverses the interspinous diameter as well as t,he diameter between the iliac crests in the region of the anterior superior Accordingly, the entire pelvis is divided into anterior and spines. posterior segments. The diameters and morphology of each segment have variations which can be detected clinically and t,hese provide for classification of the obstetric pelvis on a morphologic basis. Fig. 2 illustrates the diameters of the pelvic inlet. when the pelvis is divided into its anterior and post.erior segments. The size of the diameters of t,he true inlet obviously control the size of the diameters of the false inlet within certain limitations. Therefore, mensuration of the diameters between the anterior superior spines, the crests, the trochanters, and the posterior superior spines, shown in Fig. 3, and external and internal conjugates shown in Fig. 1, should provide an indirect index of pelvic size for purposes of classification.
Fig.
4.-The
posterior rhomboid,
can
transverse diameter, be measured with
between a small
the bony Williams’
prominences pelvimeter.
in
the
The posterior transverse diameter (PT,-PT,) recently described hy Steele and Javert,4 and shown in Fig. 3, can be measured clinically in the rhomboid as indicated in Fig. 4. The average measurement for this diameter in 69 dried pelves was 5.3 cm. for android pelves, and 7.1 cm. for the gynecoid types. Therefore, when narrowed, it may be indicative of the android pelves. Values obtained clinically are shown in Table II. These are usually equal to or slightly larger than the radiographic measurement. The anterior transverse diameter also recently described by Steele and Javert” assists in detecting narrowing in the anterior segment, or forepelvis. The distance between the anterior superior spines and the trochanters, provides approximate index of this diameter in the various morphologic types, and serves to detect narrowing of the forepelvis as does vaginal palpation.
220
AMERICAN
JOURNAL
OF
OBSTETRICS
AND
GYNECOLOGY
The intercristal diameter gives an approsimat,e idea of the tvans>rerse diameter of the inlet. The srurl of tlrc intclrxpinous and intcrc~r+&l cliameters divided by 4 provides a nurncrkal valur. A new diameter, the estcrnal anterior sagit.tal diameter, is shown iu 7’ig. 1. It is difficult to mcasurc ir~cLr~aI(~ly this diameter clinically. It was measured in a large numlxx of &iogra.plric films of various pclrcs and an avcragc value of 7.0 cm. \vas obtained (-!0.75 cm.) for t trc f’out~
Fig.
6.-Mensuration
of the
tuber
ischii
diameter.
JAVERT
ET
AL.
:
CLASSIFICATION
OF
OBSTETRIC
221
PELVIS
parent types. This value when subtracted from the diagonal conjugate, gives the posterior sagittal diameter of the posterior segment as indicated in Fig. 5 and Table II. Its greatest value lies in the detection of the short posterior sagittal diameter in the android and the longer posterior sagittal diameter in the anthropoid pelvis. The diagonal conjugate can be measured more easily by placing the fist of an assistant, or a 4-inch roll in the Iumbosaeral curvature. This serves to level off the superior strait and makes the promontory more accessible. Average values obtained clinically for the various diameters, and the morphologic characteristics of the anterior and posterior segment, on vaginal palpation, from inlet to outlet, according to morphologic pelvic type (as determined clinically and roentgenographically) , are shown in Tables I and II. Only the external and internal diameters giving inTABLE
IT.
AVERAGE
DIAMETERS
BASED
ON CLIMCAL
PELVIMETRY
OF 100
CASES -
T GYNECOLD
.4nterior Segment: “Interspinous diameter “Intertrochanterie Tuber ischii diameter Posterior Segment: *Intercristal *Posterior transverse ;I-P Diameters (pure types): Baudelocques C. D. Sagittal Diameters: *Posterior (internal) *Only
these
diameters
are
MORPHOI,OGI(' TYPE T ANTHROPOID ANDROID
PLATYPEI.LOID
E
23.5 28 10
25 30 10
27 31.5 11.25
27 8.5
27 7
27 8
28 8.5
19.5 12.25
19
20 13
19 11.75
25.5
11.5
5 utilized
-
for
3.75 morphologic
6 clas si flcation
of p el ves.
4.5
formation as to the pelvic inlet are utilized for morphologic classificat.ion in accordance with the recent views presented by Steele and JaverV in their discussion of roentgenographic classification of the obstetric pelvis. Morphology and mensuration of the midpelvis and outlet are of value in a confirmatory manner. If the pelvic inlet is android and the sacrosciatic notch is narrow, this is confirmatory. Likewise, if the inlet is android and the transverse diameter is only 9 cm., it is also confirmatory. However, if the sacrosciatie notch and outlet are wide, the inlet may be still android. Therefore, care in interpretation and correlation of data is essential because of the multiple variations that are encountered. That is the reason the brim has been chosen as the key to classification in order to avoid a cumbersome situation. For completeness, it seems necessary to point out that most obstetricians measure the tuber ischii diameter too short. Most textbooks indicate that this diameter measures 11 cm., yet illustrate the use of Thorn’s pelvimeter at a level above the anal orifice, as shown in Fig. 6, which is too high on the pubic arch. Using this technique, JarchoS and our clinic have obtained average values of only 8.8 and 8.9 cm.. respectively, for this diameter in a group of mixed pelves, whereas, a similar group of patients studied radiographically showed an average value of 10.5 cm.,
STANDARDS
Normal Generally contractetl Funnel typical Simple flat Raehitic flat Total
t,ypiv:tl
- ~.-
“8-
50
13
A comparisorl of the clinical or etiologic classification with the morphologic types in the 100 patients is given in Table III. .As is shown, 24 per cent of the pelves showed clinical evidence of contraction, and of these, 16 or two-thirds, were android in type. The gynecoid and anthropoid pelves were nearly always regarded as *‘normal. ” The percentage of accuracy in the clinical attempt at morphologic classification of 200 segments of the pelvis is given in Table IV. The TABLE AND
Iv. PERCENTAGE OF ACCCRAC~Y w POSTERIOR SEGIIENTS AS COSTROLLEI) GYNECOID
Posterior Segment: Correct Incorrect Anterior Segment : Correct Incorrect
~tu:
CT,I~I~,AL DIAGNOSIS OF 200 ~~NTERIOK BY MORPIIOT,OGY IN TRE STEREOSCOPE
I AFDROID ,-----.-. -
s2 18
/ / -I---
8-i 1 ti
71 29
! I
54 4ti
ANTHROPOlU ..__----
PLATYPELLOID
_-_-_-_
gynecoid and android posterior segments were accurately diagnosed in about 80 per cent, which is satisfactory, since over three-fourths of all pelves constitute these two types. Furthermore, clinical recognition of the android pelvis which has an unfavorable obstetrical prognosis is reThe poorer results in the platypelloid garded as a true accomplishment. and anthropoid groups were caused by confusion with the gynecoid and android types. From the standpoint of size, such an error is not serious. In general, the pure forms were diagnosed more readily than the mixed types. The chief cause of error was found to be due to variations in size and in differentiating the gynecoid and platypelloid pelves. For example, an android pelvis somet,imes proved to be a small gynecoid pelvis and vice versa. or if large, was usually classified as anthropoid or pynecoid. The experience gained from a large rjtud)~ (1,500) of pelves by roentgenographic means has disclosed agreement. and disagreement with the morphologic classification of Caldwell and Moloy,* DeLee,’ Stander,” Thorns,“, B and WilliamslO as summarized in Table V. Caldwell and Moloy (1942) have agreed to the inclusion of their gynecoid pelvis with the female oval or brachypellic types of other classifications. As indicated
.JAVERT
ET
AL.
:
CLASSIFICATION
OF
OBSTETRIC
223
PELVIS
in Tables III and V, the rachitic and simple flat are more often android than platypelloid. The round or mesatipellic pelvis is probably gynecoid with anthropoid or vice versa. In general, contracted pelves are of the pure or mixed android variety. The authors do not disagree with the transverse or A. P. elliptical pelves of other classifications. TABLE
V.
~JTHORS'
AGREEMENT
AND
VARIATION
TVITII
OTHER
zz
ROUND NORMAL MESATIPELTJi
OTHER ~'I,dSSIFICATIONS
GYNECOID
II
OVAL BRA~'HYPELLT~ FEMALE
FEMALE Authors 1942
Gynecoid C Anthropoid or vice versa
CLASSIFICATIONS
Gynecoid
TRIANGI;LAK Fl'NNEL ANDROID MALE GEN.CON.FUN. RACHITIC FLA'I SIMPLE FLAT Android mixed
A. r. ELIPSE DOLICHOPELLIC BNTHROPOID, TRANSVERSELY CONTRACTED
NARROW, TRBNSVERSE ELIPSE, PLATYPELLIC PLATYPELLOID
or
-i
Platypelloid
Anthropoid
-
Routine x-ray examination of every pregnant woman, especially primiparous, has been advocated by Thorns and others. Such a program is very tenable when one compares t.he maternal and fetal morbidity due to syphilis (1 per cent in the Woman’s Clinic) for which a serologic test, is compulsory, with the clinical incidence of contracted pelves (15 per cent). This argument is made more forceful by the recent report of Steele and .JaverV who found that the incidence of contracted pelves is nearer 30 per cent when x-ray pelvimetry is employed. Therefore, routine radiographic study appears to be a prerequisite to sound obstetrical practice. It is probable that Public Health Authorities will ultimately realize this and insist on at least one radiographic examination in the lifetime of every childbearing woman, using a suitable technique. Until such a time, we believe that the principles outlined above will aid in the clinical classification of pelves with added accuracy and will also serve as a basis for selection of certain patients for roentgenographic study.
Summary
and Conclusions
A clinical approach to the morphologic classification of pelves is presented. Mensuration is employed for the determination of size and vaginal palpation is ut,ilized for t,he detection of morphologic characteristics. A perpendicular line to the inlet divides the entire pelvis into its anterior and pc&erior segments, each having certain diameters and morphologic characteristics. These may be employed for classification of the obstetric pelvis on a morphologic basis. The diameters of the true inlet control the size of the false inlet within certain limitations and the diameters of the latter can be measured by external pelvimetry. Experience has shown that mensuration alone is not always an accurate index of morphology. However, it has been found in a study of 100 patients (200 segments) that clinical mensuration of certain diameters and vaginal palpation of morphology of the brim, midpelvis and outlet, provides sufficient data to classify about 75 per cent of pelves. More-
References 1. 9. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. x. !I. 10.
Steele, H. B., and Javet+, C!. ‘I?.: Ax. .T. 0~9~. & GUSI%!. 43: BOO, l!LLZ. Steele, K. B., and JRY&, C. l’.: A?&. .T. 0~8~. & Gumi,c. 44: 78::, 1!%2. Jarcho. J.: Pelvis in Obstetrics, New York, 19X3, P. Hoeber. Thorns, H. : The Obstetrical Pelvis, Baltimore, 1935, Willia.ms ant1 Wilkins. DeLee, ;T. B.: Obstetrics, 1989, Philadelphia, W. II. Saunders Co. Ataniter, H. .I.: Williams Obstetrics, New York, 1911, Appleton-Century (To. Thorns, H. : AM. J. 01s~. & (+YNW. 42: %?i, 1941. (Revised Technique.) Williams, .J. W.: Ollstetrics, New York. 1903, D. Appleton-Century (‘0.
HYPER,TENGION
AND PREGNANCY’:’
LEVATIOK of blood preslsurc ahovc t htb avcrag? limits of rrormal is the most significant symptom of the tosemias 0.)’prcgtianc!y. IT1 fact, hypertension is present so consistently in I hc majority of diseases which are called tosemias of pregnanq- that, the term “hypertensive disease of pregnancy ” wonld perhaps be more descriptive of tlrcm that) Hypertensive diseaschrompliis t,he term “tosemias of pregnancy.” eating pregnancy would then includt> ~~hronir vascolar a.nd rcn>iL disease present prior to gestation, which is not. a diseasepeculiar to pregnanc;v~ and acute hypertcmsivc diseases of pregnancy (pre-eclampsin and eclampsia) , which are dependent on, and peculiar to, the pregnant state. There is a notable difference l~:twwn chronic vascular and renal disease which is present prior t,o pregnancy and acute hypertensive disease arising during prcgnanq-. The former, which will he yeferret to as chronic hypertensive vascular tliseasc, is characterized 1)s more or less:generalized sclerosis of the arterioles whirl1 may havtx lwtw c*aused by toxemia in a previous pregnancy, 1)~ previous acute illness or by unknown factors ; the latter, which will be referred to as acute hyperten-
E
*Read at a meeting April 18. 1942.
of the Washington
Obstetrical
Society,
Seattle,
Wmhington,