Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Procedia Technology 19 (2015) 980 – 987
WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH ,QWHUGLVFLSOLQDULW\LQ(QJLQHHULQJ,17(5(1* 2FWREHU 7LUJX0XUHV5RPDQLD
&RSURGXFWLRQRIFHOOXODVHVDQG PDQJDQHVH SHUR[LGDVHV E\ %DFLOOXV VS 5DQG %DFLOOXVFHUHXV RQ ZDVWH QHZVSDSHU DSSOLFDWLRQ LQG\HVGHFRORXUL]DWLRQ 2PDU.KHOLOD 6OLPDQH&KRXEDQHD %HQ $PDU&KHEDE D
/DERUDWRU\RI3ODQWDQG0LFURELDO3URGXFWLRQVDQG9DOXDWLRQV 'HSDUWPHQWRI%LRWHFKQRORJ\ )DFXOW\RI 1DWXUHDQG /LIH 6FLHQFHV8QLYHUVLW\ RI6FLHQFHVDQG7HFKQRORJ\ RI 2UDQ0RKDPHG%RXGLDI%3 $O0QDRXDU2UDQ$OJHULD E 'HSDUWPHQWRI%LRWHFKQRORJ\ )DFXOW\RI 1DWXUHDQG /LIH 6FLHQFHV8QLYHUVLW\RI6FLHQFHVDQG7HFKQRORJ\ RI 2UDQ0RKDPHG%RXGLDI%3 $O0QDRXDU2UDQ$OJHULD
$EVWUDFW ,QWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\WZRGLIIHUHQWVWUDLQVRI %DFLOOXV %DFLOOXV VS5DQG %DFLOOXV FHUHXV ZHUHXVHGLQVLQJOHDQGPL[HG FXOWXUHWRVWXG\WKHFRSURGXFWLRQRIFHOOXODVHVDQGPDQJDQHVHSHUR[LGDVHV XVLQJZDVWHQHZVSDSHUDVDVROHFDUERQVRXUFH7KH KLJKHVW OHYHO RI FHOOXODVHV SURGXFWLRQ ZDV QRWLFHG DIWHU K LQ WKH PL[HG FXOWXUH )38 PJ :KLOH WKH ORZHVW SURGXFWLRQ ZDV REVHUYHG DOVR LQ WKH PL[HG FXOWXUH DIWHU K RI LQFXEDWLRQ )38 PJ )RU WKH SHUR[LGDVHV SURGXFWLRQZHQRWLFHGWKDW %DFLOOXV VS5DQGWKHPL[HGFXOWXUHKDYHVKRZQDQLPSRUWDQWFDSDFLW\WRSURGXFHSHUR[LGDVHV$ VWURQJSRVLWLYHFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQFHOOXODVHDQG0QSHUR[LGDVHZDVGHWHFWHGLQ %DFLOOXV VS 5,Q %DFLOOXV FHUHXVWKHUHZDVQR FRUUHODWLRQGHWHFWHGZKLOHLQWKHPL[HGFXOWXUHZHQRWLFHGWKDWFHOOXODVHKDVDVWURQJQHJDWLYHFRUUHODWLRQZLWK0QSHUR[LGDVH 7KHREWDLQHGUHVXOWVVKRZHGDUHPDUNDEOHG\HVGHFRORUL]DWLRQ&RQFHUQLQJ0HWK\OHQHEOXHWKH KLJKHVWOHYHORIGHFRORXUL]DWLRQ ZDVQRWLFHGLQ %DFLOOXV FHUHXV )RUQHXWUDOUHGWKHGHJUHHRIGHFRORXUL]DWLRQZDVDURXQGDQGWKDWIRUDOOFXOWXUHV )LQDOO\IRU&RQJRUHGGHFRORXUL]DWLRQ KDVUHDFKHGKLVPD[LPXPOHYHODIWHURQO\PLQRIUHDFWLRQIRUWKHWKUHHFXOWXUHV UHVSHFWLYHO\ 2015 The 7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG © Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license 6HOHFWLRQDQGRUSHHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI³3HWUX0DLRU´8QLYHUVLW\RI7LUJX0XUHV)DFXOW\RI(QJLQHHULQJ (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of “Petru Maior” University of Tirgu Mures, Faculty of Engineering .H\ZRUGV FHOOXODVH PDQJDQHVH SHUR[LGDVH FRSURGXFWLRQ ZDVWHQHZVSDSHU GHFRORXUL]DWLRQ %DFLOOXV
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO (PDLODGGUHVV NKHOLORPDU#KRWPDLOIU
2212-0173 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of “Petru Maior” University of Tirgu Mures, Faculty of Engineering doi:10.1016/j.protcy.2015.02.140
Omar Khelil et al. / Procedia Technology 19 (2015) 980 – 987
981
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ȕOLQNDJHV7KHVHFKDLQVDUHOLQNHGE\VWURQJK\GURJHQERQGLQJZKLFKIRUPV WKHFHOOXORVHFKDLQVLQWR PLFURILEULOV PDNLQJ LW FU\VWDOOLQH LQ QDWXUH DQG YHU\ UHFDOFLWUDQW WR GHJUDGDWLRQ >@ :KLOH OLJQLQ LV DQ DURPDWLF SRO\PHULWLVEXLOWIURPSKHQ\OSURSDQHXQLWVOLQNHGE\GLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIERQGV,WIRUPVDQLUUHJXODUQRQFULVWDOOLQH QHWZRUNLQWKHSODQWFHOO ZDOOZKLFKLVYHU\UHVLVWDQWWRPLFURELDOGHJUDGDWLRQ>@ /LJQRFHOOXORO\WLF HQ]\PHV LQFOXGLQJ FHOOXODVHV DQG SHUR[LGDVHV VWXGLHG LQ WKLV ZRUN KDYH JDLQHG WKHVH ODVW GHFDGHVDJUHDWELRWHFKQRORJLFDOSRWHQWLDOLQ YDULRXVLQGXVWULHVVXFKDVELRHQHUJ\ELRUHPHGLDWLRQ LQFOXGLQJG\HV GHFRORXUL]DWLRQIRRGWH[WLOHDQGODXQGU\SXOSDQGSDSHUDJULFXOWXUHDVZHOODVLQUHVHDUFKDQGGHYHORSPHQW>@ ,QFUHPHQWLQWKHXVHRIHQ]\PHVKDVERRVWHG UHVHDUFKHUVWRILQGPRUHORZFRVWVXEVWUDWHVE\XVLQJZDVWHELRPDVVDV DFDUERQVRXUFHIRUWKHSURGXFWLRQRIOLJQRFHOOXORO\WLFHQ]\PHV>@:DVWHQHZVSDSHUFDQEH XVHG DVDQDOWHUQDWLYH IRU ORZ FRVW SURGXFWLRQ RI OLJQRFHOOXORO\WLF HQ]\PHV EHFDXVH RI LWV KLJK OLJQRFHOOXORVH FRQWHQW FRQVLVWHQW FRPSRVLWLRQORZFRVWDQGUHDG\DYDLODELOLW\>@&RSURGXFWLRQVWUDWHJLHVDUHGHVLJQHGWRSURGXFHVLPXOWDQHRXVO\ PXOWLSOH HQ]\PHVZKLFKPDNHV WKHLU SURGXFWLRQ FRVW HIIHFWLYH ,QWKLVSDSHUZHXVHGZDVWHQHZVSDSHUDVWKHVROHFDUERQVRXUFH IRUFRSURGXFWLRQRI FHOOXODVHVDQGPDQJDQHVH SHUR[LGDVHV E\ WZR %DFLOOXV VWUDLQV %DFLOOXV VS 5 DQG %DFLOOXV FHUHXV LQ VLQJOH DQG PL[HG FXOWXUH :DVWH QHZVSDSHU LV XVHG LQ GLIIHUHQW DSSOLFDWLRQV DV ELRHWKDQRO SURGXFWLRQ >@ FRPSRVLWHV >@ HWF EXW WKHUH DUH OLPLWHG VWXGLHV WKDW GLVFXVVHG LWV XVH IRU HQ]\PHV SURGXFWLRQ )RU WKLV SXUSRVH WKLV ZRUN ZDV GHVLJQHG ZLWK WKH DLP RI WHVWLQJZDVWHQHZVSDSHULQGXFLELOLW\IRUFHOOXODVHVDQGSHUR[LGDVHVSURGXFWLRQXVLQJ %DFLOOXV VWUDLQVDOVRWKLVSDSHU UHSRUW WKH SRVVLEOH FRUUHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ FHOOXODVHV DQG PDQJDQHVH SHUR[LGDVHV 0RUHRYHU GHFRORXUL]DWLRQ RI WKUHH V\QWKHWLFG\HVZDVVWXGLHG 0DWHULDOVDQGPHWKRGV 0LFURRUJDQLVPVDQGFXOWXUHFRQGLWLRQV x %DFLOOXV VS5 ZDVLVRODWHGE\0U&KHED%HQ$PDUIURP5HGVHD WKHVWUDLQLV UHJLVWHUHGLQ *HQ%DQNGDWDEDVH ZLWKWKHDFFHVVLRQQXPEHU'4 x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
982
Omar Khelil et al. / Procedia Technology 19 (2015) 980 – 987
HQ]\PHDQGPORI0 VRGLXPFLWUDWHEXIIHUS+ LQFXEDWHGDW &IRUK 7KHUHGXFLQJVXJDUOLEHUDWHG ZDVGHWHUPLQHGE\WKHGLQLWURVDOLF\OLFDFLGPHWKRG>@ 2QHXQLWRIILOWHUSDSHUDFWLYLW\ LV GHILQHGDVWKHDPRXQWRI HQ]\PHUHTXLUHGWRSURGXFHPRO RI JOXFRVHSHUPLQXQGHUWKHDVVD\FRQGLWLRQ 7KHPDQJDQHVHSHUR[LGDVH0QSHUR[LGDVH DFWLYLW\ZDVDVVD\HGE\WKHR[LGDWLRQRIP00Q62LQP0 VRGLXPPDORQDWHS+ LQWKHSUHVHQFHRIP0 +20DQJDQLFLRQV0QIRUPDFRPSOH[ZLWKPDORQDWH ZKLFKDEVRUEVDWQP ڙ0FP >@ 5HDFWLRQPL[WXUHV PO FRQWDLQHG FUXGHHQ]\PH O VRGLXP PDORQDWH EXIIHU PO >@ WKH LQFXEDWLRQ ZDV GRQH DW & IRU PLQ WKH EODQN FRQWDLQHG DOO FRPSRQHQWV H[FHSWWKHHQ]\PH 2QH XQLWRI0Q3DFWLYLW\ZDVGHILQHGDVȝ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
'HFRORUL]DWLRQ
LQLWLDO
DEVRUEDQFH PHDVXUHG
LQLWLDO
DEVRUEDQFH
DEVRUEDQFH
u
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
983
Omar Khelil et al. / Procedia Technology 19 (2015) 980 – 987
ϭ͘ϮϬ
DŶW;hŵŐͲϭ ŵŝŶͲϭͿ
ϭ͘ϬϬ
&Wh;hŵŐͲϭͿ
ϯ͘ϱϬ
Ă ͘ƐƉ͘ZϮ
Ϭ͘ϴϬ
͘ĐĞƌĞƵƐ DŝdžĞĚĐƵůƚƵƌĞ
Ϭ͘ϲϬ Ϭ͘ϰϬ Ϭ͘ϮϬ Ͳ
ď
ϯ͘ϬϬ
͘ƐƉ͘ZϮ
Ϯ͘ϱϬ
͘ĐĞƌĞƵƐ
Ϯ͘ϬϬ
DŝdžĞĚĐƵůƚƵƌĞ
ϭ͘ϱϬ ϭ͘ϬϬ Ϭ͘ϱϬ Ͳ
ϮϰŚ
ϰϴŚ
ϳϮŚ
ϭϲϴŚ
ϮϰŚ
ϰϴŚ
dŝŵĞ;ŚͿ
ϳϮŚ
ϭϲϴŚ
dŝŵĞ;ŚͿ
)LJ 7LPHFRXUVH RIFHOOXORVH D DQG0QSHUR[LGDVH E SURGXFWLRQ E\ %DFLOOXVVS5 %DFLOOXVFHUHXV DQGPL[HGFXOWXUHUHVSHFWLYHO\
&HOOXODVHVDQGSHUR[LGDVHVFRUUHODWLRQ
ϯ͘ϬϬ Ϯ͘ϬϬ
Ϯ͘ϱϬ
ϭ͘ϱϬ
Ϯ͘ϬϬ ϭ͘ϱϬ
ϭ͘ϬϬ
ϭ͘ϬϬ Ϭ͘ϱϬ
Ϭ͘ϱϬ Ͳ
Ͳ K
K
K
ϭ͘ϴϬ ϭ͘ϲϬ ϭ͘ϰϬ ϭ͘ϮϬ ϭ͘ϬϬ Ϭ͘ϴϬ Ϭ͘ϲϬ Ϭ͘ϰϬ Ϭ͘ϮϬ Ͳ
Ϯ͘ϱϬ Ϯ͘ϬϬ ϭ͘ϱϬ ϭ͘ϬϬ Ϭ͘ϱϬ Ͳ
K
ϮϰŚ
ϰϴŚ
7LPHK
ϳϮŚ
ϭϲϴŚ
dŝŵĞ;ŚͿ &Wh
3URWHLQFRQWHQW
DŶW
WƌŽƚĞŝŶĐŽŶƚĞŶƚ
3URWHLQFRQWHQWPJ
0Q3
(Q]\PHVDFWLYLWLHV8
)38
3URWHLQFRQWHQWPJ
Ϯ͘ϱϬ
3URWHLQFRQWHQWPJ
(Q]\PHVDFWLYLWLHV8
ϯ͘ϱϬ
(Q]\PHVDFWLYLWLHV8
ϯ͘ϬϬ
ϰ͘ϬϬ
K
K
K
K
7LPHK )38
0Q3
3URWHLQFRQWHQW
)LJ &RUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQFHOOXODVHV0QSHUR[LGDVHVDQGSURWHLQFRQWHQWRI %DFLOOXVVS5%DFLOOXVFHUHXVDQGPL[HGFXOWXUH
7KHUHVXOWVRIFHOOXODVHDQGSHUR[LGDVHFRUUHODWLRQLOOXVWUDWHGLQILJXUHDQGUHFDSLWXODWHGLQWKHWDEOHUHYHDOHG x ,Q %DFLOOXVVS5 WKHUHZDVDVWURQJ SRVLWLYH FRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQFHOOXODVHDQG0QSHUR[LGDVH 7DEOH WKH FHOOXODVHDQG0QSHUR[LGDVHDFWLYLWLHVFRUUHODWHGLQDOOWLPHVRILQFXEDWLRQ)LJD :KLOHZHDNSRVLWLYH FRUUHODWLRQV ZHUHIRXQGEHWZHHQHQ]\PHVDFWLYLWLHVDQGSURWHLQFRQWHQW7DEOH )LJD x ,Q %DFLOOXVFHUHXV WKHUH ZDVQRFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQFHOOXODVHDQG0QSHUR[LGDVH7DEOH SURWHLQFRQWHQWZDV VWURQJO\SRVLWLYHO\FRUUHODWHGZLWKFHOOXODVHDFWLYLW\DQGZHDNO\FRUUHODWHGZLWK0QSHUR[LGDVH7DEOH)LJ E x ,QWKHPL[HGFXOWXUHZHQRWLFHGWKDWFHOOXODVH KDVDVWURQJQHJDWLYHFRUUHODWLRQZLWK0QSHUR[LGDVHDQGSURWHLQ FRQWHQW7DEOH)LJF ZKLOH0QSHUR[LGDVHKDVDVWURQJSRVLWLYHFRUUHODWLRQZLWKSURWHLQFRQWHQW7DEOH )LJF
984
Omar Khelil et al. / Procedia Technology 19 (2015) 980 – 987
7DEOH 3HDUVRQFRUUHODWLRQFRHIILFLHQWU EHWZHHQ FHOOXODVHV DQG SHUR[LGDVHVDFWLYLWLHV DQGHQ]\PHVDFWLYLW\ZLWKSURWHLQFRQWHQWRI %DFLOOXVVS 5 %DFLOOXVFHUHXV DQGPL[HGFXOWXUH 3HDUVRQ &RUUHODWLRQFRHIILFLHQW U )3$3URWHLQ &RQWHQW
)3$0Q3
%DFLOOXVVS5
%DFLOOXVFHUHXV
0L[HGFXOWXUH
5HPDUNV
0Q3 3URWHLQ &RQWHQW
6WURQJ SRVLWLYH FRUUHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ FHOOXODVH DQG 0Q SHUR[LGDVH :HDNSRVLWLYHFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQFHOOXODVHDQGSURWHLQ FRQWHQW :HDN SRVLWLYH FRUUHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ 0Q SHUR[LGDVH DQG SURWHLQFRQWHQW
1RFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQFHOOXODVHDQG0QSHUR[LGDVH 6WURQJ SRVLWLYH FRUUHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ FHOOXODVH DQG SURWHLQFRQWHQW :HDN SRVLWLYH FRUUHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ 0Q SHUR[LGDVH DQG SURWHLQFRQWHQW
6WURQJ QHJDWLYH FRUUHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ FHOOXODVH DQG 0Q SHUR[LGDVH 6WURQJ QHJDWLYH FRUUHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ FHOOXODVH DQG SURWHLQFRQWHQW 6WURQJSRVLWLYHFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQ0QSHUR[LGDVHDQG SURWHLQFRQWHQW
)3$ILOWHUSDSHUDFWLYLW\0Q3PDQJDQHVHSHUR[LGDVH
(IIHFWRILQFXEDWLRQWLPHRQG\HVGHFRORXUL]DWLRQ ϵϬй
ϱϬй ϰϱй ϰϬй ϯϱй ϯϬй Ϯϱй ϮϬй ϭϱй ϭϬй ϱй Ϭй
ϴϬй ϳϬй
Ă
ď
ϲϬй ϱϬй
͘ƐƉ͘ZϮ
͘ƐƉ͘ZϮ
ϰϬй
͘ĐĞƌĞƵƐ
ϯϬй
͘ĐĞƌĞƵƐ
DŝdžĞĚĐƵůƚƵƌĞ
ϮϬй
DŝdžĞĚĐƵůƚƵƌĞ
ϭϬй Ϭй ϰϱŵŝŶ
ϵϬŵŝŶ
ϭϯϱŵŝŶ
ϰϱŵŝŶ
ϭϴϬŵŝŶ
dŝŵĞ;ŵŝŶͿ
ϵϬŵŝŶ
ϭϯϱŵŝŶ
ϭϴϬŵŝŶ
dŝŵĞ;ŵŝŶͿ
ϴϬй ϲϬй
Đ
ϰϬй
͘ƐƉ͘ZϮ ϮϬй ͘ĐĞƌĞƵƐ Ϭй ϰϱŵŝŶ
ϵϬŵŝŶ
ϭϯϱŵŝŶ
ϭϴϬŵŝŶ
DŝdžĞĚĐƵůƚƵƌĞ
ͲϮϬй ͲϰϬй
dŝŵĞ;ŵŝŶͿ
)LJ (IIHFWRILQFXEDWLRQWLPHRQ0HWK\OHQHEOXHD 1HXWUDOUHG E DQG&RQJRUHG F GHFRORXUL]DWLRQ RIE\FUXGHHQ]\PHVH[WUDFWHGIURP %DFLOOXVVS5%DFLOOXVFHUHXVDQGPL[HGFXOWXUHUHVSHFWLYHO\
Omar Khelil et al. / Procedia Technology 19 (2015) 980 – 987
985
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
986
Omar Khelil et al. / Procedia Technology 19 (2015) 980 – 987
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²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
Omar Khelil et al. / Procedia Technology 19 (2015) 980 –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
987