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Coal science in the 20th century
01
Solid fuels (sources, winning, properties)
The aim of this research was to determine the relative proportions of solution and non-solution radium in river waters in the Silesia region of Poland and its vicinity. Samples were collected in May 1997 from the Vistula River at seven different locations, and from six tributaries during medium river level conditions. Samples were filtered, and separate analyses were conducted on the liquid and solid phases. Radium was separated by co-precipitation (with PbCrOd and BaS04). The thin sources obtained were analysed by alpha-spectrometer with silicon detectors, and by low-background gamma spectrometer (the recovery of radium was controlled by Ba-133 tracer). The highest activity of Ra-226 in the water samples was 334fll mBq I-‘, whereas the lowest result was O&l mBq II’. These results suggest that radium is transported in solution form (or as very tiny particles). 02lOOO20 Coal science in the 20th century Sanada, Y. Nippon Enerugi Gakkaishi, 2000, 79, (S), 416433. (In Japanese) A review with 19 references. One of the significant changes brought by the industrial revolution required a reliable source of power. As alternative resources of wood, hydro- and wind-powers, drastic increase of production and consumption of coal have occurred in the last and in this centuries. The value of coal is process heat, electricity, transportation fuels, metals for extracting from their ores and chemicals derived from coal-tar. The industries need qualification and classification of coal. On the other hand fundamental investigation of coal has been motivated and initiated at the same periods. This review is concerned on coal science started at the early and middle stages in the 20th century. Special attentions are put on classification and formation of coal, graphical statistical analysis with coal band, aromatic cluster in coal structure as well as network and molecular association of coal. Probes at the structure analysis and reactions are extracted and discussed. The way to keep the sustainable civilized society in the next century is the efficient utilization of coal as one of the energy and carbonaceous resource. This implies that the enhancement of the research activities on coal even in the 21st century is important. 02/00021 Comparative characteristics of the two stages of Mesozoic bauxite formation in the Urals Mikhailov, B.M. Lifol. Polezn. Iskop., 1998, 1, 42-50. (In Russian) In the Mesozoic geological section of the Urals, two subdivisions corresponding to two different periods of bauxite formation are known: in the Upper Triassic and in Aptian-Turonian. The age boundaries of the two bauxite formation stages are determined; the composition, geology, and formation of each is characterized; and resource assessment is done or each. The Late Triassic bauxites are associated with lateritic weathering crusts at the edges of coal-bearing depressions, in the East Ural zone of Early Mesozoic rift genesis. The AptianTuronian bauxites occur in karst depressions and formed during widespread development of kaolinite weathering crusts to a karst platform. The Cretaceous bauxites are higher grade than the Triassic bauxites but are not as high grade as the Late Paleogene-Quaternary hauxites of West Africa and South America. 02/00022 Construction of model structures of Upper Freeport coal extracts using solid-state 13C NMR chemical shift calculation Kawashima, H., Takanohashi, T. Prepr. Symp. - Am. chemical Sot., Div. Fuel chemical, 1999, 44, (3), 614618. The authors improved the model structures of Upper Fre:q;F;i extracts by comparison of actual and calculated solid-state spectra. The extract (60 wt% on raw coal basis) from CSz-NMP extraction at room temperature was separated into acetone-soluble, acetone-insoluble/pyridine-soluble, and pyridine-insoluble fractions.
Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence was used for the determination of carbon in coal and ash samples. A rhodium side-window tube was used for C Ka excitation and a synthetic multilayer crystal (2d = 12.2 nm) for excited radiation analysis. The samples, undiluted or diluted with boric acid, were pressed as layers of 0.16 g cm-* thickness on to a boric acid support. The relative standard deviation was 1.8, 1.5 and 15% for undiluted, diluted coal and ash, respectively. 02/00025 Development history of coal mines and advanced mining technology in Japan Nohara, H. Nippon Enerugi Gakkaishi, 2000, 79, (4), 254-266. (In Japanese) A review with nine references. 02/00026 Distribution of trace elements in Czech black and brown coals Kbka, Z. et al. Uhli-Rudy-Geol. Pruzkum, 1999, 6, (1 I), 9-16. (In Czech) A mathematical model was derived for determination of distribution of trace elements in Czech black and brown coals. The model was verified on experimental data. Any element can have a different affinity to an organic mass and an inorganic mass in different coals. The affinity is determined by the origin of coal and its interaction with environment. 02lOOO27 CSdNMP Norinaga, chemical,
Effect of addition of salts on coal extraction in mixed solvent K. et al. Prepr. Symp. - Am. chemical Sot., Div. Fuel 2000, 45, (2), 248-252.
The effect of addition of various salts on the extraction of seven different coals with carbon disulphide-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (CS2NMP) mixed solvent (1 : 1 by volume) was investigated. Addition of some salts considerably increased the extraction yield for several coals. For Upper Freeport coal, in particular, the addition of a very small amount (0.25 mol/kg-coal) of tetrabutylammonium fluoride increased the extraction yield from 60 to 84%. The effect of a kind of anions on the extraction yield was also examined. It was found that the charge density of anion is responsible for the increase of the extraction yields. The fractionations of the extracts using pyridine indicate that the extracts obtained with the additive contain heavier constituents than those without the additive. 02/00026 Effect of the pore-structure of coals and their chars on the reactivity of the chars Fukuda, M., Oda, H. Sekitan Kagaku Kaigi Happy0 Ronhunshu, 1998, 35th, 467-470. (In Japanese) In order to investigate the effect of the pore-structure of coals and their chars on the reactivity of the chars, four kinds of chars which were carbonized at 1273 K with different heating-rate were prepared. The surface area and the content of oxygenic functional groups of 35 coals and the surface area and the reactivity of chars were examined. It seemed that the reactivity of chars depended on the surface area of chars and the content of oxygenic functional groups of parent coals. 02/00029 Efficient and clean power production: minimizing impacts of inorganic components in coal and other fuels Benson, S.A. et al. Prepr. Symp. - Am. chemical Sot.. Div. Fuel chemical,
2000, 45, (I), 88-92.
02/00023 Determination of chlorine in coals by ion chromatography Zhang, L. er al. Yangkuang Ceshi, 1999, 18, (4). 299-302. (In Chinese) A method for determination of total chlorine in raw coals by ion chromatography is developed. The relative standard deviation of this method is 0.77%. The related coefficient of standard working curve is 0.9998. Linear range for chlorine is 0.01 to 24 mg/L. The raw coal was fused by Eschks mixture at (800+25)“C and was leached by deionized water. The chlorine in leached solution was determined by ion chromatography. The recoveries of standard addition for chlorine in different coal samples are in a range of 97.8-104.4%. The method has been applied to the determination of total chlorine in 18 raw coal samples. The results are in agreement with those provided by argentometric titration.
A review with six references. The inorganic components associated with coal and other solid fuels influence the design and operation of power systems. The problems associated with inorganic species include abrasion, corrosion, and erosion of system parts; slag flow in wetbottom systems; fouling and slagging of heat-transfer surfaces; formation of fine particulate and vapour-phase species that are difficult to collect and can cause adverse environmental effects; plugging of gas-filtering systems; and disposal and utilization of ash residuals. The inorganic components associated with solid fuels consist of major, minor, and trace elements, which occur in a wide range of forms. For example, the association of inorganic components in coal depends on rank and depositional environment. Firing solid fuels for power production transforms the inorganic species to gases, liquids, and solids and carries them through the system with the bulk gas flow. The interaction and behaviour of the inorganic gases, liquids, and solids in the system are dependent upon system design and operating conditions. Research and development over the past 20 years have provided key insights into the fundamental behaviour of major, minor, and trace elements in combustion and gasification systems as well as associated pollution control systems, leading to improvements in the performance and design of conventional and advanced power systems.
02lOOO24 Determination of the carbon content in coal and ash by X-ray fluorescence Parus, J. er al. X-Ray Specrrom., 2000, 29, (2) 192-195.
02lOOO30 EPR characteristics of petrographically coal samples from durain and clarain Wieckowski, A.B. ef al. Fuel, 2000, 79, (9). 1137-l 141.
4
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 2002
complex
Solid fuels (sources, winning, properties)
The aim of this research was to determine the relative proportions of solution and non-solution radium in river waters in the Silesia region of Poland and its vicinity. Samples were collected in May 1997 from the Vistula River at seven different locations, and from six tributaries during medium river level conditions. Samples were filtered, and separate analyses were conducted on the liquid and solid phases. Radium was separated by co-precipitation (with PbCrOd and BaS04). The thin sources obtained were analysed by alpha-spectrometer with silicon detectors, and by low-background gamma spectrometer (the recovery of radium was controlled by Ba-133 tracer). The highest activity of Ra-226 in the water samples was 334fll mBq I-‘, whereas the lowest result was O&l mBq II’. These results suggest that radium is transported in solution form (or as very tiny particles). 02lOOO20 Coal science in the 20th century Sanada, Y. Nippon Enerugi Gakkaishi, 2000, 79, (S), 416433. (In Japanese) A review with 19 references. One of the significant changes brought by the industrial revolution required a reliable source of power. As alternative resources of wood, hydro- and wind-powers, drastic increase of production and consumption of coal have occurred in the last and in this centuries. The value of coal is process heat, electricity, transportation fuels, metals for extracting from their ores and chemicals derived from coal-tar. The industries need qualification and classification of coal. On the other hand fundamental investigation of coal has been motivated and initiated at the same periods. This review is concerned on coal science started at the early and middle stages in the 20th century. Special attentions are put on classification and formation of coal, graphical statistical analysis with coal band, aromatic cluster in coal structure as well as network and molecular association of coal. Probes at the structure analysis and reactions are extracted and discussed. The way to keep the sustainable civilized society in the next century is the efficient utilization of coal as one of the energy and carbonaceous resource. This implies that the enhancement of the research activities on coal even in the 21st century is important. 02/00021 Comparative characteristics of the two stages of Mesozoic bauxite formation in the Urals Mikhailov, B.M. Lifol. Polezn. Iskop., 1998, 1, 42-50. (In Russian) In the Mesozoic geological section of the Urals, two subdivisions corresponding to two different periods of bauxite formation are known: in the Upper Triassic and in Aptian-Turonian. The age boundaries of the two bauxite formation stages are determined; the composition, geology, and formation of each is characterized; and resource assessment is done or each. The Late Triassic bauxites are associated with lateritic weathering crusts at the edges of coal-bearing depressions, in the East Ural zone of Early Mesozoic rift genesis. The AptianTuronian bauxites occur in karst depressions and formed during widespread development of kaolinite weathering crusts to a karst platform. The Cretaceous bauxites are higher grade than the Triassic bauxites but are not as high grade as the Late Paleogene-Quaternary hauxites of West Africa and South America. 02/00022 Construction of model structures of Upper Freeport coal extracts using solid-state 13C NMR chemical shift calculation Kawashima, H., Takanohashi, T. Prepr. Symp. - Am. chemical Sot., Div. Fuel chemical, 1999, 44, (3), 614618. The authors improved the model structures of Upper Fre:q;F;i extracts by comparison of actual and calculated solid-state spectra. The extract (60 wt% on raw coal basis) from CSz-NMP extraction at room temperature was separated into acetone-soluble, acetone-insoluble/pyridine-soluble, and pyridine-insoluble fractions.
Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence was used for the determination of carbon in coal and ash samples. A rhodium side-window tube was used for C Ka excitation and a synthetic multilayer crystal (2d = 12.2 nm) for excited radiation analysis. The samples, undiluted or diluted with boric acid, were pressed as layers of 0.16 g cm-* thickness on to a boric acid support. The relative standard deviation was 1.8, 1.5 and 15% for undiluted, diluted coal and ash, respectively. 02/00025 Development history of coal mines and advanced mining technology in Japan Nohara, H. Nippon Enerugi Gakkaishi, 2000, 79, (4), 254-266. (In Japanese) A review with nine references. 02/00026 Distribution of trace elements in Czech black and brown coals Kbka, Z. et al. Uhli-Rudy-Geol. Pruzkum, 1999, 6, (1 I), 9-16. (In Czech) A mathematical model was derived for determination of distribution of trace elements in Czech black and brown coals. The model was verified on experimental data. Any element can have a different affinity to an organic mass and an inorganic mass in different coals. The affinity is determined by the origin of coal and its interaction with environment. 02lOOO27 CSdNMP Norinaga, chemical,
Effect of addition of salts on coal extraction in mixed solvent K. et al. Prepr. Symp. - Am. chemical Sot., Div. Fuel 2000, 45, (2), 248-252.
The effect of addition of various salts on the extraction of seven different coals with carbon disulphide-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (CS2NMP) mixed solvent (1 : 1 by volume) was investigated. Addition of some salts considerably increased the extraction yield for several coals. For Upper Freeport coal, in particular, the addition of a very small amount (0.25 mol/kg-coal) of tetrabutylammonium fluoride increased the extraction yield from 60 to 84%. The effect of a kind of anions on the extraction yield was also examined. It was found that the charge density of anion is responsible for the increase of the extraction yields. The fractionations of the extracts using pyridine indicate that the extracts obtained with the additive contain heavier constituents than those without the additive. 02/00026 Effect of the pore-structure of coals and their chars on the reactivity of the chars Fukuda, M., Oda, H. Sekitan Kagaku Kaigi Happy0 Ronhunshu, 1998, 35th, 467-470. (In Japanese) In order to investigate the effect of the pore-structure of coals and their chars on the reactivity of the chars, four kinds of chars which were carbonized at 1273 K with different heating-rate were prepared. The surface area and the content of oxygenic functional groups of 35 coals and the surface area and the reactivity of chars were examined. It seemed that the reactivity of chars depended on the surface area of chars and the content of oxygenic functional groups of parent coals. 02/00029 Efficient and clean power production: minimizing impacts of inorganic components in coal and other fuels Benson, S.A. et al. Prepr. Symp. - Am. chemical Sot.. Div. Fuel chemical,
2000, 45, (I), 88-92.
02/00023 Determination of chlorine in coals by ion chromatography Zhang, L. er al. Yangkuang Ceshi, 1999, 18, (4). 299-302. (In Chinese) A method for determination of total chlorine in raw coals by ion chromatography is developed. The relative standard deviation of this method is 0.77%. The related coefficient of standard working curve is 0.9998. Linear range for chlorine is 0.01 to 24 mg/L. The raw coal was fused by Eschks mixture at (800+25)“C and was leached by deionized water. The chlorine in leached solution was determined by ion chromatography. The recoveries of standard addition for chlorine in different coal samples are in a range of 97.8-104.4%. The method has been applied to the determination of total chlorine in 18 raw coal samples. The results are in agreement with those provided by argentometric titration.
A review with six references. The inorganic components associated with coal and other solid fuels influence the design and operation of power systems. The problems associated with inorganic species include abrasion, corrosion, and erosion of system parts; slag flow in wetbottom systems; fouling and slagging of heat-transfer surfaces; formation of fine particulate and vapour-phase species that are difficult to collect and can cause adverse environmental effects; plugging of gas-filtering systems; and disposal and utilization of ash residuals. The inorganic components associated with solid fuels consist of major, minor, and trace elements, which occur in a wide range of forms. For example, the association of inorganic components in coal depends on rank and depositional environment. Firing solid fuels for power production transforms the inorganic species to gases, liquids, and solids and carries them through the system with the bulk gas flow. The interaction and behaviour of the inorganic gases, liquids, and solids in the system are dependent upon system design and operating conditions. Research and development over the past 20 years have provided key insights into the fundamental behaviour of major, minor, and trace elements in combustion and gasification systems as well as associated pollution control systems, leading to improvements in the performance and design of conventional and advanced power systems.
02lOOO24 Determination of the carbon content in coal and ash by X-ray fluorescence Parus, J. er al. X-Ray Specrrom., 2000, 29, (2) 192-195.
02lOOO30 EPR characteristics of petrographically coal samples from durain and clarain Wieckowski, A.B. ef al. Fuel, 2000, 79, (9). 1137-l 141.
4
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 2002
complex