Coastal scenic evaluation at Santa Catarina (Brazil): Implications for coastal management

Ocean and Coastal Management 160 (2018) 146–157

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Ocean and Coastal Management journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ocecoaman

Coastal scenic evaluation at Santa Catarina (Brazil): Implications for coastal management

T

Samanta da Costa Cristianoa,e,∗, Luana Carla Portzb, Giorgio Anfusoc, Gabriela Camboim Rocketta, Eduardo Guimarães Barbozaa,d a

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul- PPGGEO/IGEO/UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43113, Sala 207 (Bloco I), Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil b Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55 - 66, Barranquilla, Colombia c Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Spain d Centro de Estudos em Geologia Costeira e Oceânica, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, CECO/IGEO/UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Caixa Postal: 15001, Porto Alegre CEP: 91501-970, RS, Brazil e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gerenciamento Costeiro, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande- PPGC/IO/FURG, Av. Itália, Km 8, Bairro Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil

A B S T R A C T

Continuous and increasing human coastal occupations and developments, often linked to the lack of adequate management plans, seriously threat coastal and marine environments. The knowledge of natural aspects of coastal environments and human occupation characteristics is essential for adequate and sound coastal planning. The present research characterized 80 coastal sites scenic value along the South and Center-South coast of Santa Catarina (Brazil), which receive huge tourist arrivals during the summer season, i.e. from December to March. Coastal evaluation was carried out by means of the Scenery Evaluation System and information on conservation status, beach awards and human occupation level was also gathered. Sites located on the Central-South coast have higher D values due to their relevant physical characteristics, such as the presence of bays, cliffs, mountainous landscape, etc. being very different from those in the South, where the coast is low, rectilinear and unattractive. Class I represents c. 10% of the Center-South coast and class V c. 8%. In the South, the situation is different and none of the sectors was assessed as class I or III, only one sector belongs to class II, and the rest are classified as class IV and V. Obtained information opens new viewpoints to local coastal managers for analysis of the potential for national and international coastal tourism development in: i) natural areas, taking into account that a growing category of beach goers prefer isolated sites of great scenic beauty, and ii) for scenic quality improvement of current tourist developed areas.

1. Introduction Coastal towns have several economic advantages due to the presence of oceans, lagoons and rivers (Lacher et al., 2013). Traditional coastal destinations that have natural conditions of sun, sea and sand (3S) have been outdated by other coastal destinations that also have heritage and cultural elements. Tourists are looking for authentic products, such as patrimonial tourism (Agarwal, 2002; Sedmak and Mihalic, 2008). One of the deficiencies of coastal destinations development is the homogenization of culture and appearance of the area, which often leads to lack of unique and significant characteristics (Gale, 2005). This homogenization can cause future problems, since new

tourists require unique and authentic experiences and activities at their holiday destinations (Poon, 1993). This new kind of demand is leading to a restructuration of the coastal tourism industry (Agarwal, 2002). The Brazilian Tourism Ministry classifies “Sun and Beach Tourism” as touristic activities related to recreation, entertainment, or relaxation on beaches, due to the presence of water, sun, and good weather conditions. With this approach, tourist market has been studied to organize and plan the coastal and marine shoreline areas of this type of destination, including as an objective: principles of sustainability and the promotion of quality tourism (Martins da Silva and Soriano-Sierra, 2013). Santa Catarina (SC) coast is among the main Brazilian touristic

∗ Corresponding author. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gerenciamento Costeiro, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande- PPGC/IO/FURG, Av. Itália, Km 8, Bairro Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (S. da Costa Cristiano), [email protected] (L.C. Portz), [email protected] (G. Anfuso), [email protected] (G.C. Rockett), [email protected] (E.G. Barboza).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.04.004 Received 23 August 2017; Received in revised form 29 January 2018; Accepted 8 April 2018 0964-5691/ © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ocean and Coastal Management 160 (2018) 146–157

S. da Costa Cristiano et al.

Fig. 1. Location of the study area, marine beaches in South Coast and Center-South coast of Santa Catarina. Basemap ESRI®; Shapefile IBGE, Datum - WGS-84.

The diversity and comprehensiveness of the tourism potential, and especially its impacts in Santa Catarina, require the recognition of the possibility and necessity of preservation and valorization of the elements that compose the social-environmental, landscape, and historical-cultural heritage. It is necessary to publicize the best use of these existing attributes and thus help promote sustainable development. In this context, it is necessary to present alternatives to the traditional 3S tourist market. These alternatives can be done by divulging to tourists the leisure activities that are connected to the landscape and the anthropogenic characteristics of each beach, so that they can decide which beach to visit. Rangel-Buitrago et al. (2013) and Anfuso et al. (2017) demonstrated as the Coastal Scenic Evaluation System (Ering et al., 2006) constitutes a very useful tool to objectively characterize coastal sites and evidenced as such kind of studies opens new perspectives to local managers. This is the case of this paper that represents a pioneer study carried out on this topic along the coast of Santa Catarina (Brazil). Results are very important to local managers to: i) promote sustainable tourism in natural pristine sites of a smaller but growing category of national and international people that prefer isolated sites, usually located in natural protected areas; ii) to advance coastal scenery characteristics of already touristic places by lowering human impacts; iii) to propose sound management plans for future tourist occupations and developments in order to preserve coastal scenic value.

destinations. It is internationally recognized as a prestigious summer destination, specially fit for 3S characteristic tourism. In 2003, the natural attractions were the reason for the visit of 63.1% of the state tourists (SANTUR, 2005). International tourists come mainly from Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay (SANTUR, 2012). In general, tourism is seasonal and massive, especially in regions that have seasonal variations, such as the humid subtropical climate with the hot summer of SC coast (climate defined as Cfa by Köppen classification, according to Peel et al., 2007). This factor explains the usual deficiencies of urban infrastructure and services, which contribute, in several cases, to the reduction of environmental quality and weakening of touristic destinations that are important for the generation of jobs and income (MT, 2010). Santa Catarina has a considerable diversification of attributes for tourism; however, the existing tourism potential is underutilized. The beaches features, linked with the environmental-landscape structure, is the majors reasons because tourists choose the state of SC. These characteristics create seasonal (summer) tourism unequally distributed over the territory (Meurer and Lins, 2008). The analysis made by Souza et al. (2007) showed a strong oscillation of tourist flux. This seasonal tourism causes problems related to: overloading of town infrastructure, traffic jams, lack of skilled labour and low quality of touristic services. Thereby, other problems such as the occupation of previously preserved areas with an increase of environmental risks due to disordered occupation, depleted basic sanitation, beach erosion, decharacterization of traditional communities, and reduction of exploitable natural resources also occur (Tischer et al., 2015). Landscape degradation mainly affects the coastal scenario (“the appearance of an area” – Council of Europe, 2000), an important component of beach tourism. Santa Catarina coast represents a good study case regarding the process of territory artificialization. It presents a high population and occupation dynamic, due to the demand of the real estate market, tourism, and urban development (Ferreira et al., 2009). The central/north area, a region with a high level of occupation and presence of tourists, has problems that are typical of large agglomerations: contamination of underground, superficial, and sea water, removal of vegetation and soil, and interference to marine sediment dynamics (Santos and Câmara, 2002). The main concern during summer season is the water quality. A high number of beaches in this region have been classified as unfit for recreational bathing due to sea water pollution (Tischer et al., 2015; FATMA, 2017).

2. Study area Santa Catarina state is located in the South of Brazil and has 38 coastal municipalities (Andrade and Scherer, 2014). For management purposes, these municipalities are grouped in five coastal sectors: North, Center-North, Center, Center-South, and South (Santa Catarina State Decree number 5.010/06, 3rd Article). The South and CenterSouth sectors (Fig. 1) constitute the area selected for this study, with 10 municipalities – Passo de Torres, Balneário Gaivota, Balneário Arroio do Silva, Araranguá, Balneário Rincão, Jaguaruna, Laguna, Imbituba, Garopaba and Paulo Lopes. This area located in the northern sector of the Pelotas Basin, a marginal sedimentary basin with approximately 40,000 km2 emerged area (Dias, 1994). At the northern end of the basin its most prominent geomorphologic characteristic is the scarped coastal range that, when intersecting the coastline, creates coastal embayments where are 147

Ocean and Coastal Management 160 (2018) 146–157

S. da Costa Cristiano et al.

value. Usually this classification was applied to very specific sites (Ergin et al., 2004), i.e. to beach sectors c. 500 m in width; in this study, adjacent and homogeneous sectors were joined to have a complete cover of investigated coastline.

observed: barriers, strandplains, pocket beaches and estuarine systems (Hesp et al., 2009). The coastal plain is formed by alluvial fan systems and by the lateral juxtaposition of barrier-lagoon depositional systems, firstly defined for the Rio Grande do Sul by Villwock et al. (1986). According to Rosa et al. (2011, 2017) each barrier-lagoon sedimentary system exposed as a high-frequency depositional sequence. The CenterSouth sector is characterized for pocket beaches, and South sector is characterized for the most extensive sandy coastal sector, and representing the larger coastal embayment of the northern of the Pelotas Basin (Dillenburg and Barboza, 2014). Urban growth in the Center-South sector of Santa Catarina state began by Laguna city. Its economic development was based on the combination of family farming and artisanal fishing. In the beginning of the 70s there was an increase of activities related to mass tourism in the South area of the State, boosted by the finalization of the federal road BR-101, which began to be implemented in the 50s allowing the connection between Santa Catarina and the neighboring states. Since then, the increased touristic demand associated with real estate speculation, and associated disordered occupation, threat the ecosystems – with environmental impacts such as pollution of water bodies, erosional processes in dune system and loss in coastal vegetation - and the quality of life of the resident population (Scherer et al., 2006; Vieira et al., 2009). Brazil has several rules, laws, decrees, and resolutions that regulate the use of and activities on the coast. However, besides the available legal structure, the tools are barely used, and actions do not occur according to the principles and guidelines of the National Coastal Management Plan in most of the states (Scherer et al., 2009; Portz et al., 2011).

3.2. Occupation and state of conservation The beaches were also classified according to (i) presence of Conservation Units (CUs) and (ii) human occupation, in order to complement the information from the evaluation of coastal scenarios method. A Conservation Unit is defined by the Brazilian National System of Conservation Units (SNUC) as: a “territorial space and its environmental resources, including jurisdictional waters, which have relevant natural characteristics, legally declared by the government, with defined conservation objectives and limits, under special management rules, to which adequate protection guarantee applies” and could be divided into 12 categories inside two large groups: sustainable use and integral protection (Brasil, 2000). Each Conservation Units (CUs), which has to be created by the State through a specify law or decree in Brazil, have specific purposes and land use possibilities. They must have a specific Management Plan including the whole area, buffer zone, and wildlife corridors, and measures for the promotion of economic and social integration of the neighboring communities (Brasil, 2000). The national register of CUs is available online and includes CUs from the three levels of public administration (federal, state, and municipal). The anthropogenic occupation was classified based on the premises of the “Orla” Project classification method (MMA and MPO, 2002). Adapting to this method, the beach sectors were divided in:

3. Material and methods

• Natural, with low or null human occupation; • Village, with low to medium occupation, mostly linked to traditional communities or tourist services (less than 50% of the beachfront); • Urban, with high occupation (more than 50% of the beachfront).

In this study, 80 sectors of marine beaches from the South and Center-South areas of Santa Catarina were analysed by a multidisciplinary team of researchers (biologists, geologists, geographers and oceanographers), through remote sensing imagery evaluation (via Google Earth) and field works during the summer period of 2015 and 2016. The study coast was divided according to its landscape diversity. Some sectors coincide with well-defined beaches – some of them were sub-divided when convenient for a better evaluation of the coastal scenario. The political boundaries were considered and only those municipalities are bordering the Atlantic Ocean were evaluated. All data were spatialized using softwares ArcGis™ 10.3 and Google™ Earth.

4. Results and discussions The 80 evaluated beach sectors presented coastal scenarios varying from classes I to V (Fig. 2 and Interactive Map [.kmz]). The study area has four CUs, which include almost 80% of the sectors (Fig. 2): i) the Environmental Protected Area of the Southern Right Whale (Área de Proteção Ambiental [APA] da Baleia Franca), which covers almost the entire Center-South Coast; and ii) three CUs recently established in Araranguá (South Coast), the Environmental Protection Area of Araranguá Coast, the Morro dos Conventos Natural Monument, and Araranguá River Extractive Reserve. The CUs named Environmental Protected Area or Extractive Reserve are areas of sustainable use, where several uses, including illegal ones, can be currently found. The Natural Monument category belongs to the group of integral protected areas (Cristiano et al., 2018). The Environmental Protected Area of the Southern Right Whale and the CUs in Araranguá were respectively created in 2000 and 2016. They both faces complicated management issues since the former must manage a large territory and the later is in an early stage of implementation. Concerning coastal occupation, the relation between the scenic classification of the sites and their occupation levels (natural, village or urban) shows clear, interesting patterns (Fig. 3). Urban beaches constitute the great majority of class V sites and their importance greatly and progressively decreases in classes II and III (higher D value). In class I, natural beaches predominate, and their number evidently reduces until class IV (lower D value). Most of village beaches belong to class III and their percentage reduces towards higher and lower classes (higher D value towards class 1 and lower D value towards class V, Fig. 3). Such behaviour was observed in several previous studies and is linked to the increase of human impacts and activities on the coastal area (Anfuso et al., 2017). In actual tourist destinations noting can be

3.1. Evaluation of the coastal scenarios The landscape quality evaluation of the South and Center-South coastal scenarios was carried out by the application of the Coastal Scenery Evaluation System proposed by Ergin et al. (2002, 2004, 2006, 2011). The method utilized in this study has already been tested in many places, such as, Spain, Colombia, Cuba, Brazil and others (i.e. Williams et al., 2012, Rangel-Buitrago et al., 2013, 2018, Anfuso et al., 2014, Cristiano et al., 2015a). This methodology uses fuzzy logic to estimate weights for 26 parameters (18 relatives to physical parameters and eight (8) human-related parameters – Table 1). The main parameters that denote landscape quality were classified in a scale from 1 (absence/bad quality) to 5 (presence/excellent quality). A mathematical model based on fuzzy logic was utilized to integrate the parameters weights in a special system for the scenarios classifications and not all parameters have the same importance. As a result, the value “D” is obtained: it indicates the attractiveness of the evaluated places and ranges from Class I (D value ≥ 0.85) - extremely attractive natural site; Class II (0.85 < D ≤ 0.65) - natural, attractive areas with high landscape value; Class III (D value 0.65 < D ≤ 0.40) - mostly natural areas with low landscape value; Class IV (0.40 < D ≤ 0.0) - urban areas, mainly unattractive, with low landscape value; Class V (D < 0.0) unattractive urban areas, with intense development and low landscape 148

Ocean and Coastal Management 160 (2018) 146–157

S. da Costa Cristiano et al.

Table 1 Scenic evaluation checklist used in this study (Ergin et al., 2004). Physical Parameters

1

2

3

4

5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent

5–30 m 45° 1 Mud 5 > 100 Dark 5° 5m Distinctly jagged

61–90 m Circa 75° 3 Pebble/Gravel > 25 ≤ 50 Light tan/bleached 10°–20° 10–20 m Shallow pitted

90 m Circa vertical Many (3) Sand > 50 ≤ 100 White/gold 20°–45° 20 m Smooth

Remnants Dry valley Flat

31–60 m Circa 60° 2 Cobble/Boulder > 5 ≤ 25 Dark tan 5°–10° 5–10 m Deeply pitted and/or irregular Fore-dune (1 m) Stream Undulating Meso (2–4 m) 2

Secondary ridge (1–4 m) Stream Highly undulating

Several River/limestone gorge Mountainous Micro (2 m) Many (3) Open on four sides Very clear turquoise

Cliff

Beach Face

Rocky Shore

Height (m) Slope (°) Special featuresa Type Width (m) Colour Slope (°) Extent (m) Roughness

10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Dunes Valley Skyline landform Tides Coastal landscape featuresb Vistas Water colour and clarity

Absent Absent Not visible Macro (4 m) None Open on one side Muddy brown/grey

17

Natural vegetation cover

Bare

1 Open on two sides Milky/blue/green/ opaque Scrub/garigue

18

Vegetation debris

Continuous

Human parameters 19 20 21 22

Green/grey/blue

3 Open on three sides Clear blue/dark blue

Wetlands/meadow

Coppices, maquis

Full strand line

Single accumulation

Few scattered items

Varity of mature trees/mature natural cover None

1

2

3

4

5

Noise disturbance Litter Sewage discharge evidence Non built environment

Intolerable Continuous Sewage evidence None

Tolerable Full strand line

Little Few scattered items

23

Built environmentc

Heavy Industry

24

Access type

25

Skyline

No buffer zone/heavy traffic Very unattractive

Heavy tourism and/ or urban No buffer zone/light traffic

None Virtually absent No evidence of sewage Field mixed cultivation trees/ natural Historic and/or none

26

Utilities

d

3

3

Single accumulation Same evidence (1–3 items) Hedgerow/terracing/ monoculture Light tourism and/or urban and/or sensitive

Sensitively designed high/ low 2

Sensitive tourism and/or urban Parking lot visible from coastal area Very sensitively designed 1

Parking lot not visible from coastal area Natural/historic feature None

a

Cliff Special Features: indentation, banding, folding, screes, irregular profile. Coastal Landscape Features: Peninsulas, rock ridges, irregular headlands, arches, windows, caves, waterfalls, deltas, lagoons, islands, stacks, estuaries, reefs, fauna, embayment, tombola, etc. c Built Environment: Caravans will come under Tourism, Grading 2: Large intensive caravan site, Grading 3: Light, but still intensive caravan sites, Grading 4: Sensitively designed caravan sites. d Utilities: Power lines, pipelines, street lamps, groins, seawalls, revetments. b

outcrops on both ends, and the presence of semi-vegetated dunes. The weighted averages and membership degree reflect the good scores at natural and human parameters (Fig. 4A). The sector of Ouvidor South, in the municipality of Garopaba, belongs to class I too with a D = 0.9. This value is close to the lower class I limit so special attention has to be devoted to maintaining good scores at both natural and human parameters especially the control of beach litter. Class II sectors were equally distributed between the village and natural areas. A sector of special interest is Praia do Rosa (D = 0.85, lower class I limit), located in the municipality of Imbituba, where the coast is formed by a very attractive bay (Fig. 4B). This sector belongs to a non-anthropogenic stretch showing a landscape of relevant beauty formed by a wide light beige sandy beach that contrasts with the Atlantic forest on the rocky promontories. The membership degree curve peaks at attribute 4. The weighted average of the physical parameters is higher at attribute 4 (good quality), while the weighted average of the human parameters is higher at attribute 5, evidencing null human impacts. Another class II sector that deserves to be mentioned is Praia do Gi North, in the municipality of Laguna. This sector has a D = 0.66, close to class III. Precaution measures contributed to the landscape improvement, since more impacts would take the sector to class III. This is because of the practice of car access on the beach “cultural” in the region - involves emission of noise, litter and visual pollution, without a buffer zone between the leisure and parking area.

done to improve natural parameters, so managers have to try to improve human parameters such as noise, litter, etc. Concerning physical beach characteristics, the assessed beaches are sandy and wide, with quartz sediment of a golden tone, in contrast to other parts of the world, such as Cuba, where beaches have a wide range of tones (Pranzini et al., 2016). Even so, the South and CenterSouth beaches are different mainly due to physical parameters. Beaches from the Center-South area have higher D values due to the presence of relevant physical characteristics, such as bays, islands, and peninsulas; such forms are classified as special coastal landscape features and favour high scores to the site. In the South, the coast is low, and beaches are rectilinear and less attractive, with not many special characteristics. This is reflected in an increase of the sites classified in classes IV and V.

4.1. The Center-South coast Sectors along the Center-South coast are distributed from class I to V (Interactive Map), with higher concentration in class III and lower in class V. Exactly, 9.84% of sectors belongs to class I; 13.11% to class II; 36.07% to class III; 34.43% to class IV, and 8.2% to class V. Six sectors belonging to class I are predominantly natural areas with almost null human impacts. Gravatá beach, in the municipality of Laguna (Fig. 4A), obtained the highest D value (0.97) among the whole set of studied beaches. The sandy beach is part of a bay, with rocky 149

Ocean and Coastal Management 160 (2018) 146–157

S. da Costa Cristiano et al.

Class IV sectors represent 34.43% of the Center-South coast. They have predominantly human characteristics, which intimately affect their classification. They are beaches with pleasant landscape aspects degraded by the disordered use and occupation of the coast. Among the class IV sectors, Garopaba sector (located in the municipality of Garopaba – Fig. 5A) presented D = 0.38, close to class III lower limit, and Porto de Imbituba sector (located in the municipality of Imbituba – Fig. 5B) presented D = 0.05, close to class V. Both sectors have similar weighted averages, with a membership degree curves peak at attribute 4. Despite that Port of Imbituba is a port area, it still maintains natural elements of beauty. Garopaba sector is constituted by a light beige sandy beach, located in a medium size bay. Concerning human impacts, the backshore is occupied by human installations, e.g., restaurants, hotels, houses, and path walks, fishing boats are on the beach and litter items are observed on the beach. Garopaba sector has a high occupancy rate and anthropogenic infrastructures consolidated in visible areas of the beach, which makes difficult any kind of actuation to upgrade the site. Among class V sites can be observed beaches with high scores at physical parameters but low ones at human parameters because very negatively influenced by human activities/developments. Class V, with five sectors, corresponds to 8.2% of the investigated coast: four sectors are located in the municipality of Jaguaruna, with geological/geomorphological characteristics very similar to the South sector beaches, i.e. unattractive landscape, disordered coastal occupation and use (Fig. 5C); and one sector at Prainha, in the municipality of Laguna, with an attractive landscape greatly affected by anthropic actuations (Fig. 5D). Class V sectors have the lowest weighted averages. The membership degree curve of Arroio Corrente sector behaves differently: there are peaks on attributes 2 and 4, reflecting the differences between the values given to the physical and human characteristics (Figure C). Prainha (D = −0.31 – Fig. 5D) is the only beach within a bay along the CenterSouth coast that belongs to class V, the others are located in low and rectilinear coasts. The membership degree curve of Prainha decays towards higher values, with a small peak at attribute 3. Its physical parameters have elevated values, but its dunes were substituted for a pathway that is periodically destroyed by storm waves. Besides that, the presence of sewage generates unpleasant odors, threatens seawater quality and reduces general environmental quality.

Fig. 2. – Location of the Conservation Units and distribution of coastal scenic classes sites along the study area. Basemap ESRI®; Datum - WGS-84.

Fig. 3. Graph showing the percentage of different types of coastal occupation according to the scenic classes distribution.

4.2. The South coast

However, there is no massive use of vehicles, which depends on several factors, as evidenced in other areas. Control measures to the anthropic impacts (e.g. the limitation of cars access) would allow to obtain a D = 0.81, i.e. upgrade the site to class II. Class III sectors include a great variety of cases, i.e. urban beaches of great natural beauty, beautiful natural beaches and village areas. Two sectors are discussed: Portinho do Rosa, Imbituba municipality (Fig. 4C), with D = 0.64, close to class II and the Cardoso South sector in the municipality of Laguna, with D = 0.42, close to class IV (Fig. 4D). Portinho do Rosa is located in a small bay where human constructions are constituted by traditional fishing shacks that match the local landscape. The membership degree curve of this sector has its peak in attribute 4, due to the convergence between physical and anthropic parameters. For the Cardoso South sector, the membership degree curve is balanced between attributes 3 and 4, since it presents a natural scenario, but also counts on the “cultural” traffic of cars, more intense during holidays. If human interventions were to cease in both sectors, only Portinho do Rosa would reach class II, since the improving of human parameters at Cardoso South sector are not sufficient to upgrade it due to the limited value of its natural parameters, your dunes and shellmounds are not relevant in the weighting.

Sites belonging to the South coast have lower classifications than those of the Center-South coast. Only one sector belongs to class II (Morro dos Conventos Preserved, 5.26%) and none to class I and III (Interactive Map). The 42.11% of coast belongs to class IV, and 47.37% to class V. This sector has similar characteristics to beaches located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, studied by Cristiano et al. (2015a), which are also mostly distributed among classes IV and V due to their unattractive physical characteristics and negative human impacts. Morro dos Conventos Preserved Beach (D = 0.85, Fig. 6A), in the municipality of Araranguá, is the only class II sector in the South Coast. It has low human occupation and its scenario stands out among the rectilinear and sandy beaches of this coast due the view of a paleo cliff and a river mouth (Cristiano et al., 2018). Negative scores are due to the transit of vehicles of fishermen and official ones (lifeguards, police, etc.). Araranguá River mouth on the Atlantic Ocean is a relevant scenic feature on the north limit of the sector. However, the river brings through its blue and green waters, tree branches and litter, which are deposited on the beach and dunes by the wave action, impoverishing the landscape. The sector is included in a mosaic of Municipal Conservation Units (Environmental Protected Area of Araranguá Coast, Morro dos Conventos Natural Monument, and Araraguá River Extractive Reserve). These characteristics lead to high weighted averages and a membership degree curve with a peak between attributes 4 and 5 150

Ocean and Coastal Management 160 (2018) 146–157

S. da Costa Cristiano et al.

Fig. 4. Photographs, weighted averages of the physical and human parameters, and membership degrees for class I, II, and III sectors of the Center-South area: A) Gravatá, in municipality of Laguna; B) Praia do Rosa (North Rosa), municipality of Imbituba; C) Portinho do Rosa, municipality of Imbituba; D) Cardoso South, municipality of Laguna.

Right Whale, and the north limit of the South coast. The sector belongs to class IV (D = 0.04), shows low human occupation, but vehicles circulation - that generates unpleasant noise. Relevant physical characteristics include a light beige sandy beach, well conserved frontal dunes, and a river mouth (Urussanga River) located in the north area, bringing many plant debris and litter items, which are deposited, as at Araranguá, by the waves on the beach reducing landscape attractiveness. Removal of litter is practically impossible due to its huge quantity and the presence of large items dimensions, which are often buried (Rangel-Buitrago et al., 2018). However, the circulation of cars and other anthropogenic actions can be controlled to maintain the quality of the scenario in class IV.

(good quality) and with the implementation of these protected areas tends to remain a conserved beach. Paiquerê sector (Fig. 6B), in the municipality of Araraguá, belongs to class IV, with D = 0.29, the second highest score among the South Coast sectors. Paiquerê is located in Araranguá Coast Environmental Protected Area, has a coast with village occupation, frontal dunes vegetated by Casuarina spp. (an exotic invasive specie), and access to official and fishermen vehicles. The weighted averages and membership degree curve are lower respect to the previous sector and more balanced between values attributes 3 and 4. Barra do Rincão is located in the municipality of Balneário Rincão; it is the south limit of the Environmental Protected Area of the Southern 151

Ocean and Coastal Management 160 (2018) 146–157

S. da Costa Cristiano et al.

Fig. 5. Photographs, weighted averages of the physical and human parameters, and membership degrees of the class IV and V sectors along the Center-South Coast of Santa Catarina.

Santa Catarina. This area combines no relevant physical parameters with disordered anthropic use (Fig. 6D). The membership degrees curve of the sector is high between attributes 1 and 2 (absence/bad quality), decaying towards attribute 5. Some other factors that reduce its attractiveness, even more, include the presence of houses/commercial buildings in the backshore, circulation of vehicles, litter items, and evidences of sewage discharge noticeable for the associated unpleasant odor.

Two beaches located in the municipality of Balneário Arroio do Silva belong to class V. Both have rectilinear and sandy seashores, with turbid waters. Arroio do Silva North (Fig. 6C) has obtained a D value = - 0.03, close to class IV. It is a sector of little occupation, including a fishing platform and vehicle access. These characteristics are shown on the membership degree curve, with a peak at attribute 2, but balanced between attributes 3 and 5 (good quality), as well as the weighted average values. This data indicates that management actions for human impacts could upgrade the sector to class IV, like the north sector (Paiquerê). If the access of vehicles to the beach is ceased, there would be a reduction in the emission of noise and litter, which would upgrade the sector to class IV (D = 0.16). Arroio do Silva Center sector, in the South coast, has D = −0.59, being the beach with the lowest D value among the studied ones in

4.3. Manageable aspects Environmental changes on Santa Catarina coast began with the first isolated and small settlements, through the implementation of road networks and construction of infrastructure and buildings, changing in 152

Ocean and Coastal Management 160 (2018) 146–157

S. da Costa Cristiano et al.

Fig. 6. Photographs, weighted averages of the physical and human parameters, and membership degrees of the class II, IV and V sectors South Coast of Santa Catarina: A) Morro dos Conventos Preservado, municipality of Araranguá; B) Balneário Paiquerê, municipality of Araranguá; C) Arroio do Silva North, municipality of Balneário Arroio do Silva; D) Arroio do Silva Center, municipality of Balneário Arroio do Silva.

threatened biomes of the world and, even reduced and fragmented, still holds great biodiversity (MMA, 2007). The disordered occupation and decharacterization of natural heritage have caused negative consequences over coast scenic value, as evidenced in Fig. 3. A clear example of lack of planning can be seen in Prainha, in Cabo de Santa Marta Region (municipality of Laguna), which had its natural landscape modified by disordered anthropic use (Figs. 5D and 7D), and suffers the consequences of human actions. Misuse of natural resources might result in degradation of the touristic value of the destination, including the reduction of its scenic beauty, leading to economic decline. The environmental restrictions imposed by Conservation Units are a management tool and a touristic attraction for the beaches. They are, however, ineffective (mostly areas

the last decades to the implementation of large urban conglomerates (Scherer et al., 2006). These pressures quickly and irreversibly affected the environment, with the destruction of native vegetation, watercourse rectification, repurpose of wetlands, and change of the original topography (Scherer et al., 2006). This coastal region has a high environmental sensitivity, which requires a lot of caution when planning uses and urban occupation in order to avoid environmental and material damage. As an example of resources exploitation, Santa Catarina was completely covered by the Atlantic Forest biome (IBGE, 2004), and nowadays only 23.2% of the original vegetation is left. Besides that, the deforestation rates have increased by 29% when compared to the 2010–2011 period (SOS MATA ATLÂNTICA and INPE, 2013). The Atlantic Forest is one of the most 153

Ocean and Coastal Management 160 (2018) 146–157

S. da Costa Cristiano et al.

higher or lower impact on the landscape. In Fig. 7 there are some types of lifeguard houses installed along the study area, which contribute to security at the beaches, but cause landscape degradation. Access type and associated noise are other manageable anthropic factors that negatively influence coastal landscape and have relevant weights on the assessment. Traditionally, the use of motorized vehicles was common on beaches. People park the vehicles and listen to music, and off-road vehicles are racing (Fig. 8A). These habits create noise, which makes the beach environment uncomfortable for the visitors. The circulation of vehicles is also an issue regarding accidents and environmental impacts. The risk factor must be highlighted after a car on the beach, in Balneário Arroio do Silva municipality, hit a child in the summer of 2017. The same municipality has - in the central sector of the beach, a public truck racing event, which produced a fatal accident in 2014. Vehicle circulation on the beach is an internationally recognized problem since it affects coastal ecosystems (Godfrey and Godfrey, 1980; Schlacher et al., 2008; Schlacher and Thompson, 2008; Schlacher and Luchrezi, 2010; Houser et al., 2013; etc), including the dune systems (Portz et al., 2016). Degradation of frontal dunes vegetation, sand compaction, oil pollution, and disposition of litter are some of the main direct impacts caused by vehicle circulation on the beach. Environmental quality is one of the main factors for the selection of touristic beaches, due to public health questions (ABEA, 2008). Presence of litter (Fig. 8B), in most cases essentially consisting of plastic items as commonly observed in tourist places (Maziane et al., 2018) and evidence of contaminated water (Fig. 8E), degrade the coastal landscape, besides restricting recreational bathing activities. In this context, Santa Catarina Environmental Foundation (FATMA) periodically monitors seawater quality along the whole coast.

are in class V) since, according to Vitali and Uhlig (2010), it is still necessary to implement effective public policies, directed to meet the Conservation Units objectives that allow the fulfillment of their creative purpose. This way, they will be able to contribute more effective, as a conservation tool, for the tourism development allied to the maintenance of natural heritage, especially to the coastal scenarios inherent attractiveness. In 2011, the Federal Public Ministry recommended that the municipalities that belong to the Environmental Protected Area of the Southern Right Whale should not allow new interventions on Permanent Preservation Areas (defined by the Federal Law number 12,651/2012). The measure is necessary due to the lack of planning and disrespect to the environmental legislation, which threaten not only sensitive ecosystems, but also human health and coastal protection (Cristiano et al., 2015b). Together with the deficient supervision and inexistence of optimistic short-term perspectives for the population, has contributed to a continuous and risky irregular occupation, which culminated and contributed to the degradation of the coastal landscape of Jaguaruna (Cristiano et al., 2015b, 2017). The Environmental Protected Area of the Southern Right Whale has, as main objective, to protect the Southern Right Whale. However, another socio-environmental conflict caused by boat whale-watching touristic activities has been creating several discussions (Medeiros and Albuquerque, 2015). In 2012, a Civil Public Action was created, requesting the management agency to carry out supervision of the companies that provide whale-watching tours in boats (Medeiros and Albuquerque, 2015). The presence of touristic infrastructure on the beach, if implemented inadequately, might cause landscape depreciation. Lifeguard houses are an example of essential infrastructures, which can have

Fig. 7. Example of lifeguard house structures along the study area. A) Municipality of Balneário Arroio do Silva; B) Arroio Corrente, municipality of Jaguaruna; C) Dunas do Sul, municipality of Jaguaruna; D) Prainha, municipality of Laguna. 154

Ocean and Coastal Management 160 (2018) 146–157

S. da Costa Cristiano et al.

Fig. 8. Manageable aspects of the South and Center-South coast sectors of Santa Catarina. A) Motorbikes at Arroio Corrente (municipality of Jaguaruna) in an area with high circulation of people and vehicles; B) Lack of garbage bins maintenance at Arroio Corrente Beach, municipality of Jaguaruna; C) Beach north of Urussanga River mouth, with deposition of various types of litter that damage the landscape; D) Araranguá River mouth, with branches that are part of the landscape; E) Sewage disposal and buildings on the shoreline of Arroio do Silva sector, municipality of Balneário Arroio do Silva.

The odor is an important factor for tourism satisfaction level assessment studies (Lee and Lee, 2015) and in water quality (Völker and Kistemann, 2012). Preferences and impressions over the landscape are also affected by the water odor (Chen et al., 2009; Coeterier, 1996), which might even affect people moods (Steinwender et al., 2008). However, odor is not analysed in the utilized coastal scenery evaluation method, but it is strictly linked to evidences of sewage discharges (associated with the presence of litter and decomposition of plant remains) - unpleasant smell has been noticed at least at two class V beaches: Prainha (municipality of Laguna, Center-South coast) and Arroio do Silva Center (municipality of Balneário Arroio do Silva, South coast – Fig. 8E). The environmental impacts over natural and urban systems change the decisions of tourist due to environmental quality (Richardson and Loomis, 2004). Considering that tourists avoid contaminated beaches, unclean natural areas, and areas that have lost their identities due to urban models of settlement and architecture, the state of Santa Catarina has a lot to evolve. The reduction of mass tourism impacts can be initiated by stimulating new touristic centers in nearby areas; this could also constitute an important vector for local development. This must primarily focus on the endogenous potential and be planned and structured to contribute for a better quality of life of the receiving community as well as the conservation of local natural resources

Water quality problems regarding recreational bathing activities mainly occur due to the presence of coliform bacteria in the water, even though the sand is also a favourable environment for the spread of diseases (Dorst, 1973). The possibility of sand contamination by microorganisms, which puts visitors at risk of infections by zoonosis, was highlighted in sand quality studies of the beaches in Laguna (Blazius et al., 2006) and Balneário Rincão (Almeida, 2011). In Laguna, sand contamination is attributed to dogs and cats that freely live in the assessed areas. There are reports of frequent hookworm (Ancylostoma spp.) infections in local fishermen (Blazius et al., 2006). In Balneário Rincão, the presence of litter and the circulation of domestic animals are related to sand contamination; according to coliform parameters, despite the presence of microorganisms, the area is adequate for use (Almeida, 2011). Besides that, the presence of dangerous litter items (e.g. sharp objects) might cause accidents (Rangel-Buitrago et al., 2018). In addition to litter items abandoned by tourists and deposited by waves, there are also items transported by watercourses. Some beaches of the study area have river mouths that transport large amounts of litter, from domestic litter items to large amounts of vegetation debris including entire trees (Fig. 8C). The presence of litter impoverishes landscape, even though big tree branches might become part of it, serving as bird perches (Fig. 8D). 155

Ocean and Coastal Management 160 (2018) 146–157

S. da Costa Cristiano et al.

can be obtained analysing the histograms of each specific site in order to understand the score obtained at each parameter and decide sound actuation to improve poor aspects. Disordered occupation, inadequate destination of litter and sewage, and traffic of vehicles are among the anthropic conflicts that negatively affect the landscape because of the deficient management of the studied beaches. The maintenance of present tourism development typologies and construction rates will lead to a permanent deterioration of coastal scenic value, one of the main touristic attractions especially in the Center-South coast. Thus, future tourism developments must be designed under accurate sound management plans and, this study is a first step in such direction.

(Meguis et al., 2015). Lack of disclosure and lack of information on the internet, especially information regarding the scenarios relevance and environmental quality of the beaches, are among the factors that contribute to tourism concentration in specific areas (Nascimento, 2004). The problems that occur in some beaches of the study area are also recurrent in several touristic destinations of the North Coast of Santa Catarina (Ferreira et al., 2009). The main environmental pressures that result from the summer season on these destinations are related to potable water supply, high production of litter and sewage, pollution of residual water and air, and noise (Martins da Silva and Soriano-Sierra, 2013). For the decentralization of tourism, it is necessary to increase the beaches disclosure of the study area, which has a great diversity of scenarios. Some tourist information measures are already being executed in Santa Catarina state, such as the smartphone application (app) launched in 2017. Through the app, tourists can plan their bathing destinations safely, since the app presents updated data from the monitoring project of Santa Catarina Environment Foundation. The disclosure can be leveraged through a app based on the data of this study, including scenarios classification, landscape type, and attractions, presence of touristic services and facilities, bathing conditions, anthropic impacts, access and presence of protected areas. In this way, the method gives useful and practical results to be used by beach goers, which can choose between natural and urbanised sites according to their interests and necessities. The presented information can also help managers regarding manageable landscape aspects, especially in sectors with low scenic relevance. Many identified aspects can and must be managed, with consistent action plans, based on technical studies. In this context, some of the emergency management measures aiming the enhancement to local tourism are:

Acknowledgments The first and second authors respectively carried out a short stage (founded by the Fundación Carolina) and a technical visit (under the Petrobras Human Resources Training Program PRH-PB15) at Cadiz University (Spain) to learn about the Coastal Scenic Evaluation System method. Thanks go to the National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) for the doctoral fellowships to the first author and the colleagues and professors of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) and the Universidad de Cádiz (Spain). Thank also to Louize Paz, Lucas Fontes, Claudete Medeiros, Nádia Schimitt and Carlito Canto, for the photos availability. And Julio Fernandes de Oliveira for the logistic assistance for some evaluations. Appendix A. Supplementary data Supplementary data related to this article can be found at http://dx. doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.04.004. References

• Banning of vehicle access to vulnerable environments, particularly beaches with large circulation of people; • Recuperation of degraded natural spaces; • Improvement of basic sanitation; •

ABAE - Associação Bandeira Azul da Europa, 2008. Monotorização da qualidade das areias em zonas balneares – Época Balnear de 2008. Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Portugal. https://bandeiraazul.abae.pt/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/ 2015/02/relatorio-areias-nov2008.pdf, Accessed date: 12 December 2017. Agarwal, S., 2002. Restructuring seaside tourism. The resort lifecycle. Ann. Tour. Res. 29, 5–55. Almeida, E.A.F., 2011. Microbiologia e parasitologia da areia da praia do Balneário Rincão, Içara, SC. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso da Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense – UNESC, Criciúma. http://repositorio.unesc.net/handle/1/1351, Accessed date: 20 December 2017. Andrade, J., Scherer, M.E.G., 2014. Decálogo da gestão costeira para Santa Catarina: avaliando a estrutura estadual para o desenvolvimento do Programa Estadual de Gerenciamento Costeiro. Desenvolv. Meio Ambiente 29, 139–154. Anfuso, G., Williams, A.T., Cabrera-Hernández, J.A., Pranzini, E., 2014. Coastal Scenic assessment and tourism mamagement in western Cuba. Tour. Manag. 42, 307–320. Anfuso, G., Williams, A.T., Casas, G., Botero, C.M., Cabrera Hernandez, J.A., Pranzini, E., 2017. Evaluation of the scenic value of 100 beaches in Cuba: implications for coastal tourism management. Ocean. Coast. Manag. 142, 173–185. Blazius, R.D., Silva, O.S., Kauling, A.L., Rodrigues, D.F.P., Lima, M.C., 2006. Contaminação da areia do Balneário de Laguna, SC, por Ancylostoma spp., e Toxocara spp. em amostras fecais de cães e gatos. Arq. Catarin. Med. 35, 55–58. Brasil, Presidência da República, 2000. Lei nº 9.985, de 18 de julho de 2000. Regulamenta o art. 225, § 1º, incisos I, II, III e VII da Constituição Federal. institui o Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação da Natureza e dá outras providências, Brasília, DF. http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l9985.htm, Accessed date: 12 December 2017. Chen, B., Adimo, O.A., Bao, Z., 2009. Assessment of aesthetic quality and multiple functions of urban green space from the users' perspective: the case of Hangzhou Flower Garden, China. Landsc. Urban. Plan. 93, 76–82. Coeterier, J.F., 1996. Dominant attributes in the perception and evaluation of the Dutch landscape. Landsc. Urban. Plan. 34, 27–44. Council of Europe, 2000. European Landscape Convention. Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe, Florence, Italy. https://rm.coe.int/1680080621, Accessed date: 12 December 2017. Cristiano, S.C., Barboza, E.G., Martins, E.M., Gruber, N.L.S., 2017. Caracterização da costa marinha do Balneário Camacho (Santa Catarina, Brasil) como subsídio à gestão. J. Coast Zone Manag. 17, 37–63. Cristiano, S.C., Martins, E.M., Gruber, N.L.S., Barboza, E.G., 2015b. Avaliação do processo de ocupação irregular na zona costeira: caso da “invasão Maria Terezinha”, município de Jaguaruna/SC. Gravel 13, 1–14. Cristiano, S.C., Portz, L., Nasser, P.C., Pinto, A.C., da Silva, P.R., Barboza, E.G., 2018. Strategies for the management of the marine shoreline in the orla Araranguá project.

o Maintenance of garbage bins on beaches; o Proper collection and treatment of sewage, in order to maintain suitable recreational bathing parameters; o Improvements to the existent touristic infrastructure; Environmental supervision.

5. Conclusions Santa Catarina Coast receives a growing number of tourists, which creates demand for touristic services and infrastructures. The scenic beauty of the study area is undeniable, especially along the CenterSouth coast. Class I beaches are essentially natural, with minimum human activity. Class II includes natural beaches with low occupation, often consisting of traditional village fishing houses (“caiçaras”) and, in some cases, high standard constructions well integrated into the landscape. In general, class III includes beaches with different levels of human occupation that, at places, inevitably affect natural scenic beauty. Class IV shows a large diversity of coastal scenarios, from low attractive natural scenic sites to attractive beaches greatly affected by inadequate use. Class V beaches are essentially located in urban areas with poor natural beauty. In this sense, the categorization of sites in classes allow a first and solid approach that permit coastal scenic evaluation. Such results are very useful to tourist to distinguish and consequently choose, between an urban beach, which will show a low scenic value but beach facilities and easy access, and a natural remote beach with an attractive landscape but limited access and, very probably, no facilities, lifeguards, etc. In this sense, as a result of this investigation, a smartphone application with an interactive map can be created to help tourists to find their favourite beach. Further information, in this case very useful to coastal managers, 156

Ocean and Coastal Management 160 (2018) 146–157

S. da Costa Cristiano et al.

Wallingford. Portz, L., Jardim, J.P.M., Manzolli, R.M., Gruber, N.S., 2016. Impactos no sistema de dunas: dinâmica natural versus interferência antrópica. Ambiente Sociedade 3, 135–154. Portz, L., Manzolli, R.M., Corrêa, I.C.S., 2011. Tools for environmental management applied to the coastal zone of Rio Grande do Sul. Braz. J. Coast Zone Manag. 11, 459–470. Pranzini, E., Anfuso, G., Botero, C., Cabrera, A., Campos, Y.A., Martinez, G.C., Williams, A.T., 2016. Sand colour at Cuba and its influence on beach nourishment and management. Ocean. Coast. Manag. 126, 51–60. Rangel-Buitrago, N., Correa, I.D., Anfuso, G., Ergin, A., Williams, A.T., 2013. Assessing and managing scenery of the Caribbean coast of Colombia. Tour. Manag. 35, 41–58. Rangel-Buitrago, N., Williams, A., Anfuso, G., 2018. Killing the goose with the golden eggs: litter effects on scenic quality of the Caribbean coast of Colombia. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 127, 22–38. Richardson, R., Loomis, J., 2004. Adaptive recreation planning and climate change: a contingent visitation approach. Ecol. Econ. 50, 83–99. Rosa, M.L.C.C., Barboza, E.G., Abreu, V.S., Tomazelli, L.J., Dillenburg, S.R., 2017. Highfrequency sequences in the Quaternary of Pelotas Basin (coastal plain): a record of degradational stacking as a function of longer-term base-level fall. Braz. J. Geol. 47 (2), 183–207. Rosa, M.L.C.C., Barboza, E.G., Dillenburg, S.R., Tomazelli, L.J., Ayup-Zouain, R.N., 2011. The Rio Grande do Sul (southern Brazil) shoreline behavior during the Quaternary: a cyclostratigraphic analysis. J. Coast. Res. 64, 686–690. SANTUR, Santa Catarina Turismo S.A, 2005. Pesquisa Mercadológica – Estudo da Demanda Turística. Sinopse Comparativa, vol. 2003. pp. 2004. e 2005. SANTUR/ Gerência de Planejamento. www.sol.sc.gov.br/santur, Accessed date: 12 December 2017. SANTUR, Santa Catarina Turismo S.A, 2012. Estudo da demanda turística - alta estação 2012. www.sol.sc.gov.br/santur, Accessed date: 12 December 2017. Santos, T.C.C., Câmara, L.B.D., 2002. Geo Brasil 2002 Perspectivas Do Meio Ambiente No Brasil. IBAMA, Brasília. http://www.ibama.gov.br/sophia/cnia/site_cnia/geo_brasil_ 2002.pdf, Accessed date: 12 December 2017. Scherer, M.E.G., Ferreira, C.M., Mudat, J., Cataneo, S., 2006. Urbanização e Gestão do Litoral Centro-Sul do Estado de Santa Catarina. Desenvolv. Meio Ambiente 13, 31–50. Scherer, M.E.G., Sanches, M., Negreiros, D., 2009. Gestão das Zonas Costeiras e as Políticas Públicas no Brasil: um diagnóstico. In: Barragan-Muñoz, J.M., Granados, P.A., Ruiz, J.A.C., Onetti, J.C., Sanabria, J.G. (Eds.), Manejo Costero Integrado y Política Pública en Iberoamerica: un diagnóstico. Necesidad de Cambio, first ed. RedIbermar (CYTED), Espanha, pp. 291–330. Schlacher, T.A., Lucrezi, S., 2010. Compression of home ranges in ghost crabs on sandy beaches impacted by vehicle traffic. Mar. Biol. 157, 2467–2474. Schlacher, T.A., Richardson, D., MClean, I., 2008. Impacts of off-road vehicles (ORVs) on macrobenthic assemblages on sandy beaches. Environ. Manag. 41, 878–892. Schlacher, T.A., Thompson, L.M.C., 2008. Physical impacts caused by off-road vehicles to sandy beaches: spatial quantification of car tracks on an australian barrier island. J. Coast. Res. 24, 234–242. Sedmak, G., Mihalic, T., 2008. Authenticity in mature seaside resorts. Ann. Tour. Res. 35 (4), 1007–1031. SOS MATA ATLÂNTICA, Fundação SOS Mata Atlântica, INPE, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 2013. Atlas dos remanescentes florestais da Mata Atlântia período 2011-2012. Relatório Técnico, São Paulo. https://www.sosma.org.br/wpcontent/uploads/2013/06/atlas_2011-2012_relatorio_tecnico_2013final.pdf, Accessed date: 12 December 2017. Souza, M.J.B., Ferreira, E., Suza, C.A.B., 2007. O turismo no Brasil e a necessidade de pesquisas no setor: a realidade em Santa Catarina. Tur. em Análise 18, 5–23. Steinwender, A., Gundacker, C., Wittmann, K.J., 2008. Objective versus subjective assessments of environmental quality of standing and running waters in a large city. Landsc. Urban. Plan. 84, 116–126. Tischer, V., Espinoza, H.C.F., Marenzi, R.C., 2015. Indicadores socioambientales aplicados en la gestión de ambientes costeros. Caso de estudio Santa Catarina, Brasil. Investigaciones Geográficas. Bol. del Inst. Geogr. 86, 53–66. Vieira, P.F., Cazella, A.A., Cerdan, C., Andion, C., 2009. Potencialidades e obstáculos à construção de territórios sustentáveis no estado de Santa Catarina. Política Soc. 8 (14), 335–380. Villwock, J.A., Tomazelli, L.J., Loss, E.L., Dehnhardt, E.A., Horn Filho, N.O., Bachi, F.A., Denhardt, B.A., 1986. Geology of the Rio Grande do Sul coastal province. In: Rabassa, J. (Ed.), Quaternary of South America and Antarctic Peninsula. A.A. Balkemapp, Rotterdam, pp. 79–97. Vitali, M., Uhlig, V.M., 2010. Unidades de Conservação de Santa Catarina. Sustentabilidade em debate 1, 43–61. Völker, S., Kistemann, T., 2012. “I'm always entirely happy when I'm here!” Urban blue enhancing human health and well-being in Cologne and Düsseldorf. Ger. Soc. Sci. Med. 78, 113–124. Williams, A.T., Micallef, A., Anfuso, G., Gallego-Fernadez, J.B., 2012. Andalusia, Spain: an assessment of coastal scenery. Landsc. Res. 37, 327–349.

In: Botero, C.M., Cervantes, O., Finkl, C.W. (Eds.), Beach Management Tools Concepts, Methodologies and Case Studies. Coastal Research Library 24, London, pp. 735–754. Cristiano, S.C., Rockett, G.C., Portz, L.C., Anfuso, G.A., Gruber, N.L.S., Williams, N.L.S., 2015a. Evaluation of coastal scenery in urban beaches: Torres, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. J. Coast Zone Manag. 16, 71–78. Dias, J.L., Sad, A.R.E., Fontana, R.L., Feijó, F.J., 1994. Bacia de Pelotas. Bol. Geociências Petrobras 8, 235–245. Dillenburg, S.R., Barboza, E.G., 2014. The strike-fed sandy coast of southern Brazil. In: In: Martini, I.P., Wanless, H.R. (Eds.), Sedimentary Coastal Zones from High to Low Latitudes: Similarities and Differences, vol. 388. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, pp. 333–352. Dorst, J., 1973. Antes que a natureza morra: por uma ecologia política. Edgar Blücher, São Paulo. Ergin, A., Karaesmen, E., Uçar, B., 2011. A quantitative study for evaluation of coastal scenery. J. Coast. Res. 27, 1065–1075. Ergin, A., Karaesmen, E., Micallef, A., Williams, A.T., 2004. A new methodology for evaluating coastal scenery: fuzzy logic systems. Area 36, 367–386. Ergin, A., Williams, A.T., Micallef, A., Karakaya, S.T., 2002. An innovate approach to coastal scenic evaluation. In: Ozhan, E. (Ed.), Beach Management in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. MEDCOAST, Turkey, pp. 215–226. Ergin, A., Williams, A.T., Micallef, A., 2006. Coastal scenery: appreciation and evaluation. J. Coast. Res. 22, 958–964. FATMA, Fundação do Meio Ambiente de Santa Catarina, 2017. Balneabilidade por balneário. http://www.fatma.sc.gov.br/laboratorio/dlg_balneabilidade.php, Accessed date: 12 December 2017. Ferreira, J.C., Silva, L., Polette, M., 2009. The coastal artifilization process. Impacts and challenges for the sustainable management of the coastal cities of Santa Catarina (Brazil). J. Coast. Res. 56, 1209–1213. Gale, T., 2005. Modernism, Post-modernism and the decline of british seaside resorts as long holiday destinations: a case study of Rhyl, North Wales. Tour. Geogr. 7, 86–112. Godfrey, P.J., Godfrey, M., 1980. Ecological effects of off-road vehicles on Cape Cod. Oceanus 23, 56–67. Hesp, P.A., Giannini, P.C.F., Martinho, T.C., Silva, G.M., Asp Neto, N.E., 2009. The Holocene barrier systems of the Santa Catarina coast, southern Brazil. In: Dillenburg, S.R., Hesp, P.A. (Eds.), Geology and Geomorphology of Holocene Coastal Barriers of Brazil. Springer, Berlin, pp. 93–134. Houser, C., Labude, B., Haider, L., Weymer, B., 2013. 2013. Impacts of driving on the beach: case studies from assateague island and Padre island national seashores. Ocean Coast. Manag. 71, 33–45. IBGE, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, 2004. Mapa de Biomas do Brasil: Primeira aproximação. http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/geociencias/ recursosnaturais/mapas_doc6.shtm, Accessed date: 12 December 2017. Lacher, R.G., Oh, C., Jodice, L.W., Norman, W.C., 2013. The role of heritage and cultural elements in coastal turism destination preferences: a choice modeling-based analysis. J. Trav. Res. 52, 534–546. Lee, L.H., Lee, Y.D., 2015. The impact of water quality on the visual and olfactory satisfaction of Tourists. Ocean. Coast. Manag. 105, 92–99. Martins da Silva, M.E., Soriano-Sierra, E.J., 2013. Gestión sustentable de la orla marítima en destinos turísticos una perspectiva social sobre el Proyecto Orla. Estud. Perspect. Tur. 22, 805–827. Maziane, F., Nachite, D., Anfuso, G., 2018. Artificial polymer materials debris characteristics along the Moroccan Mediterranean coast. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 128, 1–7. Medeiros, F.L.F., Albuquerque, L., 2015. A APA da Baleia Franca e o Turismo de Observação de Baleias Embarcado (TOBE): sustentabilidade ou Exploração Animal? Rev. Biodireito Direitos dos Animais 1, 30–53. Meguis, T., Farias, K., Viana, P., Hamoy, J., 2015. Do desenvolvimento global ao desenvolvimento local: novas perspectivas do desenvolvimento do turismo. Rev. Tur. Contemp. 3, 98–120. Meurer, R., Lins, H.N., 2008. Macroeconomia do turismo argentino em Santa Catarina. Rev. Tur. em Análise 19, 272–292. MMA, Ministério do Meio Ambiente, 2007. Levantamento da cobertura vegetal nativa do bioma Mata Atlântica. Relatório final, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Edital PROBIO 03/2004, 84 p. http://mapas.mma.gov.br/mapas/aplic/probio/datadownload.htm. MMA, Ministério do Meio Ambiente, MPO, Ministério do Planejamento, Orçamento e Gestão, 2002. Projeto Orla: Fundamentos para Gestão Integrada. MMA/SQA, MP/ SPU, Brasília. MT, Ministério do Turismo, 2010. Turismo de sol e praia: orientações básicas, second ed. Ministério de Turismo, Brasília. http://www.turismo.gov.br/sites/default/turismo/ o_ministerio/publicacoes/downloads_publicacoes/Turismo_de_Sol_e_Praia_Versxo_ Final_IMPRESSxO_.pdf, Accessed date: 12 December 2017. Nascimento, M.J., 2004. Informação: insumo básico para o desenvolvimento do setor de turismo em Santa Catarina. Perspect. Cienc. Inf. 9, 48–69. Peel, M.C., Finlayson, B.L., McMahon, T.A., 2007. Updated world map of the KöppenGeiger climate classification. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11, 1633–1644. Poon, A., 1993. Tourism, Technology and Competitive Strategies. CAB International,

157