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Coastal Zone Management: Multiple Use With Conservation
170
BOOK REVIEWS
As indicated by the name of the Symposium, it dealt with fundamentals rather than with applications, and it soon becomes evident to the reader that most of the papers are considerably more advanced and mathematically sophisticated than an average 1AHR conference paper. The flow in porous media is a branch of general hydrodynamics which seems to attract quite a lot of scientific talent, as well justified by the importance of tile subject. The book contains 32 papers, most of which are written in English. In a short review it is, of course, impossible to mention all the interesting contributions~ The first section is entitled: "General theory of transport processes related to fluid flow through porous media". The reviewer has been particularly fascinated by a paper on "Thermodynamic analogy of mass transport processes in porous media", written by Scheidegger and Liao and a paper on "Some aspects of heat and mass transfer in porous media" by G. Dagan, but the section contains several other papers of great interest. Section 2 is called: "'Deterministic and statistical characterization of porous media and computational methods of analysis". The section contains papers trying to summarize the state of the art as well as papers trying to penetrate deeply into specific aspects. Flow in inhomogeneous media is treated in a general way by Gheorghitza, and Bruggeman discusses an interesting reciprocity principle for heterogeneous and anisotropic me dia. Numerical problems are considered in a few papers. Section 3 contains the contributions related to coupled processes in porous media, including heat and mass transfer and polyphase flow phenomena. Although these subjects are of a somewhat more specialized nature, the results provide new information and important progress. The problem of hydrodynamic dispersion in porous media has become of increasing importance in recent years and is treated in three papm~ constituting section 4. Problems of perme ability, matrix de formability, consolidation, anisotropy an d heterogeneity are taken up in section 5, which contains six papers. Finally, section 6 contains two papers on surface phenomena. The book is well edited, nicely printed and is recommended to scientists working in the field, whether their main interest is hydrodynamics or soil physics. F. ENGELUND (Lyngby)
Coastal Zone Management." Multiple Use With Conservation. J. F. Peel Brahtz (Editor). University of California Engineering and Physical Sciences Extension Series. Wiley, New York, N.Y., 1972, 352 pp., £7.65. The coastal zone has been recognized in recent years as a highly important but vulnerable marine environment, and that action must be taken to protect it, if man is to retain this unique area for his varied uses, including fisheries, navigation, industrial water supply, recreation and amenities. It is the interface where the sea meets the land and the atmos-
BOOK REVIEWS
171
phere. As such, it is the focus for dynamic processes, arising from the combined effects of winds, waves, tides, coastal currents, and land runoff. The effects of the land impinge on the sea and vice versa. The coastal zone acts as a buffer between the land and the deep sea. Abstracting ionic constituents through biological activity, flocculating sedimentary materials through physical and chemical action, and removing waste substances by a combination of these processes, the coastal zone "protects" the open ocean against natural land effects and those arising out of many human enterprises. Long before the serious effects of man's intervention with nature are exhibited by the deep sea, the coastal zone may be degraded to the point where it becomes a liability, rather than an asset. The coastal zone is one that has many demands on it for industrial, commercial and social needs of man. Industry finds the coast attractive because of availability of: deep-sea harbours contributing to ease and economy of sea transportation; raw materials from local supplies, and through low-cost sea transport, from other areas of the home State and from abroad; inexpensive power often from local hydro-electric sources; process water frequently abundant from coastal drainage systems; and a place to dispose of its wastes. All these may be incompatible with other extractive and non-extractive uses of the sea. Conflicts which arise in the multiple uses of the coastal zone can often be resolved with proper management, inasmuch as not all uses of this region are mutually exclusive. However, there are a number of uses requiring high-quality sea water or special characteristics of the coast, which make them singularly competitive for the coastal environment, largely to the exclusion of others. With the increase in leisure time, man looks to the coast for recreation. As more people move toward the sea to enjoy the pleasures of the coastal environment, stresses are exerted on that environment by the sheer numbers of people, introducing certain by-products of their presence, such as sewage and litter, so that preservation becomes increasingly more difficult. Development of super-tankers and large bulk carriers for transporting oil and other materials across the world's oceans has recently placed further demands on the coastal zone and posed potential threats of ecological damage. This particularly applies to the development of large ports with deep access channels for handling these super-ships of hundreds of thousands of tons carrying capacity. In many cases, this has meant the dredging and filling of vital estuarine areas, destroying not only amenities of the natural coast but also habitats for fisheries and wildlife. Any oil spills from grounded tankers or collisions are always more likely to occur in the nearshore coastal zone, where the oil does the most serious damage. Unfortunately, there has been insufficient foresight in management and scientific circles, dealing with the marine coastal environment, to anticipate the current problems which are now arising and demanding rapid answers. Industries and shipping interests do not have time to wait for five or ten years for intensive research to be completed in order that they can be assured of a free and uninterrupted course for developing super-ports and shipment of materials. Environmentalists frequently strongly oppose such developments, in view of the limited knowledge about their environmental impact.
172
BOOK REVIEWS
Coastal Zone Management: Multiple Use With Conservation is a timely document for those interested in the management and preservation of the coastal zone. The book arose out of contributions to a State-wide lecture series "Ocean Engineering and Management of the Coastal Zone", held under the auspices of the University of California. The 11 contributors came from diverse professional backgrounds, including civil engineering, oceanography, land management, economics and operations research. As pointed out in the Preface by the editor of this book, Dr. J. F. Peel Brahtz, its purpose is "to indicate a rational approach to regional management of the coastal zone and describe management's problem. This is supported by three complementary objectives: 1. To describe a rationale for planning that supports innovation by management, provides for optimal utilization of resources, and relates regional plans to national policy. 2. To provide an overview of the structure of the goals for multiple and conservative use of coastal resources. 3. To describe technologies that are applicable in formulating balanced solutions to the management problem of conflicting goals." Because studies of the coastal zone must take on a truly multi-disciplinary approach, this book inw)lves the social, economic, engineering, physical, geological and biological sciences. The book is developed in an introduction and two parts of five chapters each: Part 1, Goals and Multiple-Use Conflicts; and Part 2, Systems Planning and Engineering. The Introduction, written by Dr. Brahtz, gives an overview of the problem with a proposed 3-phase advance planning cycle, based on a model for designing engineering systems, intended to ameliorate some of the conflicts in socially-orientated, resource-utilization systems in the coastal zone. Part 1 examines the multiple use of coastal zone resources and how the conflict of goals might be resolved. In Part 2, the technological requirements and resources are treated with suggestions of applications of technology to the problem of goal conflict. The different chapters were written by specialists in the field, some of whom have also had a considerable amount of administrative experience. This has given the book an uncommon blend of the scientific and philosophic approaches to the problem of coastal zone management. It should be useful to conservationists interested in the problem generally, as well for professional planners and specialists in coastal zone management, who must formulate concepts of land use, adhering to public policy and yet maximizing utility. From a general information point of view, as background reading for graduate students studying problems of coastal zone planning and management, it would rate highly in any University. Some chapters, such as the one on ocean installations, cover certain technical and engineering details. However, one should not anticipate that a given problem in a particular coastal zone can be solved merely by extracting suitable information from appropriate chapters in this book. It does not go into the detail of solving particular problems, but only provides the reader with the scenario and some of the cues with which solutions to some of these problems might be staged. In the first part of the book, the national goals, State's interests and jurisdictional factors are examined by the eminent scientist-administrator, W. A. Nierenberg, Director
BOOK REVIEWS
173
of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, the conservation of biological resources are reviewed by the late M. B. Schaefer, who had spent his lifetime on problems of fisheries research directed to management of that resource, and who was latterly the Director of the Institute of Marine Resources of the University of California in La Jolla; and some of the social needs of the urban-marine environment are detailed by M. Clawson, Director of the Land Use and Management Program, Resources for the Future, Inc., Washington, D.C. The traffic problems created by super-tankers and other large vessels for transporting manufactured goods and raw materials are discussed by E. M. MacCutcheon, Director of Systems Development, National Ocean Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Rockville, Maryland. The very important problem of mineral extraction is reviewed by F. J. Hortig, Executive Officer of the California State Lands Commission, Sacramento, California. A number of authors review the problems of systems planning and engineering in Part 2 of the book, including D. Sternlight on Systems Planning and Control; N. F. Schneidewind on Information Systems and Data Requirements, and J. G. Hammer on Ocean Installations. Dr. E. A. Pearson of the Division of Hydraulic and Sanitary Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, gives an excellent review, based on many years of experience, on marine waste disposal systems. Finally, L. D. Cathers of the Naval Ship Systems Command, Department of the Navy, Washington, D.C., discusses the state of technology in marine transport systems, in one of the longest and most comprehensive chapters of the book. Coastal Zone Management may be found disappointing to those who want to find a clear and concise discussion of the problems of ecosystem modification related to superport developments in delta areas of some of our vital estuaries. Because the text of the book draws largely on experiences of authors in California, where deltas and major estuaries are not too common except for the San Francisco Bay area, not too much emphasis has been placed on this type of problem. In defence of the book, it might be said that such developments have only emerged as critical environmental impact problems in the last two to three years. Perhaps, if it had been written in the light of problems of 19721973, more emphasis would have been placed on the California estuaries and those of other parts of the world. This is the hazard of book-writing in a rapidly advancing field. Nevertheless, CoastalZone Management is a pioneering effort on the problems of the coastal zone and will do much to supplement literature which is coming to the fore at the present time. It should be noted that a Coastal Zone Workshop sponsored by the Institute of Ecology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution examined in detail some of the problems of the coastal zone during a session held at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, from 22 May to 3 June, 1972. The report of this Workshop should be available sometime in 1973 to provide more detail on the problems of ecosystem modification by man's activities. In Canada, a Seminar on the Coastal Zone was held at the Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia in March 1972, and Proceedings of this Seminar, including the selected background papers, have been issued by the Atlantic Unit, Water Management Service, Department of Environment,
174
BOOK REVIEWS
Ottawa, November 1972. The reports of these Workshops and Seminars should be read in conjunction with Coastal Zone Management. M. WALDICHUK(West Vancouver, B.C.)
Dynamics of fluids in Porous Media. Jacob Bear. American Elsevier, New York, N.Y., and Amsterdam, 1972, 764 pp., 331 fig., 2 plates, Dfl. 94.00. This book is strictly for engineers and physicists with competence in mathematics. It is in the direct line of descent from Muskat, Polubarinova-Kochina, Aravin and Numerov, and Hart, to all of whom the author freely acknowledges his debt. The book ranges both widely and deep. It analyses the process of the flow of fluids in general through materials which are permeated by a continuous pore space, such as granular and consolidated sands and fissured rocks. The separate components of the system are described, the laws which govern their interactions are discussed, and numerous practical situations to which they apply receive attention. Examples include the flow of oil, gas and water in oil fields; the flow of water through and under dams; the flow of water in confined and unconfined aquifers; and the flow of water and air through unsaturated soil. The completion of a volume of this magnitude by a single author, in what was evidently a relatively short time, constitutes a feat which is unusual nowadays. If criticism is necessary, it must be read in the light of this tribute. There is an extensive bibliography, which nevertheless omits some relevant modern books; and a brief index which is quite inadequate. The mathematical treatment is on the whole meticulous to the point of being pedantic in some places, while in others it is shallower than appears at first glance. The author's mathematical demands upon his readers is not consistent, for while he expects a fluency in the theory of functions, partial differential equations, and vector and tensor analysis, he nevertheless deems it seemly to derive, and even to quote recent references for, some commonplace propositions. The author is less happy with physical description and interpretation, which can be casual, imprecise and negligent. For example, he often draws no distinction between wells and piezometers, and endows them with powers and limitations which do not exist. Then his picture of lateral dispersion is both false and fallacious;it offends against the potential theory upon which hydrodynamics is based. His account of Sir Geoffrey Taylor's theory of longitudinal dispersion is quite faithful, but the remarkable physical consequences, which drew Sir Geoffrey's attention to the problem, receive not one word of notice. The author's way with references can be irritating. It includes both recent references in support of propositions which are hallowed by time, as well as misrepresentation of the quoted authors. There are some notable omissions, and references are not always readily accessible.
BOOK REVIEWS
As indicated by the name of the Symposium, it dealt with fundamentals rather than with applications, and it soon becomes evident to the reader that most of the papers are considerably more advanced and mathematically sophisticated than an average 1AHR conference paper. The flow in porous media is a branch of general hydrodynamics which seems to attract quite a lot of scientific talent, as well justified by the importance of tile subject. The book contains 32 papers, most of which are written in English. In a short review it is, of course, impossible to mention all the interesting contributions~ The first section is entitled: "General theory of transport processes related to fluid flow through porous media". The reviewer has been particularly fascinated by a paper on "Thermodynamic analogy of mass transport processes in porous media", written by Scheidegger and Liao and a paper on "Some aspects of heat and mass transfer in porous media" by G. Dagan, but the section contains several other papers of great interest. Section 2 is called: "'Deterministic and statistical characterization of porous media and computational methods of analysis". The section contains papers trying to summarize the state of the art as well as papers trying to penetrate deeply into specific aspects. Flow in inhomogeneous media is treated in a general way by Gheorghitza, and Bruggeman discusses an interesting reciprocity principle for heterogeneous and anisotropic me dia. Numerical problems are considered in a few papers. Section 3 contains the contributions related to coupled processes in porous media, including heat and mass transfer and polyphase flow phenomena. Although these subjects are of a somewhat more specialized nature, the results provide new information and important progress. The problem of hydrodynamic dispersion in porous media has become of increasing importance in recent years and is treated in three papm~ constituting section 4. Problems of perme ability, matrix de formability, consolidation, anisotropy an d heterogeneity are taken up in section 5, which contains six papers. Finally, section 6 contains two papers on surface phenomena. The book is well edited, nicely printed and is recommended to scientists working in the field, whether their main interest is hydrodynamics or soil physics. F. ENGELUND (Lyngby)
Coastal Zone Management." Multiple Use With Conservation. J. F. Peel Brahtz (Editor). University of California Engineering and Physical Sciences Extension Series. Wiley, New York, N.Y., 1972, 352 pp., £7.65. The coastal zone has been recognized in recent years as a highly important but vulnerable marine environment, and that action must be taken to protect it, if man is to retain this unique area for his varied uses, including fisheries, navigation, industrial water supply, recreation and amenities. It is the interface where the sea meets the land and the atmos-
BOOK REVIEWS
171
phere. As such, it is the focus for dynamic processes, arising from the combined effects of winds, waves, tides, coastal currents, and land runoff. The effects of the land impinge on the sea and vice versa. The coastal zone acts as a buffer between the land and the deep sea. Abstracting ionic constituents through biological activity, flocculating sedimentary materials through physical and chemical action, and removing waste substances by a combination of these processes, the coastal zone "protects" the open ocean against natural land effects and those arising out of many human enterprises. Long before the serious effects of man's intervention with nature are exhibited by the deep sea, the coastal zone may be degraded to the point where it becomes a liability, rather than an asset. The coastal zone is one that has many demands on it for industrial, commercial and social needs of man. Industry finds the coast attractive because of availability of: deep-sea harbours contributing to ease and economy of sea transportation; raw materials from local supplies, and through low-cost sea transport, from other areas of the home State and from abroad; inexpensive power often from local hydro-electric sources; process water frequently abundant from coastal drainage systems; and a place to dispose of its wastes. All these may be incompatible with other extractive and non-extractive uses of the sea. Conflicts which arise in the multiple uses of the coastal zone can often be resolved with proper management, inasmuch as not all uses of this region are mutually exclusive. However, there are a number of uses requiring high-quality sea water or special characteristics of the coast, which make them singularly competitive for the coastal environment, largely to the exclusion of others. With the increase in leisure time, man looks to the coast for recreation. As more people move toward the sea to enjoy the pleasures of the coastal environment, stresses are exerted on that environment by the sheer numbers of people, introducing certain by-products of their presence, such as sewage and litter, so that preservation becomes increasingly more difficult. Development of super-tankers and large bulk carriers for transporting oil and other materials across the world's oceans has recently placed further demands on the coastal zone and posed potential threats of ecological damage. This particularly applies to the development of large ports with deep access channels for handling these super-ships of hundreds of thousands of tons carrying capacity. In many cases, this has meant the dredging and filling of vital estuarine areas, destroying not only amenities of the natural coast but also habitats for fisheries and wildlife. Any oil spills from grounded tankers or collisions are always more likely to occur in the nearshore coastal zone, where the oil does the most serious damage. Unfortunately, there has been insufficient foresight in management and scientific circles, dealing with the marine coastal environment, to anticipate the current problems which are now arising and demanding rapid answers. Industries and shipping interests do not have time to wait for five or ten years for intensive research to be completed in order that they can be assured of a free and uninterrupted course for developing super-ports and shipment of materials. Environmentalists frequently strongly oppose such developments, in view of the limited knowledge about their environmental impact.
172
BOOK REVIEWS
Coastal Zone Management: Multiple Use With Conservation is a timely document for those interested in the management and preservation of the coastal zone. The book arose out of contributions to a State-wide lecture series "Ocean Engineering and Management of the Coastal Zone", held under the auspices of the University of California. The 11 contributors came from diverse professional backgrounds, including civil engineering, oceanography, land management, economics and operations research. As pointed out in the Preface by the editor of this book, Dr. J. F. Peel Brahtz, its purpose is "to indicate a rational approach to regional management of the coastal zone and describe management's problem. This is supported by three complementary objectives: 1. To describe a rationale for planning that supports innovation by management, provides for optimal utilization of resources, and relates regional plans to national policy. 2. To provide an overview of the structure of the goals for multiple and conservative use of coastal resources. 3. To describe technologies that are applicable in formulating balanced solutions to the management problem of conflicting goals." Because studies of the coastal zone must take on a truly multi-disciplinary approach, this book inw)lves the social, economic, engineering, physical, geological and biological sciences. The book is developed in an introduction and two parts of five chapters each: Part 1, Goals and Multiple-Use Conflicts; and Part 2, Systems Planning and Engineering. The Introduction, written by Dr. Brahtz, gives an overview of the problem with a proposed 3-phase advance planning cycle, based on a model for designing engineering systems, intended to ameliorate some of the conflicts in socially-orientated, resource-utilization systems in the coastal zone. Part 1 examines the multiple use of coastal zone resources and how the conflict of goals might be resolved. In Part 2, the technological requirements and resources are treated with suggestions of applications of technology to the problem of goal conflict. The different chapters were written by specialists in the field, some of whom have also had a considerable amount of administrative experience. This has given the book an uncommon blend of the scientific and philosophic approaches to the problem of coastal zone management. It should be useful to conservationists interested in the problem generally, as well for professional planners and specialists in coastal zone management, who must formulate concepts of land use, adhering to public policy and yet maximizing utility. From a general information point of view, as background reading for graduate students studying problems of coastal zone planning and management, it would rate highly in any University. Some chapters, such as the one on ocean installations, cover certain technical and engineering details. However, one should not anticipate that a given problem in a particular coastal zone can be solved merely by extracting suitable information from appropriate chapters in this book. It does not go into the detail of solving particular problems, but only provides the reader with the scenario and some of the cues with which solutions to some of these problems might be staged. In the first part of the book, the national goals, State's interests and jurisdictional factors are examined by the eminent scientist-administrator, W. A. Nierenberg, Director
BOOK REVIEWS
173
of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, the conservation of biological resources are reviewed by the late M. B. Schaefer, who had spent his lifetime on problems of fisheries research directed to management of that resource, and who was latterly the Director of the Institute of Marine Resources of the University of California in La Jolla; and some of the social needs of the urban-marine environment are detailed by M. Clawson, Director of the Land Use and Management Program, Resources for the Future, Inc., Washington, D.C. The traffic problems created by super-tankers and other large vessels for transporting manufactured goods and raw materials are discussed by E. M. MacCutcheon, Director of Systems Development, National Ocean Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Rockville, Maryland. The very important problem of mineral extraction is reviewed by F. J. Hortig, Executive Officer of the California State Lands Commission, Sacramento, California. A number of authors review the problems of systems planning and engineering in Part 2 of the book, including D. Sternlight on Systems Planning and Control; N. F. Schneidewind on Information Systems and Data Requirements, and J. G. Hammer on Ocean Installations. Dr. E. A. Pearson of the Division of Hydraulic and Sanitary Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, gives an excellent review, based on many years of experience, on marine waste disposal systems. Finally, L. D. Cathers of the Naval Ship Systems Command, Department of the Navy, Washington, D.C., discusses the state of technology in marine transport systems, in one of the longest and most comprehensive chapters of the book. Coastal Zone Management may be found disappointing to those who want to find a clear and concise discussion of the problems of ecosystem modification related to superport developments in delta areas of some of our vital estuaries. Because the text of the book draws largely on experiences of authors in California, where deltas and major estuaries are not too common except for the San Francisco Bay area, not too much emphasis has been placed on this type of problem. In defence of the book, it might be said that such developments have only emerged as critical environmental impact problems in the last two to three years. Perhaps, if it had been written in the light of problems of 19721973, more emphasis would have been placed on the California estuaries and those of other parts of the world. This is the hazard of book-writing in a rapidly advancing field. Nevertheless, CoastalZone Management is a pioneering effort on the problems of the coastal zone and will do much to supplement literature which is coming to the fore at the present time. It should be noted that a Coastal Zone Workshop sponsored by the Institute of Ecology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution examined in detail some of the problems of the coastal zone during a session held at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, from 22 May to 3 June, 1972. The report of this Workshop should be available sometime in 1973 to provide more detail on the problems of ecosystem modification by man's activities. In Canada, a Seminar on the Coastal Zone was held at the Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia in March 1972, and Proceedings of this Seminar, including the selected background papers, have been issued by the Atlantic Unit, Water Management Service, Department of Environment,
174
BOOK REVIEWS
Ottawa, November 1972. The reports of these Workshops and Seminars should be read in conjunction with Coastal Zone Management. M. WALDICHUK(West Vancouver, B.C.)
Dynamics of fluids in Porous Media. Jacob Bear. American Elsevier, New York, N.Y., and Amsterdam, 1972, 764 pp., 331 fig., 2 plates, Dfl. 94.00. This book is strictly for engineers and physicists with competence in mathematics. It is in the direct line of descent from Muskat, Polubarinova-Kochina, Aravin and Numerov, and Hart, to all of whom the author freely acknowledges his debt. The book ranges both widely and deep. It analyses the process of the flow of fluids in general through materials which are permeated by a continuous pore space, such as granular and consolidated sands and fissured rocks. The separate components of the system are described, the laws which govern their interactions are discussed, and numerous practical situations to which they apply receive attention. Examples include the flow of oil, gas and water in oil fields; the flow of water through and under dams; the flow of water in confined and unconfined aquifers; and the flow of water and air through unsaturated soil. The completion of a volume of this magnitude by a single author, in what was evidently a relatively short time, constitutes a feat which is unusual nowadays. If criticism is necessary, it must be read in the light of this tribute. There is an extensive bibliography, which nevertheless omits some relevant modern books; and a brief index which is quite inadequate. The mathematical treatment is on the whole meticulous to the point of being pedantic in some places, while in others it is shallower than appears at first glance. The author's mathematical demands upon his readers is not consistent, for while he expects a fluency in the theory of functions, partial differential equations, and vector and tensor analysis, he nevertheless deems it seemly to derive, and even to quote recent references for, some commonplace propositions. The author is less happy with physical description and interpretation, which can be casual, imprecise and negligent. For example, he often draws no distinction between wells and piezometers, and endows them with powers and limitations which do not exist. Then his picture of lateral dispersion is both false and fallacious;it offends against the potential theory upon which hydrodynamics is based. His account of Sir Geoffrey Taylor's theory of longitudinal dispersion is quite faithful, but the remarkable physical consequences, which drew Sir Geoffrey's attention to the problem, receive not one word of notice. The author's way with references can be irritating. It includes both recent references in support of propositions which are hallowed by time, as well as misrepresentation of the quoted authors. There are some notable omissions, and references are not always readily accessible.