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Cofiring tire-derived fuel with coal
09 Combustion
(burners, combustion
systems)
The pyrolysis is degradation of biomass by heat in the absence of oxygen, which results in the production of charcoal, liquid, and gaseous products. The pyrolysis process can be divided into three subclasses: conventional pyrolysis, fast pyrolysis, and flash pyrolysis. The hemicellulose breaks down first at temperature 470-530 K, cellulose follows in the temperature range 510-620 K, and lignin is the last component to pyrolyse at temperatures .550-770 K. If the purpose is to maximize the yield of liquid products resulting from biomass pyrolysis, a low temperature, high heating rate, short gas residence time process would be required. For a high char production, a low temperature, low heating rate process would be chosen. If the purpose was to maximize the yield of fuel gas resulting from pyrolysis, a high temperature, low heating rate, long gas residence time process would be preferred.
Carbonization furnace for waste wood to be carbonaceous materials
03101360
Hirahara, F. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2002 294,247 (Cl. CIOB531 02), 9 Ott 2002, Appl. 2001/94,106. (In Japanese) The furnace includes a carbonization chamber for carbonization of the waste wood with accommodation of the carbonaceous materials, an ignition and combustion section for heating the materials to a temperature of spontaneous carbonization, an outlet section for collection of flue smoke from the chamber to form flue gas, a stack section for discharge of flue gas, a combustion pipe section arranged in the ceiling of the chamber for connecting its inlet to the flue outlet section and its outlet to the stack section to burn smoke for discharge flue gas without smoke, and a condensation section arranged between the flue outlet section and the inlet of the combustion pipe section for recovering pyroligneous acid.
03/01361
Co-gasification of coals of various ranks
Green, A. E. S. and Sankar, M. S. Proceedings c?f the Intemarional Technical Con~eren~ on Coal C’tilixtion & Rsl System. 2002, 2. (27). 1121-1130. In using blends of solid feedstock in gasification systems it is useful to quantify the concept of coal rank. After corrections for moisture, ash and minor species content it is shown that oxygen weight percentage [0] and hydrogen weight percentage [H] can provide a quantity basis for a ranking system that includes peat (developing coal) as a lower rank coal and biomass, (infant coal) as the lowest rank coal. Then an analysis expression for the trend of [H] vs [0] for the entire coalification curve can be used to reduce the search for systematics of volatile amounts and composition to the variable [O]. Proceeding in this way an analytic model was developed for correlations between the compositions of solid fuels and their many pyrolysis products over the entire coalification path from biomass to peat to lignite, bituminous and anthracite coal. The model is intended to guide quantity decisions as to percentages of different rank coals to use in co-firing, co-gasifying or co-liquifying runs. The model is presented as a heuristic challenge to ourselves and specialized experts in coal or biomass conversion to develop better models to serve the needs of co-utilization applications.
03/01362
Cofiring tire-derived fuel with coal
of rhe Internarionnl Technical Cmferetwr on 2002, I. (27), 477-488. A review of commercial demonstrations of tyre-derived fuel cofired with coal in industrial and utility furnaces. Reference is made to fuel characteristics, preparation and handling of the tyre-derived fuel. methods of use of the cofired fuel including appropriate combustion systems, and environmental results of the cofiring demonstrations. Tyres are a resource of significant interest to many utilities and with l3 billion tyres in stockpiles throughout the USA, this potential energy source is enormous. Harding, Coul
N. S.
Urilization
03/01363 fishery
Proceedings & Fuel
Systrms.
Emissions from fuel combustion in Swedish cod
Ziegler, F. and Hansson, P.-.A. Journal of Cleuner Production, 2003, 1 I. (3), 303-314. This study presents emission data (CO*, NO.,, CO, HC and SO,) for fishing vessels, calculated per kg of cod landed by Swedish fishermen. Three scenarios are included; one reflecting the fishery and fleet of 1999, one assuming modern engine technology and, finally, a future scenario assuming a slight increase in the use of passive gear (seines and long-lines) and pair trawls instead of single trawls, lower fishing effort and lower emission levels. The effects on the results of different allocation strategies for landed by-catches are evaluated. Data was gathered from official fishery statistics and engine emission data from one of the major manufacturers of marine diesels. Fuel consumption data for otter trawling and gillnet fishing was obtained by having fishermen fill out a questionnaire. The results include emission calculations for gillnet fishing and trawling, and indicate lower emissions per kg of cod caught for gillnet fishing, due to lower fuel consumption. Considerable options for decreasing fuel consumption and emissions produced in cod fisheries through changes in technology
244
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 2003
and fisheriea policy were concluded from this work. C’hoosinp allocation method was shown to be important for the final results. especially in mixed. high-value target fisheries.
03/01364 Evaluation of pyrolysis conditions in gasification melting system for municipal solid waste Miyakoshi. K. (71cl/. Hnikihum Grrklirri Ronhmshi. 2002. 11.(3). I hi 168. (In Japanese) The degree of pyrolysis of municipal solid waste (MSW) is very important in a gasification melting system for optimal control. The purpose is to decide on the pyrolysis temperature and reaction time of MSW for suitable control in a gasification melting system. A refuse derived fuel (RDF) was used for the pyrolysis experiment. The mass balance of char, tar and pyrolysis gases was measured to detect their effect on different pyrolysis conditions. The thermogravimetric curves and the ignition temperature with the use of improved microheating method of chars were measured to estimate the combustion characteristics of the chars. Lower calorific value of char, lower calorific value of pyrolysis gas. the generation rate of char, and the fuel ratio of char, were selected to detect the most suitable pyrolysis condition. Evaluation of each condition was carried out with these items. A pyrolysis of 450-500” and a reaction time of 60 min were the optimum.
03/01365 Experimental investigation of flashback during start-up in practical premixed combustion Koseki, H. and Sato, M. Applied Energy, 2002, 73, (3-4), 237-259. An experimental investigation of flashback was conducted during the start-up of a practical premixed kerosene burner. The flame propagations for normal ignition and flashback were visualized with high time-resolution. The timing of the fuel supply and ignition, as well as time sequence variations in pressures and temperatures in the burner, were analysed to clarify the phenomena. The accumulated data revealed that flashback was caused by reverse flow of the hot combustion products through the flashback arrester and that the probability of flash back increased with increasing ignition delay, due to the higher pressures resulting from ignition and burning of the fuel accumulated in the combustion chamber during the delay. The thermal energy passing through the perforated plate used for flame quenching between the combustion chamber and the evaporating chamber was estimated using the reverse-flow pressures and their periods. The ignition energy estimated for the kerosene vapour mixtures was of the order of 10 mJ, which corresponds to the minimum ignition energy of other hydrocarbon fuels.
03/01366 Experimental study on the co-firing of municipal refuse and coal in a circulating ffuldlzation bed Dong, C.
Dongnan Da.we Xuehao, Ziran Keuuehan. 2002, 32, (I). Chinese) The co-firing tests of municipal solid waste (MSW) and coal were performed in a 0.23 m x 0.23 m circulating fluidized bed (CFB). The influences of the ratio of MSW to coal on the efficiency and the emission of SO*, HCI, NO, N20 and dioxin were studied. The efficiency and HCI emission increase with MSW are fed into the CFB. SO2 and NO emissions decrease with MSW increasing. With the ratio of MSW to coal increasing, the N20 emission increases slowly. Dioxin in the fly ash and slag increases with municipal refuse increasing. 95-99.
et al.
(In
03/01367 Furnace and method for gasification melting combustible garbage Kato, T. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2002 295.817 (Cl. F23G5/ 24), 9 Ott 2002, Appl. 2001/93,715. (In Japanese) The shaft furnace charged with combustible garbage and coke for combustion and gasification under an atmosphere below the stoichiometric air amount to have residual melting slag for discharge, includes a plasma torch for blowing hot air toward the coke layer formed in the bottom of the furnace, and a means for blowing air toward the combustible garbage layer accumulated above the coke layer.
03lO1368
Heat of wood pyrolysis
Rath, J. et al. Fuel, 2003, 82, (I), 81-91. The heat of pyrolysis of beech and spruce wood was investigated by means of a differential scanning calorimeter. Wide variations were found for the heat of the primary pyrolysis process, depending on the initial sample weight and on the conditions used in the measurements. However, reporting the heat of the primary pyrolysis process versus the final char yield resulted in a linear correlation. This strong dependency of the heat of wood pyrolysis on the final char yield, that is in turn highly sensitive to the experimental conditions, can explain the uncertainty of the data for the heat of wood pyrolysis reported in the literature. A possible explanation for the variability of the heat of wood pyrolysis depending on the final char yield seems to be an exothermic primary char formation process competing with an endothermic volatile formation process.
(burners, combustion
systems)
The pyrolysis is degradation of biomass by heat in the absence of oxygen, which results in the production of charcoal, liquid, and gaseous products. The pyrolysis process can be divided into three subclasses: conventional pyrolysis, fast pyrolysis, and flash pyrolysis. The hemicellulose breaks down first at temperature 470-530 K, cellulose follows in the temperature range 510-620 K, and lignin is the last component to pyrolyse at temperatures .550-770 K. If the purpose is to maximize the yield of liquid products resulting from biomass pyrolysis, a low temperature, high heating rate, short gas residence time process would be required. For a high char production, a low temperature, low heating rate process would be chosen. If the purpose was to maximize the yield of fuel gas resulting from pyrolysis, a high temperature, low heating rate, long gas residence time process would be preferred.
Carbonization furnace for waste wood to be carbonaceous materials
03101360
Hirahara, F. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2002 294,247 (Cl. CIOB531 02), 9 Ott 2002, Appl. 2001/94,106. (In Japanese) The furnace includes a carbonization chamber for carbonization of the waste wood with accommodation of the carbonaceous materials, an ignition and combustion section for heating the materials to a temperature of spontaneous carbonization, an outlet section for collection of flue smoke from the chamber to form flue gas, a stack section for discharge of flue gas, a combustion pipe section arranged in the ceiling of the chamber for connecting its inlet to the flue outlet section and its outlet to the stack section to burn smoke for discharge flue gas without smoke, and a condensation section arranged between the flue outlet section and the inlet of the combustion pipe section for recovering pyroligneous acid.
03/01361
Co-gasification of coals of various ranks
Green, A. E. S. and Sankar, M. S. Proceedings c?f the Intemarional Technical Con~eren~ on Coal C’tilixtion & Rsl System. 2002, 2. (27). 1121-1130. In using blends of solid feedstock in gasification systems it is useful to quantify the concept of coal rank. After corrections for moisture, ash and minor species content it is shown that oxygen weight percentage [0] and hydrogen weight percentage [H] can provide a quantity basis for a ranking system that includes peat (developing coal) as a lower rank coal and biomass, (infant coal) as the lowest rank coal. Then an analysis expression for the trend of [H] vs [0] for the entire coalification curve can be used to reduce the search for systematics of volatile amounts and composition to the variable [O]. Proceeding in this way an analytic model was developed for correlations between the compositions of solid fuels and their many pyrolysis products over the entire coalification path from biomass to peat to lignite, bituminous and anthracite coal. The model is intended to guide quantity decisions as to percentages of different rank coals to use in co-firing, co-gasifying or co-liquifying runs. The model is presented as a heuristic challenge to ourselves and specialized experts in coal or biomass conversion to develop better models to serve the needs of co-utilization applications.
03/01362
Cofiring tire-derived fuel with coal
of rhe Internarionnl Technical Cmferetwr on 2002, I. (27), 477-488. A review of commercial demonstrations of tyre-derived fuel cofired with coal in industrial and utility furnaces. Reference is made to fuel characteristics, preparation and handling of the tyre-derived fuel. methods of use of the cofired fuel including appropriate combustion systems, and environmental results of the cofiring demonstrations. Tyres are a resource of significant interest to many utilities and with l3 billion tyres in stockpiles throughout the USA, this potential energy source is enormous. Harding, Coul
N. S.
Urilization
03/01363 fishery
Proceedings & Fuel
Systrms.
Emissions from fuel combustion in Swedish cod
Ziegler, F. and Hansson, P.-.A. Journal of Cleuner Production, 2003, 1 I. (3), 303-314. This study presents emission data (CO*, NO.,, CO, HC and SO,) for fishing vessels, calculated per kg of cod landed by Swedish fishermen. Three scenarios are included; one reflecting the fishery and fleet of 1999, one assuming modern engine technology and, finally, a future scenario assuming a slight increase in the use of passive gear (seines and long-lines) and pair trawls instead of single trawls, lower fishing effort and lower emission levels. The effects on the results of different allocation strategies for landed by-catches are evaluated. Data was gathered from official fishery statistics and engine emission data from one of the major manufacturers of marine diesels. Fuel consumption data for otter trawling and gillnet fishing was obtained by having fishermen fill out a questionnaire. The results include emission calculations for gillnet fishing and trawling, and indicate lower emissions per kg of cod caught for gillnet fishing, due to lower fuel consumption. Considerable options for decreasing fuel consumption and emissions produced in cod fisheries through changes in technology
244
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 2003
and fisheriea policy were concluded from this work. C’hoosinp allocation method was shown to be important for the final results. especially in mixed. high-value target fisheries.
03/01364 Evaluation of pyrolysis conditions in gasification melting system for municipal solid waste Miyakoshi. K. (71cl/. Hnikihum Grrklirri Ronhmshi. 2002. 11.(3). I hi 168. (In Japanese) The degree of pyrolysis of municipal solid waste (MSW) is very important in a gasification melting system for optimal control. The purpose is to decide on the pyrolysis temperature and reaction time of MSW for suitable control in a gasification melting system. A refuse derived fuel (RDF) was used for the pyrolysis experiment. The mass balance of char, tar and pyrolysis gases was measured to detect their effect on different pyrolysis conditions. The thermogravimetric curves and the ignition temperature with the use of improved microheating method of chars were measured to estimate the combustion characteristics of the chars. Lower calorific value of char, lower calorific value of pyrolysis gas. the generation rate of char, and the fuel ratio of char, were selected to detect the most suitable pyrolysis condition. Evaluation of each condition was carried out with these items. A pyrolysis of 450-500” and a reaction time of 60 min were the optimum.
03/01365 Experimental investigation of flashback during start-up in practical premixed combustion Koseki, H. and Sato, M. Applied Energy, 2002, 73, (3-4), 237-259. An experimental investigation of flashback was conducted during the start-up of a practical premixed kerosene burner. The flame propagations for normal ignition and flashback were visualized with high time-resolution. The timing of the fuel supply and ignition, as well as time sequence variations in pressures and temperatures in the burner, were analysed to clarify the phenomena. The accumulated data revealed that flashback was caused by reverse flow of the hot combustion products through the flashback arrester and that the probability of flash back increased with increasing ignition delay, due to the higher pressures resulting from ignition and burning of the fuel accumulated in the combustion chamber during the delay. The thermal energy passing through the perforated plate used for flame quenching between the combustion chamber and the evaporating chamber was estimated using the reverse-flow pressures and their periods. The ignition energy estimated for the kerosene vapour mixtures was of the order of 10 mJ, which corresponds to the minimum ignition energy of other hydrocarbon fuels.
03/01366 Experimental study on the co-firing of municipal refuse and coal in a circulating ffuldlzation bed Dong, C.
Dongnan Da.we Xuehao, Ziran Keuuehan. 2002, 32, (I). Chinese) The co-firing tests of municipal solid waste (MSW) and coal were performed in a 0.23 m x 0.23 m circulating fluidized bed (CFB). The influences of the ratio of MSW to coal on the efficiency and the emission of SO*, HCI, NO, N20 and dioxin were studied. The efficiency and HCI emission increase with MSW are fed into the CFB. SO2 and NO emissions decrease with MSW increasing. With the ratio of MSW to coal increasing, the N20 emission increases slowly. Dioxin in the fly ash and slag increases with municipal refuse increasing. 95-99.
et al.
(In
03/01367 Furnace and method for gasification melting combustible garbage Kato, T. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2002 295.817 (Cl. F23G5/ 24), 9 Ott 2002, Appl. 2001/93,715. (In Japanese) The shaft furnace charged with combustible garbage and coke for combustion and gasification under an atmosphere below the stoichiometric air amount to have residual melting slag for discharge, includes a plasma torch for blowing hot air toward the coke layer formed in the bottom of the furnace, and a means for blowing air toward the combustible garbage layer accumulated above the coke layer.
03lO1368
Heat of wood pyrolysis
Rath, J. et al. Fuel, 2003, 82, (I), 81-91. The heat of pyrolysis of beech and spruce wood was investigated by means of a differential scanning calorimeter. Wide variations were found for the heat of the primary pyrolysis process, depending on the initial sample weight and on the conditions used in the measurements. However, reporting the heat of the primary pyrolysis process versus the final char yield resulted in a linear correlation. This strong dependency of the heat of wood pyrolysis on the final char yield, that is in turn highly sensitive to the experimental conditions, can explain the uncertainty of the data for the heat of wood pyrolysis reported in the literature. A possible explanation for the variability of the heat of wood pyrolysis depending on the final char yield seems to be an exothermic primary char formation process competing with an endothermic volatile formation process.