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College libraries in India
ht. Libr. Rev. (1982)
14, 391-397
College Libraries M.
in India
BAVAKUTTY”
S. R. Ranganathan describes the position of college libraries over a halfcentury ago in the following words: College library consisted of closed cupboards. Most of them were concentrated in one or two rooms called general library. Hardly any student cared to go to the general library. A student could at best reach up to the barrier, select all by himself a title from a tattered volume of printed catalogue, and drop an application form for it into a tray, one morning each week. By the evening, the available books would all stand piled up on the desk. A lucky student might find his book in the pile, but he would often feel disappointed by the book not suiting his standard or by its being something different from what he thought it to be. l
This is more or less true of the present condition of college libraries in the country. The role of a college library in the dissemination of knowledge and as augmentor to class instruction is very much related to the method and level of teaching. Y. Viswanathan2 makes the following observation regarding the existing educational system in the country. The present curriculum in India is text book centred and methods of teaching adopted is examination oriented, emphasizing on the mark getting devices. The main objective of a student is to get through the University examination. For this, he depends on the class notes and guides. He seldom reads even the text books prescribed.
Reading habits of post-graduate students are also far from satisfactory. They read only one or two books in a subject and the books recommended for reference are not even consulted. In these circumstances, according to S. S. Rege,3 the major book stock ofthe college library becomes idle. Iffew students visit the library it
* Head, University,
Department of Library 673 635 Kerala, India.
and Information
Science,
University
of Calicut,
P.O.
Calicut
1 S. R. Ranganathan (1965). Norms for College Library. In Proceedings of the Seminar on College libraries in Rajastan, Jai&r, p. 14. zY. Viswanathan (1971). Library and College climate. In Libraries as Educational Tools, p. 18. 3 S. S. Rege (1965). Administrative problems of college libraries. Timeless Fellowship 2, p. 102. OOZOG7837/82/04039
1 + 07 $03.00/O
0
1982 Academic
Press Inc.
(London)
Limited
392
M. BAVAKUTTY
is mainly for recreational reading. Therefore, it is no wonder that standard subject books and valuable literary classics remain untouched and unknown to the students. The attitude of teachers towards the library is also not very encouraging. They seldom visit the college library as they are not much interested in reading the latest books and journals in their subject to make them up-to-date in their field. They most often function as mere transmitters of text books and no genuine attempt is made by them to create real love of reading in the students.l As such, teaching is getting more importance than learning. The students do not have the urge, interest and curiosity for further exploration of a subject. Under these circumstances the College library continues to be a ritual appendage to the institution rather than the “heart”. ADMINISTRATIVE
STRUCTURE
The college library is considered to be an administrative unit as an office of the college, not as an academic department. This is contrary to the nature of the services expected of the college library.2 This attitude of the authority stands in the way of organizing the library in the right direction conducive to the fulfilment of its expected instructional functions.3 In certain colleges there is a Professor-in-charge of the library. He is vested with authority concerning all matters of the library. The librarian is never consulted in any matter. As S. S. Rege rightly points out “it is, therefore, no wonder, if the college librarian, in spite of his qualifications, abilities and status, remains but an awkward dangling figure in the puppet show of the professor-in-charge”.4 FINANCE Inadequate finance is a serious hindrance to the growth libraries. And the available fund is not always wisely spent.
of college
The main source of revenue for the college to-day is the library fee collected from students, supplemented by periodical Government or UGC grants. The library varies from State to State and, within the same State, from college to college, with 1 Y. Viswanathan (1971), Ibid., p. 19. z M. Bavakutty (1976). Organization of College libraries: centralization Paper presented At ;he Indian-Library Association South Zone Conference, 3 R. K. Dasgupta (1968). 206. 4 S. S. Rege (1965). Ibid.,
Aspects p. 103.
of the college
library
system
in India.
the fee the
vs. decentralization. Cochin. Indian Librarian 22(4),
COLLEGE result that there college libraries.’
is wide
variation
LIBRARIES in the financial
393
IN INDIA resourcesavailable
to the different
It has also been observed that the UGC grants received for the development of book collection and construction of library buildings are not properly utilized. LIBRARY
COLLECTIONS
Book selection has been far from systematically S. R. Ranganathan2 observes thus: Book sellers often contact the Principal and/or tempt in getting such books selected as would book stock. During their busy academic uptodateness of the book. The result is that enter into the library.
done in college libraries.
the heads of the departments and try to decrease the quality and utility of the engagements they fail to verify the outmoded and unwanted books often
Selection of books has also been made from publishers’ catalogues. Books of high standard or of research value are often purchased thus in undergraduate colleges. According to Ranganathan 90% of the books selected through these methods remain in a virgin state without being used by the academic community. It is really a surprise to note that there are colleges in the country offering post-graduate courses where the students do not have access even to a select few of the most important journals in their respective areas of specialization and are not even aware of them3 Every year physical verification of the book stock is done; but in almost all the colleges it is got done by the college teachers who do not undertake it seriously. They merely go on indicating a large number of losses. Every year a large number of books recorded by them as “lost” are traced out and in this way it causes waste of time and energy of the library staff.4
The annual ritual of stock verification also causes the college library be closed for service for about two months. TECHNICAL
to
PROCESSING
In many libraries, books are neither properly classified nor catalogued. In several libraries no systematic classification is followed for arranging the library collection. One of the reasons put forward for this is that the 1 K. A. Isaac (1978). Nerr, Frontiers in Education 2 S. R. Ranganathan 3 K. A. Isaac (1978). 4 S. R. Ranganathan
What are College libraries S(3), 6. (1965). Ibid., p. 16. Z6id., p. 4. (1965). Ibid., p. 17.
and what
can they
be? A blueprint
for action.
394
M. BAVAKUTTY
teachers get certain new books issued immediately when acquired and they remain unclassified and cata1ogued.l R. K. Dasgupta also points out the defects of the library catalogue in the following words: For many colleges, the card catalogue still is a luxury on the ground of economy. The catalogues used in most of the college libraries can not be termed a catalogue proper as in most cases they are not made on any sound cataloguing principle. They may rather be called inventory oflibrary books. As they are in printed form, they become out of date as soon as they are made.2
LIBRARY'SERVICES Most of the college library buildings are so located that there is no scope for expansion which results in a bottleneck for providing good library service. In some libraries books are kept on shelves in more than one row and there is dumping of books. In such circumstances location of books from dumps or heaps of books becomes the only job of the library staff. For finding out the required reading materials from a botch-patch of assorted materials is nothing but a matter of chance. The only library service rendered to the clientele in a college library is book lending. In several college libraries reading facilities are not provided. There are colleges where students are not even allowed inside the library. “ In several colleges, books can be borrowed from the library only on a particular day in a week, thus denying the students the privilege of borrowing books on the other six days”.3 Reference service is also not provided due to the lack of basic reference books and sufficient professional staff.4 It is also seen that most of the students are ignorant of the effective use of the book collection aids and tools available in the library.5 Certain college libraries exist almost exclusively for the use of teachers. The books are purchased for teachers’ requirements and no consideration is given for the needs of the students. Some teachers feel a proprietary right in the college library and monopolize it as far as they wish: “There are teachers who regard the borrowing of an advanced book by a student as a personal affront”.6 College librarians often find it very difficult in dealing with the teachers. In the words of S. S. Rege, 1 R. N. Sar (1971). College librarie? in Delhi. Herald of Library Science, lO( I), 56. z R. K. Dasgupta (1968). Ibid., p. 211. 3 Girija Kumar et al. (1979). College libraries in India: a survey report. 3ournal of Library and Information Science 4(l), 17. 4 K. S. Hingwe (1969). Organizational pattern of academic libraries. Library Herald 2(3), 45. 5 D. W. Shewde (1972). Catalaguing methods in College libraries in Poona University. Timeless Fellowship 7, 131-147. 6S. R. Ranganathan (1965). Ibid., p. 18.
COLLEGE
LIBRARIES
IN INDIA
395
the rules of the library which are rigid and sometimesoppressivein the caseof needy students are totally ineffective in the case of teachers. The number of books a teacher can borrow from the library, the length of time he may retain them in his possession and the scrupulous manner in which he is expected to use them are some of the major problems for which a college librarian has not been able to find desirable solutions. The reminders of the librarian to return the books are often disregarded and neglected, underlining scoring of all blank space with notes and meanings, and folding the corners of pages are regularly seen in the books returned by the teachers. l
LIBRARY
PERSONNEL
The staff position of the college library is far from satisfactory. The authorities have not yet gone beyond the librarian. The necessity and sufficiency of other professional, semi-professional and non-professional staff in a college library have been completely overlooked. The seriousness of the problem can be understood when we know that the college library is closed when the librarian takes leave. As the library is an administrative unit, so the library staff, including the professionally qualified librarian, is ministerial staff. “The old notion of librarian being the ‘store keeper’ is still continuing in many colleges and librarians are made to pay for the lost books”.2 Regarding the status of college librarians, it has been observed that the college librarian has hardly ever been treated as a responsible and trustworthy person by the college authorities. He does not have an independent and authoritative status even in his small domain.3 Teachers, even junior lecturers think themselves superior and expect respect from the librarian. In this uncongenial and non-co-operative atmosphere where the college librarian sets to work he finds impracticable whatever he learnt about modern librarianship in his pursuit of professional studies. PHYSICAL
FACILITIES
In many colleges there is neither a library hall nor a sufficiently large room, not to mention a separate building for the library. The room which is unfit for a class room is usually converted into the college library. Susheela Kumar4 describes the physical facilities of a college library thus: “Any unused room, quite often some where out of sight, would be considered adequate to house a few shelves of books. And in most college libraries the furniture provided tends to be austere”. In 1 S. S. Rege (1965). Ibid., p. 103. ZR. N. Sar (1971). Ibid., 0. 57. 3 S. S. Rege (1965). Ibid., p. 108. 4 Susheela Kumar (1978). Physical
facilities
in the library.
Jvew Frontiers
in Education,
B(3),
27.
396
M.
BAVAKUTTY
some libraries there is complete darkness even during the day time as the windows are shuttered with a fear that the books may be stolen away.
The state of college libraries in the country is far from satisfactory. The library plays a minor role in the academic preparation, and the education does not involve the students in anything more than listening to the lectures and reading the lecture notes which are often dictated by the teachers. The large majority of the college libraries and annual book grants, unscientific provision, poor services, unsatisfactory recognition of their important academic
suffer from grossly inadequate book stocks technical organization, inadequate staff physical facilities and, above all, a lack of role.’
They are far from being the hearts of colleges from where the invigorating blood of knowledge should flow to nourish and sustain life in all the teaching departments of the colleges. This situation has to be changed lock, stock and barrel. Each college library has to be made the intellectual hub of the institution both for students and teachers. This is all the more necessary because about 90% of the students of higher education are undergoing their studies in colleges and they have only their meagre college library resources to fall back upon. A substantial improvement of the situation is a matter that calls for the urgent attention of the authorities concerned. The college library, as an effective instrument for the improvement of educational standards, will be able to make its presence felt and exert its wholesome influence on the academic community only if library facilities are improved and education is made more library-centred than class-roomcentred. BIBLIOGRAPHY M.
Bavakutty (1976). Organization of college libraries; centralization vs decentralization. A Paper presented in the Indian Library Association South
1 K. A. Isaac (1976). Need for an academic library Association National Library Week Souvenir, p. 76.
system
in higher
education.
Keemla Library
COLLEGE N.
LIBRARIES
IN
INDIA
397
K. Goii (1968). College libraries in India; suggestions for management and administrative structure. Library Herald 10(23), 199-210. K. S. Hingwe (1969). Organizational patterns ofacademic libraries. Libruary Herald 2(3), 139-153. K. A. Isaac (1976). Need for an academic library system for higher education, Kerula Library Association National Week Souvenir, 73-78. K. A. Isaac (1978). What are College libraries and what can they be? A blue print for action. Jv’ew Frontiers in Education, 8(3), l-14. S. R. Ranganathan (1965). Norms for college library. Proceedings of the Seminar on College libraries in Rajastan, Ja;Pur, 14-29. S. S. Rege (1965). Administrative problems of college libraries. Timeless Fellowship 2, 99-110. R. N. Sar ( 197 1). College libraries in Delhi. Herald of Library Science lO( 1)) 55-88. D. W. Shewde ( 1972). Cataloguing methods in college libraries in Poona University. Timeless Fellowship, 7, 13 1-147. Susheela Kumar (1978). Professional development of librarians. New Frontiers in Education, 8(3), 32-36. Y. Viswanathan (1971). Library and college climate. In Libraries as Educational Tools, pp. 17-24.
14, 391-397
College Libraries M.
in India
BAVAKUTTY”
S. R. Ranganathan describes the position of college libraries over a halfcentury ago in the following words: College library consisted of closed cupboards. Most of them were concentrated in one or two rooms called general library. Hardly any student cared to go to the general library. A student could at best reach up to the barrier, select all by himself a title from a tattered volume of printed catalogue, and drop an application form for it into a tray, one morning each week. By the evening, the available books would all stand piled up on the desk. A lucky student might find his book in the pile, but he would often feel disappointed by the book not suiting his standard or by its being something different from what he thought it to be. l
This is more or less true of the present condition of college libraries in the country. The role of a college library in the dissemination of knowledge and as augmentor to class instruction is very much related to the method and level of teaching. Y. Viswanathan2 makes the following observation regarding the existing educational system in the country. The present curriculum in India is text book centred and methods of teaching adopted is examination oriented, emphasizing on the mark getting devices. The main objective of a student is to get through the University examination. For this, he depends on the class notes and guides. He seldom reads even the text books prescribed.
Reading habits of post-graduate students are also far from satisfactory. They read only one or two books in a subject and the books recommended for reference are not even consulted. In these circumstances, according to S. S. Rege,3 the major book stock ofthe college library becomes idle. Iffew students visit the library it
* Head, University,
Department of Library 673 635 Kerala, India.
and Information
Science,
University
of Calicut,
P.O.
Calicut
1 S. R. Ranganathan (1965). Norms for College Library. In Proceedings of the Seminar on College libraries in Rajastan, Jai&r, p. 14. zY. Viswanathan (1971). Library and College climate. In Libraries as Educational Tools, p. 18. 3 S. S. Rege (1965). Administrative problems of college libraries. Timeless Fellowship 2, p. 102. OOZOG7837/82/04039
1 + 07 $03.00/O
0
1982 Academic
Press Inc.
(London)
Limited
392
M. BAVAKUTTY
is mainly for recreational reading. Therefore, it is no wonder that standard subject books and valuable literary classics remain untouched and unknown to the students. The attitude of teachers towards the library is also not very encouraging. They seldom visit the college library as they are not much interested in reading the latest books and journals in their subject to make them up-to-date in their field. They most often function as mere transmitters of text books and no genuine attempt is made by them to create real love of reading in the students.l As such, teaching is getting more importance than learning. The students do not have the urge, interest and curiosity for further exploration of a subject. Under these circumstances the College library continues to be a ritual appendage to the institution rather than the “heart”. ADMINISTRATIVE
STRUCTURE
The college library is considered to be an administrative unit as an office of the college, not as an academic department. This is contrary to the nature of the services expected of the college library.2 This attitude of the authority stands in the way of organizing the library in the right direction conducive to the fulfilment of its expected instructional functions.3 In certain colleges there is a Professor-in-charge of the library. He is vested with authority concerning all matters of the library. The librarian is never consulted in any matter. As S. S. Rege rightly points out “it is, therefore, no wonder, if the college librarian, in spite of his qualifications, abilities and status, remains but an awkward dangling figure in the puppet show of the professor-in-charge”.4 FINANCE Inadequate finance is a serious hindrance to the growth libraries. And the available fund is not always wisely spent.
of college
The main source of revenue for the college to-day is the library fee collected from students, supplemented by periodical Government or UGC grants. The library varies from State to State and, within the same State, from college to college, with 1 Y. Viswanathan (1971), Ibid., p. 19. z M. Bavakutty (1976). Organization of College libraries: centralization Paper presented At ;he Indian-Library Association South Zone Conference, 3 R. K. Dasgupta (1968). 206. 4 S. S. Rege (1965). Ibid.,
Aspects p. 103.
of the college
library
system
in India.
the fee the
vs. decentralization. Cochin. Indian Librarian 22(4),
COLLEGE result that there college libraries.’
is wide
variation
LIBRARIES in the financial
393
IN INDIA resourcesavailable
to the different
It has also been observed that the UGC grants received for the development of book collection and construction of library buildings are not properly utilized. LIBRARY
COLLECTIONS
Book selection has been far from systematically S. R. Ranganathan2 observes thus: Book sellers often contact the Principal and/or tempt in getting such books selected as would book stock. During their busy academic uptodateness of the book. The result is that enter into the library.
done in college libraries.
the heads of the departments and try to decrease the quality and utility of the engagements they fail to verify the outmoded and unwanted books often
Selection of books has also been made from publishers’ catalogues. Books of high standard or of research value are often purchased thus in undergraduate colleges. According to Ranganathan 90% of the books selected through these methods remain in a virgin state without being used by the academic community. It is really a surprise to note that there are colleges in the country offering post-graduate courses where the students do not have access even to a select few of the most important journals in their respective areas of specialization and are not even aware of them3 Every year physical verification of the book stock is done; but in almost all the colleges it is got done by the college teachers who do not undertake it seriously. They merely go on indicating a large number of losses. Every year a large number of books recorded by them as “lost” are traced out and in this way it causes waste of time and energy of the library staff.4
The annual ritual of stock verification also causes the college library be closed for service for about two months. TECHNICAL
to
PROCESSING
In many libraries, books are neither properly classified nor catalogued. In several libraries no systematic classification is followed for arranging the library collection. One of the reasons put forward for this is that the 1 K. A. Isaac (1978). Nerr, Frontiers in Education 2 S. R. Ranganathan 3 K. A. Isaac (1978). 4 S. R. Ranganathan
What are College libraries S(3), 6. (1965). Ibid., p. 16. Z6id., p. 4. (1965). Ibid., p. 17.
and what
can they
be? A blueprint
for action.
394
M. BAVAKUTTY
teachers get certain new books issued immediately when acquired and they remain unclassified and cata1ogued.l R. K. Dasgupta also points out the defects of the library catalogue in the following words: For many colleges, the card catalogue still is a luxury on the ground of economy. The catalogues used in most of the college libraries can not be termed a catalogue proper as in most cases they are not made on any sound cataloguing principle. They may rather be called inventory oflibrary books. As they are in printed form, they become out of date as soon as they are made.2
LIBRARY'SERVICES Most of the college library buildings are so located that there is no scope for expansion which results in a bottleneck for providing good library service. In some libraries books are kept on shelves in more than one row and there is dumping of books. In such circumstances location of books from dumps or heaps of books becomes the only job of the library staff. For finding out the required reading materials from a botch-patch of assorted materials is nothing but a matter of chance. The only library service rendered to the clientele in a college library is book lending. In several college libraries reading facilities are not provided. There are colleges where students are not even allowed inside the library. “ In several colleges, books can be borrowed from the library only on a particular day in a week, thus denying the students the privilege of borrowing books on the other six days”.3 Reference service is also not provided due to the lack of basic reference books and sufficient professional staff.4 It is also seen that most of the students are ignorant of the effective use of the book collection aids and tools available in the library.5 Certain college libraries exist almost exclusively for the use of teachers. The books are purchased for teachers’ requirements and no consideration is given for the needs of the students. Some teachers feel a proprietary right in the college library and monopolize it as far as they wish: “There are teachers who regard the borrowing of an advanced book by a student as a personal affront”.6 College librarians often find it very difficult in dealing with the teachers. In the words of S. S. Rege, 1 R. N. Sar (1971). College librarie? in Delhi. Herald of Library Science, lO( I), 56. z R. K. Dasgupta (1968). Ibid., p. 211. 3 Girija Kumar et al. (1979). College libraries in India: a survey report. 3ournal of Library and Information Science 4(l), 17. 4 K. S. Hingwe (1969). Organizational pattern of academic libraries. Library Herald 2(3), 45. 5 D. W. Shewde (1972). Catalaguing methods in College libraries in Poona University. Timeless Fellowship 7, 131-147. 6S. R. Ranganathan (1965). Ibid., p. 18.
COLLEGE
LIBRARIES
IN INDIA
395
the rules of the library which are rigid and sometimesoppressivein the caseof needy students are totally ineffective in the case of teachers. The number of books a teacher can borrow from the library, the length of time he may retain them in his possession and the scrupulous manner in which he is expected to use them are some of the major problems for which a college librarian has not been able to find desirable solutions. The reminders of the librarian to return the books are often disregarded and neglected, underlining scoring of all blank space with notes and meanings, and folding the corners of pages are regularly seen in the books returned by the teachers. l
LIBRARY
PERSONNEL
The staff position of the college library is far from satisfactory. The authorities have not yet gone beyond the librarian. The necessity and sufficiency of other professional, semi-professional and non-professional staff in a college library have been completely overlooked. The seriousness of the problem can be understood when we know that the college library is closed when the librarian takes leave. As the library is an administrative unit, so the library staff, including the professionally qualified librarian, is ministerial staff. “The old notion of librarian being the ‘store keeper’ is still continuing in many colleges and librarians are made to pay for the lost books”.2 Regarding the status of college librarians, it has been observed that the college librarian has hardly ever been treated as a responsible and trustworthy person by the college authorities. He does not have an independent and authoritative status even in his small domain.3 Teachers, even junior lecturers think themselves superior and expect respect from the librarian. In this uncongenial and non-co-operative atmosphere where the college librarian sets to work he finds impracticable whatever he learnt about modern librarianship in his pursuit of professional studies. PHYSICAL
FACILITIES
In many colleges there is neither a library hall nor a sufficiently large room, not to mention a separate building for the library. The room which is unfit for a class room is usually converted into the college library. Susheela Kumar4 describes the physical facilities of a college library thus: “Any unused room, quite often some where out of sight, would be considered adequate to house a few shelves of books. And in most college libraries the furniture provided tends to be austere”. In 1 S. S. Rege (1965). Ibid., p. 103. ZR. N. Sar (1971). Ibid., 0. 57. 3 S. S. Rege (1965). Ibid., p. 108. 4 Susheela Kumar (1978). Physical
facilities
in the library.
Jvew Frontiers
in Education,
B(3),
27.
396
M.
BAVAKUTTY
some libraries there is complete darkness even during the day time as the windows are shuttered with a fear that the books may be stolen away.
The state of college libraries in the country is far from satisfactory. The library plays a minor role in the academic preparation, and the education does not involve the students in anything more than listening to the lectures and reading the lecture notes which are often dictated by the teachers. The large majority of the college libraries and annual book grants, unscientific provision, poor services, unsatisfactory recognition of their important academic
suffer from grossly inadequate book stocks technical organization, inadequate staff physical facilities and, above all, a lack of role.’
They are far from being the hearts of colleges from where the invigorating blood of knowledge should flow to nourish and sustain life in all the teaching departments of the colleges. This situation has to be changed lock, stock and barrel. Each college library has to be made the intellectual hub of the institution both for students and teachers. This is all the more necessary because about 90% of the students of higher education are undergoing their studies in colleges and they have only their meagre college library resources to fall back upon. A substantial improvement of the situation is a matter that calls for the urgent attention of the authorities concerned. The college library, as an effective instrument for the improvement of educational standards, will be able to make its presence felt and exert its wholesome influence on the academic community only if library facilities are improved and education is made more library-centred than class-roomcentred. BIBLIOGRAPHY M.
Bavakutty (1976). Organization of college libraries; centralization vs decentralization. A Paper presented in the Indian Library Association South
1 K. A. Isaac (1976). Need for an academic library Association National Library Week Souvenir, p. 76.
system
in higher
education.
Keemla Library
COLLEGE N.
LIBRARIES
IN
INDIA
397
K. Goii (1968). College libraries in India; suggestions for management and administrative structure. Library Herald 10(23), 199-210. K. S. Hingwe (1969). Organizational patterns ofacademic libraries. Libruary Herald 2(3), 139-153. K. A. Isaac (1976). Need for an academic library system for higher education, Kerula Library Association National Week Souvenir, 73-78. K. A. Isaac (1978). What are College libraries and what can they be? A blue print for action. Jv’ew Frontiers in Education, 8(3), l-14. S. R. Ranganathan (1965). Norms for college library. Proceedings of the Seminar on College libraries in Rajastan, Ja;Pur, 14-29. S. S. Rege (1965). Administrative problems of college libraries. Timeless Fellowship 2, 99-110. R. N. Sar ( 197 1). College libraries in Delhi. Herald of Library Science lO( 1)) 55-88. D. W. Shewde ( 1972). Cataloguing methods in college libraries in Poona University. Timeless Fellowship, 7, 13 1-147. Susheela Kumar (1978). Professional development of librarians. New Frontiers in Education, 8(3), 32-36. Y. Viswanathan (1971). Library and college climate. In Libraries as Educational Tools, pp. 17-24.