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Colouration of textiles using roasted peanut skin- an agro processing residue
Accepted Manuscript Colouration of textiles using roasted peanut skin- an agro processing residue Ritu Pandey, Sweta Patel, Pintu Pandit, Shanmugam Nachimuthu, Seiko Jose PII:
S0959-6526(17)32572-6
DOI:
10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.268
Reference:
JCLP 11060
To appear in:
Journal of Cleaner Production
Received Date: 12 July 2017 Revised Date:
20 September 2017
Accepted Date: 24 October 2017
Please cite this article as: Pandey R, Patel S, Pandit P, Nachimuthu S, Jose S, Colouration of textiles using roasted peanut skin- an agro processing residue, Journal of Cleaner Production (2017), doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.268. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
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Abstract Textile grade dye was extracted from roasted peanut skin (Arachais hypogaea) through aqueous extraction. The dye was characterised by phyto-chemical, uv visible
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spectroscopy and ftir analysis. Cotton, silk and wool fabrics were dyed at different temperatures as well as using microwave energy without using any mordants. Dyed fabrics were assessed for their colour values, fastness properties and ultraviolet protection factor. All
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the fabrics shown good affinity for the dye. Uniform dyeing was observed in all fabrics; however, the dye exhaustion was higher in silk and wool than cotton. The dyed fabrics
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possessed good to very good fastness properties with and an ultraviolet protection factor up to 65. A comparative evaluation of synthetic dyes required to produce the same shade with that of peanut skin dye was also performed.
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fastness, UV protection
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Keywords – agro waste utilization, natural dye, peanut skin, sustainable dyeing, colour
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Dye solution
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UV Protective
Application of Peanut skin dye at 30°C/60°C/ 90°C/Microwave.
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Cotton/Silk/Wool Fabric
UV A+UV B
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Peanut skin extracted in boiled water
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Peanut skin
Dyed Fabric
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Colouration of textiles using roasted peanut skin- an agro processing residue
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1. Introduction Research efforts are attaining priority for agro-waste utilization which would not only
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reduce agricultural waste but also provide additional income for the farmers or
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processing industries (Hazarika et al., 2017). A number of agricultural wastes are
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identified as a source of naturally occurring dye for a range of applications. Nevertheless,
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only a few of them could firmly bind with the textile fibres. The demand for natural dyed
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fabric is increasing because of the customer concern about skin safety and the
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environment. However, there are only selective brands and shades (are) available in the
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market. This is mainly due to poor dye yield from the dye source as well as lack of
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availability of the raw material (Jose et al., 2016). An agricultural waste can serve as a
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dye in the textile industry if it is abundantly available, provides sufficient dye yield, and
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possesses good fastness properties. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea), an oilseed crop is
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important to the source of oil. It is grown in the semiarid tropical region under rain fed
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conditions. India ranks first in the world with more than 25% (cultivating) cultivated area
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under peanut (cultivation). In 2014-15, India produced 6.68 million tons of groundnut
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from an area of 4.19 million ha with an average yield of 1591 kg/ha (Annual report,
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ICAR-Directorate of Groundnut Research, 2014-15). A major part of the peanut
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production goes to the peanut processing industry, where after shelling the kernel, the
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inner red colour skin of the peanut is normally removed for preparing peanut snacks and
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roasted peanut. The red colour skin is generally thrown as waste or used as low-cost
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fillers in animal feed, although it has astringent taste and anti-nutrient properties (Hill,
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2002). An estimated 35–45 g of peanut skin is generated per kg of shelled peanut kernel.
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Over 0.74 million metric tons of peanut skins are produced annually worldwide as a by-
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producing around 0.3 million kg of peanut skin. A strong correlation was found between
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the colour of peanut skin and polyphenol content, and it was reported that the redness and
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hue angle of the peanut skin increased with increasing (in) total phenolic content
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(Chukwumah et al., 2009). The peanut skin hue angle varies from cultivar to cultivar.
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The flavonoids found in peanut skin are responsible for its colour, help in combating
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oxidative stress and are hepatoprotective, antiviral, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-
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inflammatory and growth regulator. The chemical composition analysis and antioxidant
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and anti-inflammatory properties of peanut skin have been studied by many workers
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(Constanza et al., 2012, Nepote et al., 2002, Lewis et al., 2013). Various properties of the
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peanut shell, which is another by-product of peanut processing industry, have already
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been studied (Liu et al., 2016, Akgul and Tozluoğlu, 2008, Ramirez-Lopez et al., 2010).
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Peanut husk was used to remove colour from the Indosol Yellow BG dye containing
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waste water and achieved maximum dye removal of 79.7 mg/g (Sadaf and Bhatti, 2014).
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However, despite its abundance, there is no systematic work done on dyeing property of
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the peanut skin.
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In the present work, an attempt was made to extract colour from the roasted peanut
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skin, collected from the peanut processing industry. With the extracted colour, dyeing
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was performed on cotton, silk and wool fabrics using the conventional method and
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microwave energy. The colour values and fastness properties were also studied.The
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objective of this study is to utilise peanut skin as a dye for textiles and give a value
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addition to textiles as well as peanut processing waste.
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2. Materials and Methods
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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Cotton and degummed silk fabric were purchased from local market, Kanpur, India. Wool
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fabric was sourced from M/s CSWRI Avikanagar, India. Roasted peanut skin was collected
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from peanut processing industry at Kanpur, India. The skin was thoroughly washed with cold
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water, dried at ambient condition and made free from foreign materials. Other chemicals used
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are acetic acid (assay 99 %), chloroform (assay 99.5%), hydrochloric acid (assay 35-37%),
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sulphuric acid (assay 99.8%), ferric chloride hexahydrate (assay 98%) and ethanol (all
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chemicals were procured from Merck, India), Ultravon JU (wetting agent).
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2.1. Fabric pre-treatment
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The cotton fabric was enzymatically desized using 0.5 g/l amylase, 0.5 g/l wetting agent
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at 70 C for 1 h. The material to liquor ratio (MLR) was kept as 1:20 (Arputharaj et al., 2017).
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The combined scouring and bleaching of cotton fabric was performed using alkaline peroxide
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solution. The previously wetted desized cotton fabric was dipped in a beaker containing 4.0
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g/l NaOH, 6.0 g/l H2O2 and 2.0 g/l sodium silicate. The beaker was heated to 80ºC for 30
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minutes in closed condition. After treatment, the bleached fabric was taken out and washed in
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dilute acetic acid solution and then with water until free from residual acid and alkali. It is the
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dried at ambient temperature. The scouring of wool fabric was performed as follows. 1.0%
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Na2CO3 and 1.0% Ultravon JU (on the weight of fabric) was taken in a beaker. Water was
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added to in the MLR 1:20. The previously wetted unscoured wool fabric was entered in to it
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and the beaker was heated for 30 minutes at 60ºC. After treatment, the scoured wool fabric
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was taken out and washed with water until free from residual alkali. It was then dried at
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ambient temperature. The silk fabric was dipped in dilute acetic acid (5.0%) solution for 30
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minutes at room temperature, keeping the MLR 1:20. It was then taken out, washed with
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water and dried at ambient temperature. This was done to remove the temporary surface
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finishing on silk fabric.
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2.2. Preparation of dye solution
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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 150 g of peanut skin was weighed and two litres of water was added to it and boiled for
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half an hour. The solution was then cooled, and the clear solution was filtered. The extraction
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was once again repeated with one liter of water and kept for overnight and filtered. Both the
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first and second extracted solutions were mixed and made up to three litres and used as a
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stock solution (5% dye solution). For calculating the yield of crude dye, the process was
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repeated, and the dye solution was kept at 80ºC in a hot air for evaporation of water. The
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dried extract was then collected, crushed well by the pestle and the yield of the crude dye was
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calculated.
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2.3. Phytochemical analysis of peanut skin extract
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The phytochemical analysis of peanut skin was performed as following (Teli and Pandit,
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2017, Teli et al., 2017).
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2.3.1. Analysis of Saponin: Two ml of peanut dye extract was placed in a test tube and shaken
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vigorously. The formation of stable foam was taken as an indication of the presence of
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saponin.
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2.3.2. Analysis of Phenol and Tannin: Two ml dye extract was mixed with 2 ml of 2%
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solution of ferric chloride. A blue-green colouration indicated the presence of phenol and
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tannin.
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2.3.3. Analysis of Terpenoid (Salkowski’s Test): Two ml dye extract was mixed with 2 ml of
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chloroform. Then 2 ml of conc. H2SO4 was added and shaken gently. A reddish brown
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colouration on the interface was formed to show the presence of terpenoid.
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2.3.4. Analysis of Flavonoid (Zinc-Hydrochloride reduction test): Two ml dye extract was
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mixed with zinc dust and con. HCl was added to it drop wise. It gave red colour after few
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minutes, which indicated the presence of the flavonoid.
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2.3.5. Analysis of Glycoside: Two ml dye extract was mixed with 2 ml of glacial acetic acid
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and 2 drops of 2.0% ferric chloride. The mixture was poured into another test tube containing
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2 ml of conc. H2SO4. A brown ring on the interface indicated the presence of glycoside.
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2.4. Dyeing Bleached cotton, scoured wool and degummed silk fabrics were cut into a size of 15 x
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15 cm. 75% on weight of fabric (owf) of peanut skin was used for dyeing, which is
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equivalent to 5.0% peanut dye extract. The required amount of the dye solution and
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previously wetted fabric samples was taken in a beaker with 15:1 ratio and loaded in the
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Infrared dyeing machine. The dyeing was carried for 30 minutes at 30 °C, 60 ºC and 90 ºC.
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After dyeing, the temperature of the bath was reduced to room temperature. Then the dyed
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samples were taken out, washed thoroughly with water and soaped using 2 g/l soap solution
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(Ultravon JU) for 30 min at 70°C. After soaping, the samples were rinsed with cold water and
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dried at ambient temperature. In the case of dyeing with microwave energy, the dye solution:
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fabric was taken in the ratio 15:1. The dye solution was taken in a glass beaker and
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previously wetted fabrics were added to it. The beaker was closed with a watch glass and
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kept in the microwave oven. The dyeing was carried using the microwave at 360W for 10
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minutes. After dyeing, the samples were taken out, washed thoroughly with water and soaped
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as described earlier. The samples were then rinsed with cold water and dried at ambient
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temperature (Haggag et al., 2014). To analyse the dyeability of peanut skin in bulk scale,
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three garments were prepared with the above-said fabrics. The garments were dyed in a steel
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vessel keeping the temperature 90ºC for 30 minutes. After dyeing, the dyed garments were
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given a soaping treatment and dried at ambient temperature.
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2.5. Analysis of physical properties of the fabric
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Structural parameters of the fabric like ends per inches, (EPI), picks per inches (PPI),
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(ASTM D3775), and areal density (GSM) (ASTM D 3776) were measured by following
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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT above mentioned standard methods. The tensile properties viz., breaking stress, breaking
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strain %, tensile modulus and specific work of rupture, etc., of the fabric were measured
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using Instron tensile tester (Model 5567) following (ASTM D 5035) method (Jose et al.,
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2017). The water absorbency of the fabrics before dyeing was tested by placing a drop of
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water on the surface of the fabric and calculating the time to absorb the water completely by
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it.
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2.6. Analysis of colour value of dyed samples
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The colorimetric values (l*, a*, b*, hue and K/S) of dyed samples and whiteness
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index of pre-treated fabrics (Hunter scale) were evaluated using Datacolor match computer
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colour matching system at D65 illuminate/ 10° observers according to AATCC Evaluation
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Procedure 6 (AATCC, 2003).
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2.7. Measurement of fastness properties of dyed fabrics
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The washing fastness, rubbing fastness (wet and dry), light fastness and perspiration
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fastness of the dyed samples were measured as per IS: 3361:79, ISO-105-X12, ISO 105-
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BO2:2002 and ISO- E04:2009 methods respectively.
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2.8. Colorimetric analysis and dye uptake
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The colour strength of the dye solution before and after dyeing was measured using
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photo calorimetre, (Microprocessor, Model no 1312). Based on the absorbance value of
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residual dye liquor, the dye concentration (mg/l) was calculated with help of Microcal Origin
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software.
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The percentage of dye uptake by the fabric was calculated by the formula;
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Dye uptake (%) =
A1 – A2 ------------ X 100 A1
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Where A1 and A2 are the quantities of dye (mg/l) in the dye bath before and after dyeing
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respectively.
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2.9. FTIR and UV visible spectrophotometer analysis. FTIR analysis of peanut skin dye was performed using a double beam FTIR
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spectrophotometer by ATR (Attenuated Total Reflectance) attachment (Bruker, model-
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Alpha). The transmittance spectra were recorded at wave numbers from 500 to 4000 cm-1.
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UV-visible spectrophotometer analysis of peanut skin extract was carried out by scanning from 300 to 800 nm wavelength using UV-1800 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu).
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2.10. Ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) analysis of dyed fabrics
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The UPF values of the undyed and peanut skin extract dyed fabrics were measured
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using Shimadzu UV-2600 series in the range of 280 to 400 nm, Model UV-2600
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(A11665101436). The UPF value of each fabric was determined from the total spectral
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transmittance based on AS/NZS 4399:1996 method.
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3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
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3.1. Phytochemical analysis of peanut skin extract
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The phytochemical screening of chemical constituents of the peanut skin extract was
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performed by qualitative tests as mentioned before. The results revealed the presence of
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active compounds in aqueous extract. Phytochemical constituents of peanut skin have shown
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the presence of Saponin, Terpenoid, Glycoside, Flavonoid, Phenols and Tannin (Nepote et
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al., 2002).
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3.2. Crude dye extraction from roasted peanut skin
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The selection of the solvent for the extraction of colour from natural dye depends
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upon its affinity to the natural dye. In the present study, the colour components of the peanut
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skin were found to be soluble in hot water. Therefore, the dye was extracted with hot water
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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT and after the evaporation of water at 80°C, the crude dye yield was found to be 22.8 %, which
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means, it is possible to get 22.8 g of dye from 100 g of roasted peanut skin. Generally, the
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crude dye yield is found to be less (1-20%) in the case of natural dyes (Ammayappan and
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Jose., 2015). However, the above cited figure for dye yield is better than many of the natural
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dye sources. The powdered dye obtained from peanut skin is shown in figure 1. After the
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colour extraction, the colour of the peanut skin faded and became slightly brown in colour.
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This may be because of the removal of auxochromes and chromophore from the skin.
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3.3. Dyeing
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The colour extracted from peanut skin is shown as in figure 1. It is found that the
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natural dye extracted from peanut skin have an affinity for cotton, wool and silk fabrics
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without using any mordant. However, it shows a comparative higher affinity towards protein
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fibres like wool and silk than cellulosic fibre like cotton. The higher affinity of the peanut
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skin dye towards protein fibre may be due to the presence of both amino and carboxylic acids
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group present in the wool and silk fiber. Peanut skin dye contains tannin (Mongkholrattanasit
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et al., 2011), which can form either a covalent bond or ionic bond with protein fibres and
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hydrogen bond with cotton (equations 1, 2 and 3). The colour fixed firmly, without using any
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dyeing auxiliaries or metallic mordants. Thus, dyeing of textiles using the above-said dye is a
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totally ecofriendly process. Tannin is a well known natural mordant, which fixes the colour
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on the fabric. Since peanut skin extract contains tannin, it helped in dyeing without any
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additional mordant (Prabhu and Teli, 2014). The possible reaction mechanism of dyeing of
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peanut skin with wool, silk and cotton is given below.
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Peanut dye- OH + HOOC-Wool/Silk- NH2
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bond formation) ----------
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1
Or
dye - O-OC-Wool- NH2 (Covalent
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Peanut dye- OH + HOOC-Wool/Silk- NH2
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attraction) ---------
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Peanut dye- OH + OH- Cellulose
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(Hydrogen bond formation) ----------
+ HOOC-Wool- NH3 - O - dye (Ionic
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dye - OH - - - OH- Cellulose
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------------Insert Figure 1 here ----------
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The scanned images of shades obtained using peanut skin extract at various dyeing
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conditions are as shown in figure 2. It was observed that the dye uptake was minimal in all
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three fabrics, dyed at 30°C. Peach colour was observed in the samples of cotton and silk, and
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cream shade was observed with wool fabric. At 30°C, no additional energy was provided to
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the dye molecules for exhaustion and fixation which resulted in poor dyeability. The highest
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dye uptake was observed with silk followed by wool and cotton. At 60ºC, the moderate
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temperature was given for dyeing, as a result the dye uptake was enhanced. Bright peach
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shades were observed after dyeing at 60ºC. The dye uptake of silk fabric was found to be
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higher than other two fabrics. The data received from the analysis of colour measurement of
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residual colour liquor as well as K/S value support this information. All dyed samples were
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dyed evenly, i.e. level dyeing was observed. At 90ºC, the dye uptake was found to be at
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saturated level. This is because of high temperature treatment was given, which helped the
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dye molecule to penetrate inside the fibre and fix firmly. At 90ºC, wool and silk showed
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higher colour uptake than cotton fabric. All samples were dyed evenly. Dyeing using
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microwave energy is comparatively a new technique. It was observed that the dye uptake
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was medium and peach shade was obtained in at three fabrics. Some samples were dyed
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unevenly. This is because of lack of agitation given to the samples during the exposure of
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microwave energy. The samples dyed using microwave energy showed almost the same
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colour to the samples dyed at 60ºC. In all cases of dyeing conditions, the physical properties
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of the fabric viz, EPI, PPI, GSM doesn’t mark significant changes. However, there is a
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notable decrease in the tenacity of the fabric was observed in the case of microwave dyed
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samples. ------------------------ Insert Figure 2 here -------------------
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------------------------ Insert Table 1 here -------------------
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Dyeing of peanut skin extract at 90°C gave the best result in terms of dye uptake.
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Thus, it is decided to replicate the recipe in bulk level for dyeing of garments. Three garments
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were prepared with cotton, wool, and silk fabric and dyed with peanut skin extract. The
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dyeing was performed in an open steel vessel at 90°C for the duration of 30 minutes. Here
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also, the deep colour was developed with silk and wool followed by cotton. The dyed
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garments are as shown in figure 3.
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----------------Insert Figure 3 here ---------------
The absorbance data obtained from photo calorimetric analysis of dye liquor before
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and after dyeing is shown in table 1. During dyeing, the fabric uptake the colour from the dye
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solution, as a result, the colour intensity of the dye solution got decreased. Accordingly, there
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is a decrease in absorbance was observed. From the absorbance data, the dye uptake was
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calculated using earlier mentioned formula and given in table 1. It was found that the amount
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of dye uptake is directly proportional to temperature, i.e., as temperature increased, the dye
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uptake also increased. The dye uptake in case of cotton is less than that of wool and silk
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fabric, irrespective of the dyeing condition. This indicates the relatively low affinity of
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cellulosic material towards the peanut skin extract. Maximum dye uptake was observed in the
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sample dyed with silk using microwave energy and the minimum was observed with the
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cotton sample dyed at 30°C.
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3.4. Computer colour matching All the dyed samples were analysed for their colour values using computer colour
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matching software. In table 1, l* value indicates the depth of the shade, a* value indicates the
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tone of the shade in greener or redder region, b* value indicates the tone of the shade in
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yellow or blue region and K/S value indicate the total colour value of the dyed fabric. The
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higher K/S value indicates that the dyed fabric has more colour in it. In all dyed samples at
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30°C, the l* value is on the higher side, which indicates the shade is lighter because of
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minimal dye uptake. The l* value decreased in other methods of dyeing. Silk sample dyed at
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60°C showed the highest value of a* (13.07), ie. the redder tone. Similarly, wool dyed at
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30°C showed the least value of a* (3.57). In the case of wool dyeing using microwave energy
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shown highest b* value of 15.37, ie, the bluer tone. Similarly, minimum b* value observed
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with cotton samples (8.21) dyed at 30°C. The K/S value was highest in silk fabric dyed at
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90°C (27.0) and minimum at cotton sample dyed at 30°C (7.2). In case of silk dyed using
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microwave energy, the dye uptake is 67 % and K/S is 19.2., while in case of 60ºC, dye uptake
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is 35.3 % and K/S is 19.4. Apparently, there is no difference in the colour value of the dyed
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fabrics. This indicates high dye uptake, but poor fixation of dyes on fabric during microwave
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dyeing. The K/S value was taken after giving a soaping treatment to the dyed fabric. Since
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the colour fixation is not very good, the colour may be stripped from the fabric during
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soaping and ultimately resulted in lower colour value in terms of K/S. The reason may be,
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during microwave dyeing, the duration of treatment was only 10 minutes at 360 W, while at
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60ºC, the duration of treatment was 30 minutes. The longer duration at 60ºC helped the dyes
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to penetrate inside the fiber bind firmly on the fabric. The same phenomenon has also been
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inferred in the case of wool dyeing also.
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3.5. Colour fastness analysis The fastness of the dyed materials is an important quality parameter for the
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assessment of dye and dyeing. As mentioned before, all the dyes may not have an affinity to
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all kinds of textile fibres. If the affinity is high, the fastness also will be good. The colour
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fastness is rated by using grey scale. Fastness will be good if the rating is on the higher side
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(Say, 5 rating is given if there is no colour change after fastness test and 1 is for poor
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fastness). Except for light fastness, all the grading is 1-5, and for light fastness, grading is 1-
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8. The fastness report of dyed fabric is as shown in Table 2.
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The washing fastness of the dyed sample refers to the stripping of colour from the
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dyed sample, when the samples are subjected to washing at the alkaline condition. It depends
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upon the affinity of the dye to the fabric as well as dyeing conditions. For all dyed samples,
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the washing fastness rating was found to be in between 3/4 to 4/5. Out of 12 dyed samples, 9
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samples showed a rating of 4 and above. This indicates that the colour is attached firmly to
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the fabric. The light fastness of some of the natural dyes is a reported problem with the dying
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of natural dyes. The UV radiation in sunlight causes photodegradation of auxochromes and
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chromophore, causing fading of colour. In the reported work, the majority of the fabric
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samples show a rating of 5/6 to 7. This shows that the dye has sufficient fastness to light. The
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better light fastness properties of the peanut skin extract may be due to the presence of tannin
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content (Samanta and Agarwal, 2009).
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Acid and alkali perspiration fastness indicate the change of the colour of the dyed
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fabric when the fabric is reacting with sweat on the human body. The rubbing fastness
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regarding wet fastness and dry fastness was found in the range of 4 to 4/5, showing good
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result. The good fastness properties of silk and wool fabrics, dyed with peanut skin extract
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are attributed to the fact that these dyes contain tannin, which may help in covalent bond
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formation with the fibre (Mongkholrattanasit et al., 2011).
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3.6. FTIR and UV- visible analysis Figure 4 shows the UV-Visible spectra of peanut skin extract in water which has
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maxima at 440 nm. Anthocyanins absorb strongly in the visible and UV spectral range, with
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maximum absorbance falling in the region of 465-560 nm. Their UV absorbing capacity
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varies depending on their specific aglycones, sugar conjugation, and acylation configuration.
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------------------------ Insert figure 4 here -------------------
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FTIR analysis was performed for understanding the functional groups present in the
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peanut skin extract as shown in Figure 5. The spectrum showed a broad peak at 3344 cm-1,
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assigned to the stretching vibration of phenolic –OH group. The broad peak at 3260-3270 cm-
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acid group, most probably the –OH stretching of hydroxyl moiety of carboxylic acids in
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gallic acid-based tannins (Ricci et al., 2015). A small, but sharp peak at 2912 cm-1 indicate
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the presence of C-H stretching in alkanes (Kumar and Thampi, 2015). The peaks at 1740 cm-1
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is assigned to the aliphatic acetoxyl group present in saponin (Amarowicz et al., 1996). A
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sharp peak at 1646 and 1017 cm-1 cm-1indicated the presence of C=C and C=O-CH3 ester
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group present in the saponin (Sharma and Paliwal, 2013). The peak at 1536 cm-1 corresponds
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to the C=C stretching of the aromatic ring system (Maobe and Nyarango,2013). The
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characteristic peak of the O-H bending and the aromatic ring vibration of condensed tannin is
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indicated by 1450-60 cm-1 (Arshad et al., 1969).
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, indicate the presence of exchangeable protons, likely from alcohol, amine or carboxylic
14
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 325
----------------------- Insert figure 5 here -------------------
326 327
3.7. Ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) analysis The extent of the ability of the fabric to protect UV radiation is expressed in UPF
329
(Feng et al., 2007). The UPF values are closely related to fibre properties and dye - fibre
330
interactions. The same dye can give different UPF value on different fibres (Chattopadhyay et
331
al., 2013). UPF also depends on the nature of fibre, its fabric construction, thickness, porosity
332
and moisture content (Shahid and Mohammad. 2013). The UPF value of dyed fabrics was
333
determined from the total spectral transmittance based on AS/NZS 4399:1996 (Table 3).
334
From the table, it is found that the dying does not impart UPF for cotton fabric. Only a slight
335
increase in UPF was observed. However, the wool fabric samples showed an increasing trend
336
in UPF after dyeing with peanut skin extract. The UPF factor was increased up to 37% in
337
comparison with un dyed fabric. A notable increase in UPF value was found in the case of
338
silk fabric also after dyeing with peanut skin extract. The UPF value increased from 7.84 to
339
55.73. In all cases of dyeing, the UPF value increased with increase in temperature and
340
samples dyed at 90°C shown highest UPF. This may be because the dark shade is produced at
341
90°C, will usually absorb UV radiations more than light pastel shades and consequently will
342
have a higher UPF rating. The exact component responsible for protection of UV radiation
343
was not identified, however, based on the reports available in the literature, it can be said that
344
the UV blocking property of peanut skin extract may be a synergistic effect of many of the
345
components of the peanut skin in which saponins, tannins, and polyphenols are having a
346
major role (Anita, 2012). These active components have the free radical scavenging
347
capability. The fabric may also possess antimicrobial properties due to the presence of
348
tannins and flavonoids (Shahid et al., 2012; Cushnie and Lamb, 2005), however, the study is
349
not incorporated in the present work.
AC C
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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 350 351
------------------------ Insert Table 3 here -------------------
352 353
3.8. Economics and future prospects Based on our experiment, 750 g of peanut skin is necessary to dye 1.0 kg of fabric (5 %
355
of extracted dye is capable of giving deep shade to the fabric). If we are calculating the
356
current availability of peanut skin (3.0 lakhs kg) in India, approximately, 4.0 lakhs kg of the
357
fabric can be dyed. This figure is important in the current scenario of Indian textile industry,
358
as the textile industries are facing problems associated with highly polluted discharge from
359
the effluent plant and the government implemented stringent policies for effluent treatment.
360
Many of the small and medium textile industries, which were operated in rural and village
361
level, were closed since they cannot afford high cost water treatment plant like RO. No
362
chemicals were used in the current study and therefore the effluent generated from the
363
process is safe for discharge at agricultural land in a controlled manner. The demand for
364
natural dyed fabric is increasing day by day and it is costlier than synthetic dyed fabric. On
365
the contrary, peanut skin is cheap and abundant agro processing waste material and is
366
available in any part of the country. Thus the technology mentioned in the paper will help to
367
sustain the small and medium scale dyeing industries.
369
SC
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368
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354
4. Conclusion
370
Cotton, silk and wool fabrics were dyed with the dye extracted from the roasted peanut
371
skin. The yield of crude dye was found to be 22.8 %. The colour uptake was highest for silk
372
followed by wool and cotton. The dyed samples possessed good fastness properties. High
373
ultraviolet protection, skin-friendliness, and good wash fastness properties make the dyed
374
garments suitable for sun dresses, formal wears and casual wears. It is concluded that roasted
16
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 375
peanut skin, which is an agricultural processing waste can successfully utilise for the dyeing
376
of textiles.
377 378
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Amarowicz, R., Pegg, R. B., Okubo, K., 1996. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of
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Annual report, 2014-15. ICAR-Directorate of Groundnut Research, Gujarat. India
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Arputharaj, A., Nadanathangam, V., Shukla, S. R. ,2017. A simple and efficient protocol to develop durable multifunctional property to cellulosic materials using in situ generated
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Arshad, M., Beg, A., Siddiqui, Z. A., 1969. Infrared spectroscopic investigation of tannins. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 7, 67-78. doi: 10.1002/apmc.1969.050070106
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Chattopadhyay, S.N., Pan, N.C., Roy, A.K., Saxena, S., Khan, A., 2013. Development of
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natural dyed jute fabric with improved colour yield and UV protection characteristics. J.
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Chukwumah, Y., Walker, L.T., Verghese, M., 2009. Peanut skin color: a biomarker for total
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polyphenolic content and antioxidative capacities of peanut cultivars. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 10,
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4941-4952. doi: 10.3390/ijms10114941. Constanza, K.E., White, B.L., Davis, J.P., Sanders, T.H., Dean, L.L., 2012. Value-added
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of spray-dried extracts. J. Agri.Food.Chem.60, 10776-10783. doi: 10.1021/jf3035258
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Cushnie, T.P.T., Lamb, A.J., 2005. Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids. Int. J. Antimicrob.
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Feng, X.X., Zhang, L.L., Chen, J.Y., Zhang, J.C., 2007. New insights into solar UVprotective
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Indian pineapple leaf, an agro waste for textile application. J. Cleaner. Prod. 141, 580-586.
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Hill, G.M., 2002. Peanut By-Products Fed to Cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 18, 295-315. doi.org/10.1016/S0749-0720(02)00019-1
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Jose, S., Gurumallesh Prabu, H., Ammayappan, L., 2016. Eco-Friendly dyeing of silk and
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cotton textiles using combination of three natural colorants. J. Nat. Fibers. 14, 40-49.
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Jose, S., Nachimuthu, S., Das, S., Kumar, A., 2017. Moth proofing of wool fabric using nano kaolinite. J. Text. Inst. 1-7. doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2017.1336857
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Kumar, S. N., Thampi, N., 2015. Phytochemical screening and characterization of the
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bioactive compounds from the leaves of Hyptis suaveolens and Spathodea campanulata. J.
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Chem. Pharm.Res.7, 840-850. Lewis, W.E., Harris, G.K., Sanders, T.H., White, B.L., Dean, L.L., 2013. Antioxidant and
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anti-inflammatory effects of peanut skin extracts. Food Nutr Sci. 4, 22-32. doi:
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Liu, W., Hao, Y., Jiang, J., Zhu, A., Zhu, J., Dong, Z., 2016. Production of a bioflocculant
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Maobe, M. A., Nyarango, R. M., 2013. Fourier Transformer Infra-Red Spectrophotometer
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Analysis of Warburgia ugandensis Medicinal Herb used for the Treatment of Diabetes,
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Malaria and Pneumonia in Kisii Region, Southwest Kenya. Global Journal of
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Pharmacology. 7, 61-68. doi: 0.5829/idosi.gjp.2013.7.1.7226
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Mongkholrattanasit, R., Kryštůfek, J., Wiener, J., Viková, M., 2011. Dyeing, fastness, and
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UV protection properties of silk and wool fabrics dyed with eucalyptus leaf extract by the
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exhaustion process. Fibres Text East Eur. 19, 94-99.
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Nepote, V., Grosso, N.R., Guzman, C.A., 2002. Extraction of antioxidant components from
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peanut skins. Grasas Aceites. 53, 391-395. doi: 10.3989/gya.2002.v53.i4.335
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Prabhu, K.H., Teli, M.D., 2014. Eco-dyeing using Tamarindusindica L. seed coat tannin as a
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natural mordant for textiles with antibacterial activity. J. Saudi Chem. Soc. 18, 864-872.
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doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2011.10.014
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Ramirez-Lopez, E.M., Corona-Hernandez, J., Avelar-Gonzalez, F.J., Omil, F., Thalasso, F.,
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2010. Biofiltration of methanol in an organic biofilter using peanut shells as
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medium. Bioresource Technol. 101, 87-91. doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.10.064.
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Ricci, A., Olejar, K. J., Parpinello, G. P., Kilmartin, P. A., Versari, A., 2015. Application of
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fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in the characterization of tannins. Appl.
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Spectrosc. Rev. 50, 407-442. doi.org/10.1080/05704928.2014.1000461. Sadaf, S., Bhatti, H. N., 2014. Batch and fixed bed column studies for the removal of Indosol
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Yellow BG dye by peanut husk. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng, 45, 541-553.
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doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2013.05.004
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Samanta, A.K., Agarwal, P., 2009. Application of natural dyes on textiles. Indian. J. Fibre. Text. 34, 384-399.
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Shahid, M., Ahmad, A., Yusuf, M., Khan, M.I., Khan, S.A., Manzoor, N. Mohammad, F., 2012. Dyeing, fastness and antimicrobial properties of woolen yarns dyed with gallnut
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(Quercus
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doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2012.03.029
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Shahid, M., Mohammad, F.2013. Recent advancements in natural dye applications: a review. J. Cleaner. Prod. 53, 310-331. doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.03.031
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extract.
Sharma, V. E. E. N. A., Paliwal, R., 2013. Isolation and characterization of saponins from Moringa oleifera (moringaceae) pods. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 5, 179-183. Sobolev, V.S., Cole, R.J., 2003. Note on utilization of peanut seed test. J Sci Food Agric. 84,
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459
Oliv.)
105–111. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.1593.
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infectoria
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455
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Teli, M. D., & Pandit, P., 2017. Development of thermally stable and hygienic colored
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cotton fabric made by treatment with natural coconut shell extract. J. Ind. Text.
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1528083717725113. doi.org/10.1177/1528083717725113.
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Teli, M. D., Pandit, P., Basak, S., 2017. Coconut shell extract imparting multifunction
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properties to ligno-cellulosic material. J. Ind. Text. 1528083716686937.
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doi.org/10.1177/1528083716686937.
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476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483
Dye solution extracted from Fig.1. (b) Powdered dye extracted from
peanut skin
peanut skin
EP
475
Fig. 1. (a)
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489 490 491 492 493 494 495
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Wool -60ºC
Silk -90ºC
Cotton- microwave
Silk- microwave
SC
Wool- 30°C
Cotton- 90ºC
Wool -90ºC
TE D
Silk -60ºC
EP
488
Silk -30°C
Fig. 2. Shades obtained from dyeing of peanut skin
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Cotton - 60ºC
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Cotton - 30°C
Wool -microwave
22
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 496 497
Fig. 3. Dyed garment using peanut skin extract 3.(a) Cotton 3.(b) Wool 3.(c) Silk
M AN U
499
SC
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498
500 501 502
506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515
EP
505
AC C
504
TE D
503
23
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 516 517
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518
519
523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532
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522
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521
Fig. 4. UV spectra of peanut skin extract in distilled water
AC C
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24
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 533 534 535
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1.02
1
0.98
0.96
1536 1740 1646
3738
0.94
0.92 4000
2912
SC
3340
3590
3182
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Transmittance
1458
2774
2366
1958
Wave number (cm-1)
536
Fig. 5. FTIR spectra of peanut skin
540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548
EP
539
AC C
538
TE D
537
1017
1550
1142
734
25
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 549 550
Table 1 Computer colour matching data Dyeing Fabric method
Dye Absorbance of uptake exhausted dyebath (%)
L*
5.04
72.01 11.39
8.21
7.2
60°C
0.8239
10.1
69.35
9.65
9.6
90°C
0.6778
30.48
64.86 11.42 13.27 13.9
Microwave
0.7447
20.61
57.11 10.84 12.69 10.8
30°C
0.7696
17.32
68.63
60°C
0.6383
35.30
59.88 13.07 12.41 19.4
90°C
0.4318
64.47
54.31 13.04 11.52 27.0
Microwave
0.4089
67.10
60.00 10.42 12.10 19.2
30°C
0.8539
5.04
73.73
3.57
14.32
60°C
0.7959
12.5
60.02
9.18
12.42 12.9
90°C
0.6576
32.89
56.26 10.72 11.07 23.7
0.7447
20.61
61.21
555 556 557 558
AC C
Microwave
SC
8.11
M AN U
TE D
EP
Wool
554
K/S
0.8539
Silk
553
b*
30°C
Cotton
552
a*
8.32
7.85
Hue
RI PT
551
11.58
8.8
7.4
15.37 11.6
35.8 49.9 49.3 49.5 54.3 43.5 41.5 49.2 76.0 53.5 45.9 62.9
26
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 559 560
Table 2 Fastness properties of peanut skin extract dyed fabrics Fabric
Perspiration
Rubbing
Washing
Light
fastness
fastness
fastness
fastness
4
5/6
4
6
4/5
4
6
4/5
6
60ºC
Alkali
Wet
Dry
Cotton
4
3/4
4
4/5
Silk
4
3
3
4/5
Wool
4
4
4
Cotton
4
4
4/5
4/5
Silk
3/4
3/4
4
4/5
4
6
Wool
4
4
4
4
4
6
Cotton
4/5
4
4
4/5
3/4
5/6
Silk
4
4
4
4/5
3/4
6
4/5
4
4
4/5
4
5/6
4
3/4
4
4/5
3/4
6
Silk
3/4
3/4
3/4
4/5
4
6
Wool
4
3/4
4
4/5
4
6
º
90 C Wool
562 563 564 565 566 567 568
AC C
Microwave
EP
Cotton
TE D
30°C
Acid
M AN U
method
RI PT
Dyeing
SC
561
27
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 569 570
Table 3 Ultraviolet protection value of peanut skin extract dyed fabric UV – B
UPF
(315 – 400 nm)
(290 – 315 nm)
(290 – 400 nm)
Bleached cotton
11.70
9.08
10.22
30°C
11.25
8.00
11.22
60°C
10.62
7.64
11.89
90°C
10.62
7.64
11.98
Microwave Degummed silk 30°C 60°C
9.35
6.78
13.52
18.82
10.17
7.84
4.61
2.35
35.33
3.41
1.77
46.22
TE D
Silk
RI PT
Cotton
UV-A Dyeing method
SC
Fabric
M AN U
571
572 573
1.61
55.73
Microwave
3.54
2.18
40.13
Scoured wool
3.21
1.80
47.42
30°C
6.55
1.39
48.92
60°C
4.83
1.24
57.47
90°C
3.40
1.15
65.18
Microwave
3.98
1.20
61.38
EP
2.41
AC C
Wool
90°C
Scale - 15–24: Good, 25- 39: Very good, 40-50>:- Excellent
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Highlights
Textile grade dye was extracted from roasted peanut skin- an agro processing waste
•
The dye was characterised by using various analytical methods
•
Cotton, wool and silk fabrics were dyed using the dye without using any mordents
•
The colour fastness properties of the dyed fabrics were found to be good
•
The dyed fabric possessed an ultraviolet protection factor up to 65
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S0959-6526(17)32572-6
DOI:
10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.268
Reference:
JCLP 11060
To appear in:
Journal of Cleaner Production
Received Date: 12 July 2017 Revised Date:
20 September 2017
Accepted Date: 24 October 2017
Please cite this article as: Pandey R, Patel S, Pandit P, Nachimuthu S, Jose S, Colouration of textiles using roasted peanut skin- an agro processing residue, Journal of Cleaner Production (2017), doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.268. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Abstract Textile grade dye was extracted from roasted peanut skin (Arachais hypogaea) through aqueous extraction. The dye was characterised by phyto-chemical, uv visible
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spectroscopy and ftir analysis. Cotton, silk and wool fabrics were dyed at different temperatures as well as using microwave energy without using any mordants. Dyed fabrics were assessed for their colour values, fastness properties and ultraviolet protection factor. All
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the fabrics shown good affinity for the dye. Uniform dyeing was observed in all fabrics; however, the dye exhaustion was higher in silk and wool than cotton. The dyed fabrics
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possessed good to very good fastness properties with and an ultraviolet protection factor up to 65. A comparative evaluation of synthetic dyes required to produce the same shade with that of peanut skin dye was also performed.
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fastness, UV protection
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Keywords – agro waste utilization, natural dye, peanut skin, sustainable dyeing, colour
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
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Dye solution
EP
UV Protective
Application of Peanut skin dye at 30°C/60°C/ 90°C/Microwave.
AC C
Cotton/Silk/Wool Fabric
UV A+UV B
TE D
Peanut skin extracted in boiled water
M AN U
Peanut skin
Dyed Fabric
1
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Colouration of textiles using roasted peanut skin- an agro processing residue
2 3
1. Introduction Research efforts are attaining priority for agro-waste utilization which would not only
5
reduce agricultural waste but also provide additional income for the farmers or
6
processing industries (Hazarika et al., 2017). A number of agricultural wastes are
7
identified as a source of naturally occurring dye for a range of applications. Nevertheless,
8
only a few of them could firmly bind with the textile fibres. The demand for natural dyed
9
fabric is increasing because of the customer concern about skin safety and the
10
environment. However, there are only selective brands and shades (are) available in the
11
market. This is mainly due to poor dye yield from the dye source as well as lack of
12
availability of the raw material (Jose et al., 2016). An agricultural waste can serve as a
13
dye in the textile industry if it is abundantly available, provides sufficient dye yield, and
14
possesses good fastness properties. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea), an oilseed crop is
15
important to the source of oil. It is grown in the semiarid tropical region under rain fed
16
conditions. India ranks first in the world with more than 25% (cultivating) cultivated area
17
under peanut (cultivation). In 2014-15, India produced 6.68 million tons of groundnut
18
from an area of 4.19 million ha with an average yield of 1591 kg/ha (Annual report,
19
ICAR-Directorate of Groundnut Research, 2014-15). A major part of the peanut
20
production goes to the peanut processing industry, where after shelling the kernel, the
21
inner red colour skin of the peanut is normally removed for preparing peanut snacks and
22
roasted peanut. The red colour skin is generally thrown as waste or used as low-cost
23
fillers in animal feed, although it has astringent taste and anti-nutrient properties (Hill,
24
2002). An estimated 35–45 g of peanut skin is generated per kg of shelled peanut kernel.
25
Over 0.74 million metric tons of peanut skins are produced annually worldwide as a by-
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2
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT product of the peanut processing industry (Sobolev and Cole 2003). India is thus
27
producing around 0.3 million kg of peanut skin. A strong correlation was found between
28
the colour of peanut skin and polyphenol content, and it was reported that the redness and
29
hue angle of the peanut skin increased with increasing (in) total phenolic content
30
(Chukwumah et al., 2009). The peanut skin hue angle varies from cultivar to cultivar.
31
The flavonoids found in peanut skin are responsible for its colour, help in combating
32
oxidative stress and are hepatoprotective, antiviral, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-
33
inflammatory and growth regulator. The chemical composition analysis and antioxidant
34
and anti-inflammatory properties of peanut skin have been studied by many workers
35
(Constanza et al., 2012, Nepote et al., 2002, Lewis et al., 2013). Various properties of the
36
peanut shell, which is another by-product of peanut processing industry, have already
37
been studied (Liu et al., 2016, Akgul and Tozluoğlu, 2008, Ramirez-Lopez et al., 2010).
38
Peanut husk was used to remove colour from the Indosol Yellow BG dye containing
39
waste water and achieved maximum dye removal of 79.7 mg/g (Sadaf and Bhatti, 2014).
40
However, despite its abundance, there is no systematic work done on dyeing property of
41
the peanut skin.
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SC
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26
In the present work, an attempt was made to extract colour from the roasted peanut
43
skin, collected from the peanut processing industry. With the extracted colour, dyeing
44
was performed on cotton, silk and wool fabrics using the conventional method and
45
microwave energy. The colour values and fastness properties were also studied.The
46
objective of this study is to utilise peanut skin as a dye for textiles and give a value
47
addition to textiles as well as peanut processing waste.
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48 49
2. Materials and Methods
3
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Cotton and degummed silk fabric were purchased from local market, Kanpur, India. Wool
51
fabric was sourced from M/s CSWRI Avikanagar, India. Roasted peanut skin was collected
52
from peanut processing industry at Kanpur, India. The skin was thoroughly washed with cold
53
water, dried at ambient condition and made free from foreign materials. Other chemicals used
54
are acetic acid (assay 99 %), chloroform (assay 99.5%), hydrochloric acid (assay 35-37%),
55
sulphuric acid (assay 99.8%), ferric chloride hexahydrate (assay 98%) and ethanol (all
56
chemicals were procured from Merck, India), Ultravon JU (wetting agent).
57
2.1. Fabric pre-treatment
SC
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50
The cotton fabric was enzymatically desized using 0.5 g/l amylase, 0.5 g/l wetting agent
59
at 70 C for 1 h. The material to liquor ratio (MLR) was kept as 1:20 (Arputharaj et al., 2017).
60
The combined scouring and bleaching of cotton fabric was performed using alkaline peroxide
61
solution. The previously wetted desized cotton fabric was dipped in a beaker containing 4.0
62
g/l NaOH, 6.0 g/l H2O2 and 2.0 g/l sodium silicate. The beaker was heated to 80ºC for 30
63
minutes in closed condition. After treatment, the bleached fabric was taken out and washed in
64
dilute acetic acid solution and then with water until free from residual acid and alkali. It is the
65
dried at ambient temperature. The scouring of wool fabric was performed as follows. 1.0%
66
Na2CO3 and 1.0% Ultravon JU (on the weight of fabric) was taken in a beaker. Water was
67
added to in the MLR 1:20. The previously wetted unscoured wool fabric was entered in to it
68
and the beaker was heated for 30 minutes at 60ºC. After treatment, the scoured wool fabric
69
was taken out and washed with water until free from residual alkali. It was then dried at
70
ambient temperature. The silk fabric was dipped in dilute acetic acid (5.0%) solution for 30
71
minutes at room temperature, keeping the MLR 1:20. It was then taken out, washed with
72
water and dried at ambient temperature. This was done to remove the temporary surface
73
finishing on silk fabric.
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2.2. Preparation of dye solution
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half an hour. The solution was then cooled, and the clear solution was filtered. The extraction
77
was once again repeated with one liter of water and kept for overnight and filtered. Both the
78
first and second extracted solutions were mixed and made up to three litres and used as a
79
stock solution (5% dye solution). For calculating the yield of crude dye, the process was
80
repeated, and the dye solution was kept at 80ºC in a hot air for evaporation of water. The
81
dried extract was then collected, crushed well by the pestle and the yield of the crude dye was
82
calculated.
83
2.3. Phytochemical analysis of peanut skin extract
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The phytochemical analysis of peanut skin was performed as following (Teli and Pandit,
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2017, Teli et al., 2017).
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2.3.1. Analysis of Saponin: Two ml of peanut dye extract was placed in a test tube and shaken
87
vigorously. The formation of stable foam was taken as an indication of the presence of
88
saponin.
89
2.3.2. Analysis of Phenol and Tannin: Two ml dye extract was mixed with 2 ml of 2%
90
solution of ferric chloride. A blue-green colouration indicated the presence of phenol and
91
tannin.
92
2.3.3. Analysis of Terpenoid (Salkowski’s Test): Two ml dye extract was mixed with 2 ml of
93
chloroform. Then 2 ml of conc. H2SO4 was added and shaken gently. A reddish brown
94
colouration on the interface was formed to show the presence of terpenoid.
95
2.3.4. Analysis of Flavonoid (Zinc-Hydrochloride reduction test): Two ml dye extract was
96
mixed with zinc dust and con. HCl was added to it drop wise. It gave red colour after few
97
minutes, which indicated the presence of the flavonoid.
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2.3.5. Analysis of Glycoside: Two ml dye extract was mixed with 2 ml of glacial acetic acid
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and 2 drops of 2.0% ferric chloride. The mixture was poured into another test tube containing
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2 ml of conc. H2SO4. A brown ring on the interface indicated the presence of glycoside.
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2.4. Dyeing Bleached cotton, scoured wool and degummed silk fabrics were cut into a size of 15 x
103
15 cm. 75% on weight of fabric (owf) of peanut skin was used for dyeing, which is
104
equivalent to 5.0% peanut dye extract. The required amount of the dye solution and
105
previously wetted fabric samples was taken in a beaker with 15:1 ratio and loaded in the
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Infrared dyeing machine. The dyeing was carried for 30 minutes at 30 °C, 60 ºC and 90 ºC.
107
After dyeing, the temperature of the bath was reduced to room temperature. Then the dyed
108
samples were taken out, washed thoroughly with water and soaped using 2 g/l soap solution
109
(Ultravon JU) for 30 min at 70°C. After soaping, the samples were rinsed with cold water and
110
dried at ambient temperature. In the case of dyeing with microwave energy, the dye solution:
111
fabric was taken in the ratio 15:1. The dye solution was taken in a glass beaker and
112
previously wetted fabrics were added to it. The beaker was closed with a watch glass and
113
kept in the microwave oven. The dyeing was carried using the microwave at 360W for 10
114
minutes. After dyeing, the samples were taken out, washed thoroughly with water and soaped
115
as described earlier. The samples were then rinsed with cold water and dried at ambient
116
temperature (Haggag et al., 2014). To analyse the dyeability of peanut skin in bulk scale,
117
three garments were prepared with the above-said fabrics. The garments were dyed in a steel
118
vessel keeping the temperature 90ºC for 30 minutes. After dyeing, the dyed garments were
119
given a soaping treatment and dried at ambient temperature.
120
2.5. Analysis of physical properties of the fabric
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Structural parameters of the fabric like ends per inches, (EPI), picks per inches (PPI),
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(ASTM D3775), and areal density (GSM) (ASTM D 3776) were measured by following
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124
strain %, tensile modulus and specific work of rupture, etc., of the fabric were measured
125
using Instron tensile tester (Model 5567) following (ASTM D 5035) method (Jose et al.,
126
2017). The water absorbency of the fabrics before dyeing was tested by placing a drop of
127
water on the surface of the fabric and calculating the time to absorb the water completely by
128
it.
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2.6. Analysis of colour value of dyed samples
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The colorimetric values (l*, a*, b*, hue and K/S) of dyed samples and whiteness
131
index of pre-treated fabrics (Hunter scale) were evaluated using Datacolor match computer
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colour matching system at D65 illuminate/ 10° observers according to AATCC Evaluation
133
Procedure 6 (AATCC, 2003).
134
2.7. Measurement of fastness properties of dyed fabrics
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The washing fastness, rubbing fastness (wet and dry), light fastness and perspiration
136
fastness of the dyed samples were measured as per IS: 3361:79, ISO-105-X12, ISO 105-
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BO2:2002 and ISO- E04:2009 methods respectively.
138
2.8. Colorimetric analysis and dye uptake
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The colour strength of the dye solution before and after dyeing was measured using
140
photo calorimetre, (Microprocessor, Model no 1312). Based on the absorbance value of
141
residual dye liquor, the dye concentration (mg/l) was calculated with help of Microcal Origin
142
software.
143
The percentage of dye uptake by the fabric was calculated by the formula;
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Dye uptake (%) =
A1 – A2 ------------ X 100 A1
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Where A1 and A2 are the quantities of dye (mg/l) in the dye bath before and after dyeing
150
respectively.
151
2.9. FTIR and UV visible spectrophotometer analysis. FTIR analysis of peanut skin dye was performed using a double beam FTIR
153
spectrophotometer by ATR (Attenuated Total Reflectance) attachment (Bruker, model-
154
Alpha). The transmittance spectra were recorded at wave numbers from 500 to 4000 cm-1.
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UV-visible spectrophotometer analysis of peanut skin extract was carried out by scanning from 300 to 800 nm wavelength using UV-1800 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu).
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2.10. Ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) analysis of dyed fabrics
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The UPF values of the undyed and peanut skin extract dyed fabrics were measured
159
using Shimadzu UV-2600 series in the range of 280 to 400 nm, Model UV-2600
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(A11665101436). The UPF value of each fabric was determined from the total spectral
161
transmittance based on AS/NZS 4399:1996 method.
162 163
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
164
3.1. Phytochemical analysis of peanut skin extract
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The phytochemical screening of chemical constituents of the peanut skin extract was
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performed by qualitative tests as mentioned before. The results revealed the presence of
167
active compounds in aqueous extract. Phytochemical constituents of peanut skin have shown
168
the presence of Saponin, Terpenoid, Glycoside, Flavonoid, Phenols and Tannin (Nepote et
169
al., 2002).
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3.2. Crude dye extraction from roasted peanut skin
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The selection of the solvent for the extraction of colour from natural dye depends
173
upon its affinity to the natural dye. In the present study, the colour components of the peanut
174
skin were found to be soluble in hot water. Therefore, the dye was extracted with hot water
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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT and after the evaporation of water at 80°C, the crude dye yield was found to be 22.8 %, which
176
means, it is possible to get 22.8 g of dye from 100 g of roasted peanut skin. Generally, the
177
crude dye yield is found to be less (1-20%) in the case of natural dyes (Ammayappan and
178
Jose., 2015). However, the above cited figure for dye yield is better than many of the natural
179
dye sources. The powdered dye obtained from peanut skin is shown in figure 1. After the
180
colour extraction, the colour of the peanut skin faded and became slightly brown in colour.
181
This may be because of the removal of auxochromes and chromophore from the skin.
182
3.3. Dyeing
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The colour extracted from peanut skin is shown as in figure 1. It is found that the
184
natural dye extracted from peanut skin have an affinity for cotton, wool and silk fabrics
185
without using any mordant. However, it shows a comparative higher affinity towards protein
186
fibres like wool and silk than cellulosic fibre like cotton. The higher affinity of the peanut
187
skin dye towards protein fibre may be due to the presence of both amino and carboxylic acids
188
group present in the wool and silk fiber. Peanut skin dye contains tannin (Mongkholrattanasit
189
et al., 2011), which can form either a covalent bond or ionic bond with protein fibres and
190
hydrogen bond with cotton (equations 1, 2 and 3). The colour fixed firmly, without using any
191
dyeing auxiliaries or metallic mordants. Thus, dyeing of textiles using the above-said dye is a
192
totally ecofriendly process. Tannin is a well known natural mordant, which fixes the colour
193
on the fabric. Since peanut skin extract contains tannin, it helped in dyeing without any
194
additional mordant (Prabhu and Teli, 2014). The possible reaction mechanism of dyeing of
195
peanut skin with wool, silk and cotton is given below.
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Peanut dye- OH + HOOC-Wool/Silk- NH2
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bond formation) ----------
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1
Or
dye - O-OC-Wool- NH2 (Covalent
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Peanut dye- OH + HOOC-Wool/Silk- NH2
201
attraction) ---------
202
Peanut dye- OH + OH- Cellulose
203
(Hydrogen bond formation) ----------
+ HOOC-Wool- NH3 - O - dye (Ionic
2
dye - OH - - - OH- Cellulose
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------------Insert Figure 1 here ----------
205
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The scanned images of shades obtained using peanut skin extract at various dyeing
208
conditions are as shown in figure 2. It was observed that the dye uptake was minimal in all
209
three fabrics, dyed at 30°C. Peach colour was observed in the samples of cotton and silk, and
210
cream shade was observed with wool fabric. At 30°C, no additional energy was provided to
211
the dye molecules for exhaustion and fixation which resulted in poor dyeability. The highest
212
dye uptake was observed with silk followed by wool and cotton. At 60ºC, the moderate
213
temperature was given for dyeing, as a result the dye uptake was enhanced. Bright peach
214
shades were observed after dyeing at 60ºC. The dye uptake of silk fabric was found to be
215
higher than other two fabrics. The data received from the analysis of colour measurement of
216
residual colour liquor as well as K/S value support this information. All dyed samples were
217
dyed evenly, i.e. level dyeing was observed. At 90ºC, the dye uptake was found to be at
218
saturated level. This is because of high temperature treatment was given, which helped the
219
dye molecule to penetrate inside the fibre and fix firmly. At 90ºC, wool and silk showed
220
higher colour uptake than cotton fabric. All samples were dyed evenly. Dyeing using
221
microwave energy is comparatively a new technique. It was observed that the dye uptake
222
was medium and peach shade was obtained in at three fabrics. Some samples were dyed
223
unevenly. This is because of lack of agitation given to the samples during the exposure of
224
microwave energy. The samples dyed using microwave energy showed almost the same
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colour to the samples dyed at 60ºC. In all cases of dyeing conditions, the physical properties
226
of the fabric viz, EPI, PPI, GSM doesn’t mark significant changes. However, there is a
227
notable decrease in the tenacity of the fabric was observed in the case of microwave dyed
228
samples. ------------------------ Insert Figure 2 here -------------------
230
------------------------ Insert Table 1 here -------------------
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Dyeing of peanut skin extract at 90°C gave the best result in terms of dye uptake.
233
Thus, it is decided to replicate the recipe in bulk level for dyeing of garments. Three garments
234
were prepared with cotton, wool, and silk fabric and dyed with peanut skin extract. The
235
dyeing was performed in an open steel vessel at 90°C for the duration of 30 minutes. Here
236
also, the deep colour was developed with silk and wool followed by cotton. The dyed
237
garments are as shown in figure 3.
239 240
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----------------Insert Figure 3 here ---------------
The absorbance data obtained from photo calorimetric analysis of dye liquor before
242
and after dyeing is shown in table 1. During dyeing, the fabric uptake the colour from the dye
243
solution, as a result, the colour intensity of the dye solution got decreased. Accordingly, there
244
is a decrease in absorbance was observed. From the absorbance data, the dye uptake was
245
calculated using earlier mentioned formula and given in table 1. It was found that the amount
246
of dye uptake is directly proportional to temperature, i.e., as temperature increased, the dye
247
uptake also increased. The dye uptake in case of cotton is less than that of wool and silk
248
fabric, irrespective of the dyeing condition. This indicates the relatively low affinity of
249
cellulosic material towards the peanut skin extract. Maximum dye uptake was observed in the
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sample dyed with silk using microwave energy and the minimum was observed with the
251
cotton sample dyed at 30°C.
252
3.4. Computer colour matching All the dyed samples were analysed for their colour values using computer colour
254
matching software. In table 1, l* value indicates the depth of the shade, a* value indicates the
255
tone of the shade in greener or redder region, b* value indicates the tone of the shade in
256
yellow or blue region and K/S value indicate the total colour value of the dyed fabric. The
257
higher K/S value indicates that the dyed fabric has more colour in it. In all dyed samples at
258
30°C, the l* value is on the higher side, which indicates the shade is lighter because of
259
minimal dye uptake. The l* value decreased in other methods of dyeing. Silk sample dyed at
260
60°C showed the highest value of a* (13.07), ie. the redder tone. Similarly, wool dyed at
261
30°C showed the least value of a* (3.57). In the case of wool dyeing using microwave energy
262
shown highest b* value of 15.37, ie, the bluer tone. Similarly, minimum b* value observed
263
with cotton samples (8.21) dyed at 30°C. The K/S value was highest in silk fabric dyed at
264
90°C (27.0) and minimum at cotton sample dyed at 30°C (7.2). In case of silk dyed using
265
microwave energy, the dye uptake is 67 % and K/S is 19.2., while in case of 60ºC, dye uptake
266
is 35.3 % and K/S is 19.4. Apparently, there is no difference in the colour value of the dyed
267
fabrics. This indicates high dye uptake, but poor fixation of dyes on fabric during microwave
268
dyeing. The K/S value was taken after giving a soaping treatment to the dyed fabric. Since
269
the colour fixation is not very good, the colour may be stripped from the fabric during
270
soaping and ultimately resulted in lower colour value in terms of K/S. The reason may be,
271
during microwave dyeing, the duration of treatment was only 10 minutes at 360 W, while at
272
60ºC, the duration of treatment was 30 minutes. The longer duration at 60ºC helped the dyes
273
to penetrate inside the fiber bind firmly on the fabric. The same phenomenon has also been
274
inferred in the case of wool dyeing also.
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3.5. Colour fastness analysis The fastness of the dyed materials is an important quality parameter for the
277
assessment of dye and dyeing. As mentioned before, all the dyes may not have an affinity to
278
all kinds of textile fibres. If the affinity is high, the fastness also will be good. The colour
279
fastness is rated by using grey scale. Fastness will be good if the rating is on the higher side
280
(Say, 5 rating is given if there is no colour change after fastness test and 1 is for poor
281
fastness). Except for light fastness, all the grading is 1-5, and for light fastness, grading is 1-
282
8. The fastness report of dyed fabric is as shown in Table 2.
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The washing fastness of the dyed sample refers to the stripping of colour from the
284
dyed sample, when the samples are subjected to washing at the alkaline condition. It depends
285
upon the affinity of the dye to the fabric as well as dyeing conditions. For all dyed samples,
286
the washing fastness rating was found to be in between 3/4 to 4/5. Out of 12 dyed samples, 9
287
samples showed a rating of 4 and above. This indicates that the colour is attached firmly to
288
the fabric. The light fastness of some of the natural dyes is a reported problem with the dying
289
of natural dyes. The UV radiation in sunlight causes photodegradation of auxochromes and
290
chromophore, causing fading of colour. In the reported work, the majority of the fabric
291
samples show a rating of 5/6 to 7. This shows that the dye has sufficient fastness to light. The
292
better light fastness properties of the peanut skin extract may be due to the presence of tannin
293
content (Samanta and Agarwal, 2009).
295
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Acid and alkali perspiration fastness indicate the change of the colour of the dyed
298
fabric when the fabric is reacting with sweat on the human body. The rubbing fastness
299
regarding wet fastness and dry fastness was found in the range of 4 to 4/5, showing good
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result. The good fastness properties of silk and wool fabrics, dyed with peanut skin extract
301
are attributed to the fact that these dyes contain tannin, which may help in covalent bond
302
formation with the fibre (Mongkholrattanasit et al., 2011).
303
3.6. FTIR and UV- visible analysis Figure 4 shows the UV-Visible spectra of peanut skin extract in water which has
305
maxima at 440 nm. Anthocyanins absorb strongly in the visible and UV spectral range, with
306
maximum absorbance falling in the region of 465-560 nm. Their UV absorbing capacity
307
varies depending on their specific aglycones, sugar conjugation, and acylation configuration.
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------------------------ Insert figure 4 here -------------------
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FTIR analysis was performed for understanding the functional groups present in the
312
peanut skin extract as shown in Figure 5. The spectrum showed a broad peak at 3344 cm-1,
313
assigned to the stretching vibration of phenolic –OH group. The broad peak at 3260-3270 cm-
314
1
315
acid group, most probably the –OH stretching of hydroxyl moiety of carboxylic acids in
316
gallic acid-based tannins (Ricci et al., 2015). A small, but sharp peak at 2912 cm-1 indicate
317
the presence of C-H stretching in alkanes (Kumar and Thampi, 2015). The peaks at 1740 cm-1
318
is assigned to the aliphatic acetoxyl group present in saponin (Amarowicz et al., 1996). A
319
sharp peak at 1646 and 1017 cm-1 cm-1indicated the presence of C=C and C=O-CH3 ester
320
group present in the saponin (Sharma and Paliwal, 2013). The peak at 1536 cm-1 corresponds
321
to the C=C stretching of the aromatic ring system (Maobe and Nyarango,2013). The
322
characteristic peak of the O-H bending and the aromatic ring vibration of condensed tannin is
323
indicated by 1450-60 cm-1 (Arshad et al., 1969).
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----------------------- Insert figure 5 here -------------------
326 327
3.7. Ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) analysis The extent of the ability of the fabric to protect UV radiation is expressed in UPF
329
(Feng et al., 2007). The UPF values are closely related to fibre properties and dye - fibre
330
interactions. The same dye can give different UPF value on different fibres (Chattopadhyay et
331
al., 2013). UPF also depends on the nature of fibre, its fabric construction, thickness, porosity
332
and moisture content (Shahid and Mohammad. 2013). The UPF value of dyed fabrics was
333
determined from the total spectral transmittance based on AS/NZS 4399:1996 (Table 3).
334
From the table, it is found that the dying does not impart UPF for cotton fabric. Only a slight
335
increase in UPF was observed. However, the wool fabric samples showed an increasing trend
336
in UPF after dyeing with peanut skin extract. The UPF factor was increased up to 37% in
337
comparison with un dyed fabric. A notable increase in UPF value was found in the case of
338
silk fabric also after dyeing with peanut skin extract. The UPF value increased from 7.84 to
339
55.73. In all cases of dyeing, the UPF value increased with increase in temperature and
340
samples dyed at 90°C shown highest UPF. This may be because the dark shade is produced at
341
90°C, will usually absorb UV radiations more than light pastel shades and consequently will
342
have a higher UPF rating. The exact component responsible for protection of UV radiation
343
was not identified, however, based on the reports available in the literature, it can be said that
344
the UV blocking property of peanut skin extract may be a synergistic effect of many of the
345
components of the peanut skin in which saponins, tannins, and polyphenols are having a
346
major role (Anita, 2012). These active components have the free radical scavenging
347
capability. The fabric may also possess antimicrobial properties due to the presence of
348
tannins and flavonoids (Shahid et al., 2012; Cushnie and Lamb, 2005), however, the study is
349
not incorporated in the present work.
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------------------------ Insert Table 3 here -------------------
352 353
3.8. Economics and future prospects Based on our experiment, 750 g of peanut skin is necessary to dye 1.0 kg of fabric (5 %
355
of extracted dye is capable of giving deep shade to the fabric). If we are calculating the
356
current availability of peanut skin (3.0 lakhs kg) in India, approximately, 4.0 lakhs kg of the
357
fabric can be dyed. This figure is important in the current scenario of Indian textile industry,
358
as the textile industries are facing problems associated with highly polluted discharge from
359
the effluent plant and the government implemented stringent policies for effluent treatment.
360
Many of the small and medium textile industries, which were operated in rural and village
361
level, were closed since they cannot afford high cost water treatment plant like RO. No
362
chemicals were used in the current study and therefore the effluent generated from the
363
process is safe for discharge at agricultural land in a controlled manner. The demand for
364
natural dyed fabric is increasing day by day and it is costlier than synthetic dyed fabric. On
365
the contrary, peanut skin is cheap and abundant agro processing waste material and is
366
available in any part of the country. Thus the technology mentioned in the paper will help to
367
sustain the small and medium scale dyeing industries.
369
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4. Conclusion
370
Cotton, silk and wool fabrics were dyed with the dye extracted from the roasted peanut
371
skin. The yield of crude dye was found to be 22.8 %. The colour uptake was highest for silk
372
followed by wool and cotton. The dyed samples possessed good fastness properties. High
373
ultraviolet protection, skin-friendliness, and good wash fastness properties make the dyed
374
garments suitable for sun dresses, formal wears and casual wears. It is concluded that roasted
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peanut skin, which is an agricultural processing waste can successfully utilise for the dyeing
376
of textiles.
377 378
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Chattopadhyay, S.N., Pan, N.C., Roy, A.K., Saxena, S., Khan, A., 2013. Development of
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Chukwumah, Y., Walker, L.T., Verghese, M., 2009. Peanut skin color: a biomarker for total
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polyphenolic content and antioxidative capacities of peanut cultivars. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 10,
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4941-4952. doi: 10.3390/ijms10114941. Constanza, K.E., White, B.L., Davis, J.P., Sanders, T.H., Dean, L.L., 2012. Value-added
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of spray-dried extracts. J. Agri.Food.Chem.60, 10776-10783. doi: 10.1021/jf3035258
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Liu, W., Hao, Y., Jiang, J., Zhu, A., Zhu, J., Dong, Z., 2016. Production of a bioflocculant
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Maobe, M. A., Nyarango, R. M., 2013. Fourier Transformer Infra-Red Spectrophotometer
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Analysis of Warburgia ugandensis Medicinal Herb used for the Treatment of Diabetes,
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Prabhu, K.H., Teli, M.D., 2014. Eco-dyeing using Tamarindusindica L. seed coat tannin as a
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medium. Bioresource Technol. 101, 87-91. doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.10.064.
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Sharma, V. E. E. N. A., Paliwal, R., 2013. Isolation and characterization of saponins from Moringa oleifera (moringaceae) pods. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 5, 179-183. Sobolev, V.S., Cole, R.J., 2003. Note on utilization of peanut seed test. J Sci Food Agric. 84,
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infectoria
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Teli, M. D., & Pandit, P., 2017. Development of thermally stable and hygienic colored
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cotton fabric made by treatment with natural coconut shell extract. J. Ind. Text.
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1528083717725113. doi.org/10.1177/1528083717725113.
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properties to ligno-cellulosic material. J. Ind. Text. 1528083716686937.
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476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483
Dye solution extracted from Fig.1. (b) Powdered dye extracted from
peanut skin
peanut skin
EP
475
Fig. 1. (a)
AC C
474
TE D
M AN U
SC
RI PT
473
21
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 484 485 486
489 490 491 492 493 494 495
RI PT
Wool -60ºC
Silk -90ºC
Cotton- microwave
Silk- microwave
SC
Wool- 30°C
Cotton- 90ºC
Wool -90ºC
TE D
Silk -60ºC
EP
488
Silk -30°C
Fig. 2. Shades obtained from dyeing of peanut skin
AC C
487
Cotton - 60ºC
M AN U
Cotton - 30°C
Wool -microwave
22
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 496 497
Fig. 3. Dyed garment using peanut skin extract 3.(a) Cotton 3.(b) Wool 3.(c) Silk
M AN U
499
SC
RI PT
498
500 501 502
506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515
EP
505
AC C
504
TE D
503
23
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 516 517
M AN U
SC
RI PT
518
519
523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532
TE D
522
EP
521
Fig. 4. UV spectra of peanut skin extract in distilled water
AC C
520
24
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 533 534 535
RI PT
1.02
1
0.98
0.96
1536 1740 1646
3738
0.94
0.92 4000
2912
SC
3340
3590
3182
M AN U
Transmittance
1458
2774
2366
1958
Wave number (cm-1)
536
Fig. 5. FTIR spectra of peanut skin
540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548
EP
539
AC C
538
TE D
537
1017
1550
1142
734
25
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 549 550
Table 1 Computer colour matching data Dyeing Fabric method
Dye Absorbance of uptake exhausted dyebath (%)
L*
5.04
72.01 11.39
8.21
7.2
60°C
0.8239
10.1
69.35
9.65
9.6
90°C
0.6778
30.48
64.86 11.42 13.27 13.9
Microwave
0.7447
20.61
57.11 10.84 12.69 10.8
30°C
0.7696
17.32
68.63
60°C
0.6383
35.30
59.88 13.07 12.41 19.4
90°C
0.4318
64.47
54.31 13.04 11.52 27.0
Microwave
0.4089
67.10
60.00 10.42 12.10 19.2
30°C
0.8539
5.04
73.73
3.57
14.32
60°C
0.7959
12.5
60.02
9.18
12.42 12.9
90°C
0.6576
32.89
56.26 10.72 11.07 23.7
0.7447
20.61
61.21
555 556 557 558
AC C
Microwave
SC
8.11
M AN U
TE D
EP
Wool
554
K/S
0.8539
Silk
553
b*
30°C
Cotton
552
a*
8.32
7.85
Hue
RI PT
551
11.58
8.8
7.4
15.37 11.6
35.8 49.9 49.3 49.5 54.3 43.5 41.5 49.2 76.0 53.5 45.9 62.9
26
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 559 560
Table 2 Fastness properties of peanut skin extract dyed fabrics Fabric
Perspiration
Rubbing
Washing
Light
fastness
fastness
fastness
fastness
4
5/6
4
6
4/5
4
6
4/5
6
60ºC
Alkali
Wet
Dry
Cotton
4
3/4
4
4/5
Silk
4
3
3
4/5
Wool
4
4
4
Cotton
4
4
4/5
4/5
Silk
3/4
3/4
4
4/5
4
6
Wool
4
4
4
4
4
6
Cotton
4/5
4
4
4/5
3/4
5/6
Silk
4
4
4
4/5
3/4
6
4/5
4
4
4/5
4
5/6
4
3/4
4
4/5
3/4
6
Silk
3/4
3/4
3/4
4/5
4
6
Wool
4
3/4
4
4/5
4
6
º
90 C Wool
562 563 564 565 566 567 568
AC C
Microwave
EP
Cotton
TE D
30°C
Acid
M AN U
method
RI PT
Dyeing
SC
561
27
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 569 570
Table 3 Ultraviolet protection value of peanut skin extract dyed fabric UV – B
UPF
(315 – 400 nm)
(290 – 315 nm)
(290 – 400 nm)
Bleached cotton
11.70
9.08
10.22
30°C
11.25
8.00
11.22
60°C
10.62
7.64
11.89
90°C
10.62
7.64
11.98
Microwave Degummed silk 30°C 60°C
9.35
6.78
13.52
18.82
10.17
7.84
4.61
2.35
35.33
3.41
1.77
46.22
TE D
Silk
RI PT
Cotton
UV-A Dyeing method
SC
Fabric
M AN U
571
572 573
1.61
55.73
Microwave
3.54
2.18
40.13
Scoured wool
3.21
1.80
47.42
30°C
6.55
1.39
48.92
60°C
4.83
1.24
57.47
90°C
3.40
1.15
65.18
Microwave
3.98
1.20
61.38
EP
2.41
AC C
Wool
90°C
Scale - 15–24: Good, 25- 39: Very good, 40-50>:- Excellent
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Highlights
Textile grade dye was extracted from roasted peanut skin- an agro processing waste
•
The dye was characterised by using various analytical methods
•
Cotton, wool and silk fabrics were dyed using the dye without using any mordents
•
The colour fastness properties of the dyed fabrics were found to be good
•
The dyed fabric possessed an ultraviolet protection factor up to 65
AC C
EP
TE D
M AN U
SC
RI PT
•