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Compaction grouting to control ground movements during tunneling
150A
A case st1~ly of the Abat~m~rCO Tummel, Italy. The aqueduct tunnel was driven through difficult and varied geology: m e t a m S o s e d clay schists, limestone and dolomites. Badly weathered dolomite, permeated w~th water in artesian conditions, was enco~tutered at tunnel level. A shielded T~M was used %o tummel through both hard rock and soft ground. Water inflows were experienced.
835149 FIBRE
REINFORC~ SHOTCRETE REINFORCES ROCEBOLTS IN BID TO CONTROL ROCKBURSTS Flaate, K Tunn Tunnlg, VlS, N~, Al~il 1983, ~ 0 - 4 1
Rockbursts were encountered during construction of the Heggura Tunnel throtlgh Precambrlan gneisses, as part of the lOkm road connection to TafJcrd, Ncrway. These were countered first by rock bolting ani then by fibre rei~orced shotorete. 835150 ON HAED ROCK AND HARD PROGRESS Kuesel, T R UrdergrouDd Space, V7, NS, Nov 1982-Jan 1983,
m56-16o Reviews the development of rock tunnel design ani rock reinforcement. Until Terza~hi' s classification in the 19~O's, t%IDmel design was intttltive. Te~za~hi's work became the basis of a 'stmmdard' US design for rock trammels. In Europe the New Austrian Tmmnelllmg Method was developed. There has been a dlsti~ct lag in technological development of reinforcement for transportation tunnels and caverns. Two US examples where re~fc~cemer~ is being developed asi used to full effect are the Atlanta and Washington m e t r o s . 835151 WORLD'S LARGEST-DIAMETER SOIL TUNNEL Parker, H W; Robinson, R A Unde~grouni Space, VT, N3, Nov 1982-Jan 1983,
monitored, also grourdwater levels, and the effects of the shield in areas with and without old timber piles. The major conclusions are: (1) cutting of the piles by the shield caused some unusual pheDJ~mena, (2) heaving displacements were largely lateral, ani (3) settlements above the tlmnel were relatively constant in areas where lateral ground movements v~ried sub stanti ally.
8351~
GEO!~CAL PROBLEMs IN SO~T-GROUND TUNNELING: AN INTRODUCTION Resendiz, D; Romo, M P In: Soft-Ground Tunneling, PI-4. Publ Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, 1981 An introduction to the papers contained in 'Soft Ground Tunneling. Failures and Displacemerits', see item 835133. The paper stmm~rizes the stages in the design and construction of soft grou21d tunnels : (i) characterization ci grouDd corzLitions along ani around the tunnel axis, (2) design of the excavation against soil collapse, (3) design against excessive soil displacements during construction and after lining placement, and (4) construction.
835155 WEATHERED-ROCK PORTION OF THE WILSON TUNNEL, HONOLULU Peck, R B In: Soft-Ground Tunneling, P13-22. Publ Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, 1981 A case history of the first bore of the Wilson highway tunmel Honolulu, Hawaii, driven through deeply weathered volcanic rocks. T h A w successive collapses occurred while the tunnel was being advanced full face and during the failure the material became almost fluid. Reconstruction ~:~i completion were successfully carried out by allowing draimage time, mlmlrg in small drifts and prompt installation of support.
m75-181 835156 FAILURES A report on the Mount Baker Ridge Tummel, Seattle, Washimgton, USA. Believed to be the largest diameter soil ttmnel in the world, it will have an inside diameter of 63ft and effective outside diamete~ of over 80ft. The 1~red tunnel will be excavated through a 20Oft high ridge of glacially overconsolidated clay, silt and samd by an unusual 'stacked-drift' method in which a flexible liner is emplaced before the actual tunnel is excavated. 835152 COMPACTION GROUTING TO CONTROL GROtr~D M O V E S DURING TUNNELING Baker, W H; Ccrding~ E J; MacPherson, H H Underground Space, %7, NS, Nov 1982-Jan 1983, P20~-212 Describes the compaction grouting ~ogra~m~ at Bolton Hill Tumnel, part of the Baltimore Region Rapid Transit System. A standard American treatmerit of groumd settlement ~oblems, %hls is its first application to the control of grourzl movemerits dtlring tu~T~lllng. As a method of limiting groumd movement it has ~ o v e d very successful. 835153 GROUND D ~ 4 A T I O N S IRDUCED BY AN EARTH PRESSURE BALANCE ~ I E L D IN SILTS AND CLAYS Clough, G W; Finno, R J; Sweeney, B P Ttlnnlg Techmol Newsl, N~O, Dec i ~ 2 , Pl-ll Ground response was monitored during the driving of a tunnel for a new ~aste~ater disposal system in San Francisco. Vertical and lateral ground movements during and after shield passage were
OF S H A ~ S AND TUNNELS IN sOFT SOILS Moreno, A; Schmltter, J J In: Soft-Ground Tunneling, P23-32. Publ Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, 1981
A number of failures occurred during the construction of deep shafts and tunnels through clayey formations underlying Mexico City. Five of the most important failure cases related to work on the Deep Sewer System are described. Each case study includes a soil profile, the geometry of the failure, and the remedial measures taken. It is concluded that failures are associated with high overload factors. 835157 ASSESSMENT OF TUNNEL STABILITY IN CLAY BY MODEL TESTS Casarin, C; Malt, R J In: Soft-Ground Tunneling, P33-44. Publ Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, 1981 Undrained tests performed in model tunnel headings in overconsolidated clay were used in the st~d~v of deformations and failure mechanisms occurring around an unsupported tunnel heading. The tests showed an increase in stability as the length of unsupported tunnel decreased, and also as the depth-to-diameter ratio increased. A stability solution derived from stress characteristics is shown to l~Cvide a reasonably simple and accurate prediction of stability ratios at failure. Auth.
A case st1~ly of the Abat~m~rCO Tummel, Italy. The aqueduct tunnel was driven through difficult and varied geology: m e t a m S o s e d clay schists, limestone and dolomites. Badly weathered dolomite, permeated w~th water in artesian conditions, was enco~tutered at tunnel level. A shielded T~M was used %o tummel through both hard rock and soft ground. Water inflows were experienced.
835149 FIBRE
REINFORC~ SHOTCRETE REINFORCES ROCEBOLTS IN BID TO CONTROL ROCKBURSTS Flaate, K Tunn Tunnlg, VlS, N~, Al~il 1983, ~ 0 - 4 1
Rockbursts were encountered during construction of the Heggura Tunnel throtlgh Precambrlan gneisses, as part of the lOkm road connection to TafJcrd, Ncrway. These were countered first by rock bolting ani then by fibre rei~orced shotorete. 835150 ON HAED ROCK AND HARD PROGRESS Kuesel, T R UrdergrouDd Space, V7, NS, Nov 1982-Jan 1983,
m56-16o Reviews the development of rock tunnel design ani rock reinforcement. Until Terza~hi' s classification in the 19~O's, t%IDmel design was intttltive. Te~za~hi's work became the basis of a 'stmmdard' US design for rock trammels. In Europe the New Austrian Tmmnelllmg Method was developed. There has been a dlsti~ct lag in technological development of reinforcement for transportation tunnels and caverns. Two US examples where re~fc~cemer~ is being developed asi used to full effect are the Atlanta and Washington m e t r o s . 835151 WORLD'S LARGEST-DIAMETER SOIL TUNNEL Parker, H W; Robinson, R A Unde~grouni Space, VT, N3, Nov 1982-Jan 1983,
monitored, also grourdwater levels, and the effects of the shield in areas with and without old timber piles. The major conclusions are: (1) cutting of the piles by the shield caused some unusual pheDJ~mena, (2) heaving displacements were largely lateral, ani (3) settlements above the tlmnel were relatively constant in areas where lateral ground movements v~ried sub stanti ally.
8351~
GEO!~CAL PROBLEMs IN SO~T-GROUND TUNNELING: AN INTRODUCTION Resendiz, D; Romo, M P In: Soft-Ground Tunneling, PI-4. Publ Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, 1981 An introduction to the papers contained in 'Soft Ground Tunneling. Failures and Displacemerits', see item 835133. The paper stmm~rizes the stages in the design and construction of soft grou21d tunnels : (i) characterization ci grouDd corzLitions along ani around the tunnel axis, (2) design of the excavation against soil collapse, (3) design against excessive soil displacements during construction and after lining placement, and (4) construction.
835155 WEATHERED-ROCK PORTION OF THE WILSON TUNNEL, HONOLULU Peck, R B In: Soft-Ground Tunneling, P13-22. Publ Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, 1981 A case history of the first bore of the Wilson highway tunmel Honolulu, Hawaii, driven through deeply weathered volcanic rocks. T h A w successive collapses occurred while the tunnel was being advanced full face and during the failure the material became almost fluid. Reconstruction ~:~i completion were successfully carried out by allowing draimage time, mlmlrg in small drifts and prompt installation of support.
m75-181 835156 FAILURES A report on the Mount Baker Ridge Tummel, Seattle, Washimgton, USA. Believed to be the largest diameter soil ttmnel in the world, it will have an inside diameter of 63ft and effective outside diamete~ of over 80ft. The 1~red tunnel will be excavated through a 20Oft high ridge of glacially overconsolidated clay, silt and samd by an unusual 'stacked-drift' method in which a flexible liner is emplaced before the actual tunnel is excavated. 835152 COMPACTION GROUTING TO CONTROL GROtr~D M O V E S DURING TUNNELING Baker, W H; Ccrding~ E J; MacPherson, H H Underground Space, %7, NS, Nov 1982-Jan 1983, P20~-212 Describes the compaction grouting ~ogra~m~ at Bolton Hill Tumnel, part of the Baltimore Region Rapid Transit System. A standard American treatmerit of groumd settlement ~oblems, %hls is its first application to the control of grourzl movemerits dtlring tu~T~lllng. As a method of limiting groumd movement it has ~ o v e d very successful. 835153 GROUND D ~ 4 A T I O N S IRDUCED BY AN EARTH PRESSURE BALANCE ~ I E L D IN SILTS AND CLAYS Clough, G W; Finno, R J; Sweeney, B P Ttlnnlg Techmol Newsl, N~O, Dec i ~ 2 , Pl-ll Ground response was monitored during the driving of a tunnel for a new ~aste~ater disposal system in San Francisco. Vertical and lateral ground movements during and after shield passage were
OF S H A ~ S AND TUNNELS IN sOFT SOILS Moreno, A; Schmltter, J J In: Soft-Ground Tunneling, P23-32. Publ Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, 1981
A number of failures occurred during the construction of deep shafts and tunnels through clayey formations underlying Mexico City. Five of the most important failure cases related to work on the Deep Sewer System are described. Each case study includes a soil profile, the geometry of the failure, and the remedial measures taken. It is concluded that failures are associated with high overload factors. 835157 ASSESSMENT OF TUNNEL STABILITY IN CLAY BY MODEL TESTS Casarin, C; Malt, R J In: Soft-Ground Tunneling, P33-44. Publ Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, 1981 Undrained tests performed in model tunnel headings in overconsolidated clay were used in the st~d~v of deformations and failure mechanisms occurring around an unsupported tunnel heading. The tests showed an increase in stability as the length of unsupported tunnel decreased, and also as the depth-to-diameter ratio increased. A stability solution derived from stress characteristics is shown to l~Cvide a reasonably simple and accurate prediction of stability ratios at failure. Auth.