- Email: [email protected]
Comparative Growth Response of Chicks to Detergents, Germicides and Penicillin1,2
Comparative Growth Response of Chicks to Detergents, Germicides and Penicillin1,2 JOEL R. STERN AND JAMES MCGINNIS Department of Poultry Science, The State College of Washington, Pullman (Received for publication May 16, 1952)
I
PROCEDURE
In the first feeding trial, Single Comb White Leghorn chicks were used. At day of age, they were distributed at random into electrically heated battery brooders so that 43 groups of 15 chicks each were formed. The basal diet shown in Table 1 was used in this and subsequent feeding trials. Supplements were added to this basal diet as indicated in Table 2. The experimental diets thus prepared were fed ad libitum throughout the length of the 25 day experiment. The basal diet was fed to four groups, and each experimental diet to three groups.
In the second experiment, White Olympian chicks were used. In the third and fourth experiments, crossbred chicks (New Hampshire males on White Olympian hens) were used. These chicks were distributed at random at day of age into 40 groups of 15 chicks each. Four groups received the basal diet, whereas each experimental diet was fed to 3 groups. Wire mesh floors were placed in the battery brooders for the first feeding trial. In the last three feeding trials, however, wood shavings litter was placed on the floor of the batteries in an attempt to simulate floor brooding conditions. The second, third and fourth feeding trials were conducted for 27-day periods. The detergents and germicides used in these experiments were added to the various diets at levels ranging from 5 to 5,000 ppm., as shown in Tables 2-5. RESULTS
The growth responses produced by the detergents and germicides, as compared TABLE 1.—Composition of basal diet Ingredient
Percent
64.75 Ground corn Soybean oil meal (solvent) 20.30 Herring fish meal 7.00 3.00 Dried whey 2.20 Limestone flour Dicalcium phosphate 1.00 1.00 Dehydrated alfalfa 0.25 Iodized salt Riboflavin cone. (500 meg./g.) 0.30 Vit. A + D cone. (4,000 I.U. A; 750 0.10 A.O.A.C. U D/g.) Choline chloride 0.10 8 oz. per ton Manganese sulfate
1 Scientific Paper No. 1118, Washington Agricultural Experiment Stations, Pullman. Project, No. 1057. 2 This investigation was supported (in part) by a research grant from the Division of Research Grants and Fellowships, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service. Presented at the 121st meeting of the American Chemical Society, Buffalo, New York, March, 1952.
26
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Carleton University on June 27, 2015
T HAS been reported by Harris, Sherman and Jetter (1951) that synthetic surfactants based on sorbitan and polyoxyethylene polymers were toxic to rats when fed at high levels. Ely (1951) found that a lauryl ethylene oxide condensate and other synthetic detergents, such as are commonly used in household preparations, stimulate early growth of chicks when fed at 0.1% in the diet. In the data presented here, the growth responses of chicks to several detergents and germicides, at various levels in the diet, and to penicillin are compared.
27
GROWTH RESPONSE TO DETERGENTS, GERMICIDES AND PENICILLIN
with the responses to penicillin, are shown in Tables 2-5. Analysis of variance of the data showed that, in every feeding trial, only penicillin stimulated growth. The various germicides and detergents either failed to stimulate growth or, in some cases when fed at high levels, depressed growth. DISCUSSION
T A B L E 2.—Experiment 1. Results of feeding detergents to While Leghorn chicks
Diet No.
Supplement t o basal diet
Level ppm.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
None Sodium oronite Sodium oronite Sodium oronite Sodium lauryl sulfate Palmitic methyl tauride Palmitic methyl tauride Palmitic methyl tauride Laurie methyl tauride Laurie methyl tauride Laurie methyl tauride Procaine penicillin
Mean wt. a t 25 days
Increase over basal
%
g224 235 5 5 220 -2 25 1 100 226 -3 85 218 225 0 5 201 -10 25 216 -4 100 208 -7 5 201 -10 25 227 1 100 249 11 5 Standard error 15.46
growth responses resulted from the addition to this basal diet of vitamin B12, detergent, or aureomycin. Other reports, Whitehill et al. (1950) and Mariakulandai et al. (1952) suggest that under certain conditions antibiotics spare the requirement of chicks and hens for vitamin Bi2, possibly by increasing intestinal synthesis or by increasing intestinal absorption of the vitamin. It therefore seems possible that the growth response to detergents was also mediated through vitamin Bi 2 . In the present feeding trials, the basal diet was considered an ample source of known vitamins; fish meal and whey supply unidentified factors as well. The failure of detergents to stimulate growth on this basal diet might be explained,
Diet No.
Supplement t o basal diet
Level
M e a n Increase wt. a t over 27 days basal
%
ppm. 1 None 2 Sodium lauryl sulfate 3 Sodium alkyl aryl sulfonate 4 Quarternary ammonium A* 5 Quarternary ammonium A 6 Quarternary ammonium A 7 Quarternary ammonium B f 8 Quarternary ammonium B 9 Quarternary ammonium B 10 4,4* isopropylidene di-o-cresol 11 4,4* isopropylidene di-o-cresol 12 4,4* isopropylidene di-o-cresol 13 Diamine penicillin
with
1,000 1,000 10 100 500 10 100 500 10 100 500 5 Standard
g. 252 256 1 256 1 248 -2 250 -1 244 -3 261 3 244 -3 249 -1 269 7 257 2 261 3 296 17 error 14.02
•Quarternary ammonium A=alkyl (C»—Cu) tolyl methyl trimethyl ammonium chloride. t Quarternary ammonium B =para diisobutyl phenoxy ethoxy ethyl-dimethylbenzylammonium chloride.
therefore, on the lack of vitamin deficiency. In a later publication, Ely (1952) emphasized the fact that his experiments were carried on for 10 to 12 weeks. At this time, in many cases, the weight responses were of a different order from those at 3, 6 or 8 weeks. Ely also found that of the 15 classes of surfactants tested, four appeared to be superior in producing growth responses. Two of these four classes, quartenary ammonium compounds and an alkyl aryl sulfonate, were TABLE 4.-
Diet No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
-Experiment 3. First feeding trial with crossbred chicks
Supplement t o basal diet
Level.
Mean Increase wt. a t over 27 days basal
%
ppm.' gNone 292 F a t t y acid monoglyceride 1,000 303 4 sodium sulphate F a t t y acid monoglyceride 5,000 301 3 sodium sulphate As #2; saturated fatty acid 1,000 297 1 As #2; saturated fatty acid 5,000 308 6 Quarternary ammonium C* 100 298 2 Quarternary ammonium C 1,000 277 -5 2.2 1 methylenebis-4-chloro25 303 4 phenol 308 2.2 1 methylenebis-4-chloro100 6 phenol 292 2,2* methylenebis-4-cbloro- 1,000 0 phenol Dehydroacetic acid 100 294 0 Dehydroacetic acid 1,000 236 -20 5 327 12 Diamine penicillin Standard error 9.86
•Quarternary ammonium C=para diisobutyl cresoxyethoxyethyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Carleton University on June 27, 2015
The experiments in which Ely (1951) obtained growth responses to detergents were conducted with a basal diet apparently deficient in vitamin B12. Equal
T A B L E 3.—Experiment 2. Feeding trial White Olympian chicks
28
NEWS AND NOTES TABLE 5.—Experiment 4. Second feeding trial with crossbred chicks
Die!: No.
Supplement to basal diet
Level
Mean Increase wt. at over 27 days basal
-3
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
1,000
305
-3
100 1,000 100 1,000 500 100 1,000 100
295 298 312 306 315 319 278 310
-6 -5 0 -3 0 2 -12 -1
1,000
288
-8
The authors wish to thank Lever Bros., Inc., Dow Chemical Co., Rohm and Haas, Inc., Colgate-Palmolive-Peet, Inc., and I. E. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc. for supplying many of the materials used in this study.
5 336 7 Standard error 3.60
fed in the feeding trials reported here and were without effect on growth. The four week experimental period might be insufficient to demonstrate the growth-promoting response, though, in view of Ely's results on 10 and 12 week weights. SUMMARY
Various detergents and germicides were added to a chick basal diet at various levels. Either procaine or diamine penicillin was used as a positive control to obtain comparative effects of the supplements on growth. In every feeding trial, only penicillin produced a significant
REFERENCES Ely, G. M., 1951. Chick-growth stimulation produced by surfactants. Science, 114: 523-524. Ely, G. M., 1952. Surface active agents as growth stimulators in chick rations. Feedstuffs, 24 (16): 24, 26, 28, 46-50. Harris, R. S., H. Sherman and W. W. Jetter, 1951. Nutritional and pathological effects of sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene monolaurate and polyoxyethylene monostearate when fed to rats. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 34: 249-258. Mariakulandai, A., T. Myint and J. McGinnis, 1952. Effect of terramycin and vitamin B12 on hatchability. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 79: 242-244. Whitehill, A. R., J. J. Oleson and B. L. Hutchings, 1950. Stimulatory effect of aureomycin on the growth of chicks. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 74: 11-13.
News and Notes OREGON NOTES W. T. Cooney, member of the staff of the Poultry Department, Oregon State College, Corvallis, has been appointed Assistant Dean of the School of Agriculture. UTAH NOTES Dr. L. Morris has been appointed Professor of Animal Husbandry in charge of Poultry Production at Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah. He was formerly with the Utah Poultry and Farmers Cooperative, Salt Lake City, where he was in charge of
the educational program and membership relations work. He served as Extension Poultryman at the Utah State Agricultural College and at Oklahoma A. & M. College. WASHINGTON NOTES Dr. J. Browne has joined the staff of the Diagnostic Laboratory at the Western Washington Experiment Station, Puyallup. He succeeds Dr. D. Fluharty who has been appointed to the staff of the College of Veterinary Medicine, The State College of Washington, Pullman.
(Continued on page 38)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Carleton University on June 27, 2015
g. 314 305
%
100
ppm. 1 None 2 4,4'-isopropylidene bis 2isopropyl phenol 3 4,4i-isopropylidene bis 2isopropyl phenol 4 2+4 chloro-o-phenylphenol 5 2 + 4 chloro-o-phenylphenol 6 O-phenylphenol 7 O-phenylphenol 8 O-phenylphenol, sodium salt 9 2,4,5 trichlorphenol 10 2,4,5 trichlorophenol 11 2,4,5 trichlorophenol sodium salt 12 2,4,5 trichlorophenol sodium salt 13 Diamine penicillin
growth response. The detergents and germicides either produced no significant growth response or, in some cases when fed at high levels, depressed growth.
I
PROCEDURE
In the first feeding trial, Single Comb White Leghorn chicks were used. At day of age, they were distributed at random into electrically heated battery brooders so that 43 groups of 15 chicks each were formed. The basal diet shown in Table 1 was used in this and subsequent feeding trials. Supplements were added to this basal diet as indicated in Table 2. The experimental diets thus prepared were fed ad libitum throughout the length of the 25 day experiment. The basal diet was fed to four groups, and each experimental diet to three groups.
In the second experiment, White Olympian chicks were used. In the third and fourth experiments, crossbred chicks (New Hampshire males on White Olympian hens) were used. These chicks were distributed at random at day of age into 40 groups of 15 chicks each. Four groups received the basal diet, whereas each experimental diet was fed to 3 groups. Wire mesh floors were placed in the battery brooders for the first feeding trial. In the last three feeding trials, however, wood shavings litter was placed on the floor of the batteries in an attempt to simulate floor brooding conditions. The second, third and fourth feeding trials were conducted for 27-day periods. The detergents and germicides used in these experiments were added to the various diets at levels ranging from 5 to 5,000 ppm., as shown in Tables 2-5. RESULTS
The growth responses produced by the detergents and germicides, as compared TABLE 1.—Composition of basal diet Ingredient
Percent
64.75 Ground corn Soybean oil meal (solvent) 20.30 Herring fish meal 7.00 3.00 Dried whey 2.20 Limestone flour Dicalcium phosphate 1.00 1.00 Dehydrated alfalfa 0.25 Iodized salt Riboflavin cone. (500 meg./g.) 0.30 Vit. A + D cone. (4,000 I.U. A; 750 0.10 A.O.A.C. U D/g.) Choline chloride 0.10 8 oz. per ton Manganese sulfate
1 Scientific Paper No. 1118, Washington Agricultural Experiment Stations, Pullman. Project, No. 1057. 2 This investigation was supported (in part) by a research grant from the Division of Research Grants and Fellowships, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service. Presented at the 121st meeting of the American Chemical Society, Buffalo, New York, March, 1952.
26
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Carleton University on June 27, 2015
T HAS been reported by Harris, Sherman and Jetter (1951) that synthetic surfactants based on sorbitan and polyoxyethylene polymers were toxic to rats when fed at high levels. Ely (1951) found that a lauryl ethylene oxide condensate and other synthetic detergents, such as are commonly used in household preparations, stimulate early growth of chicks when fed at 0.1% in the diet. In the data presented here, the growth responses of chicks to several detergents and germicides, at various levels in the diet, and to penicillin are compared.
27
GROWTH RESPONSE TO DETERGENTS, GERMICIDES AND PENICILLIN
with the responses to penicillin, are shown in Tables 2-5. Analysis of variance of the data showed that, in every feeding trial, only penicillin stimulated growth. The various germicides and detergents either failed to stimulate growth or, in some cases when fed at high levels, depressed growth. DISCUSSION
T A B L E 2.—Experiment 1. Results of feeding detergents to While Leghorn chicks
Diet No.
Supplement t o basal diet
Level ppm.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
None Sodium oronite Sodium oronite Sodium oronite Sodium lauryl sulfate Palmitic methyl tauride Palmitic methyl tauride Palmitic methyl tauride Laurie methyl tauride Laurie methyl tauride Laurie methyl tauride Procaine penicillin
Mean wt. a t 25 days
Increase over basal
%
g224 235 5 5 220 -2 25 1 100 226 -3 85 218 225 0 5 201 -10 25 216 -4 100 208 -7 5 201 -10 25 227 1 100 249 11 5 Standard error 15.46
growth responses resulted from the addition to this basal diet of vitamin B12, detergent, or aureomycin. Other reports, Whitehill et al. (1950) and Mariakulandai et al. (1952) suggest that under certain conditions antibiotics spare the requirement of chicks and hens for vitamin Bi2, possibly by increasing intestinal synthesis or by increasing intestinal absorption of the vitamin. It therefore seems possible that the growth response to detergents was also mediated through vitamin Bi 2 . In the present feeding trials, the basal diet was considered an ample source of known vitamins; fish meal and whey supply unidentified factors as well. The failure of detergents to stimulate growth on this basal diet might be explained,
Diet No.
Supplement t o basal diet
Level
M e a n Increase wt. a t over 27 days basal
%
ppm. 1 None 2 Sodium lauryl sulfate 3 Sodium alkyl aryl sulfonate 4 Quarternary ammonium A* 5 Quarternary ammonium A 6 Quarternary ammonium A 7 Quarternary ammonium B f 8 Quarternary ammonium B 9 Quarternary ammonium B 10 4,4* isopropylidene di-o-cresol 11 4,4* isopropylidene di-o-cresol 12 4,4* isopropylidene di-o-cresol 13 Diamine penicillin
with
1,000 1,000 10 100 500 10 100 500 10 100 500 5 Standard
g. 252 256 1 256 1 248 -2 250 -1 244 -3 261 3 244 -3 249 -1 269 7 257 2 261 3 296 17 error 14.02
•Quarternary ammonium A=alkyl (C»—Cu) tolyl methyl trimethyl ammonium chloride. t Quarternary ammonium B =para diisobutyl phenoxy ethoxy ethyl-dimethylbenzylammonium chloride.
therefore, on the lack of vitamin deficiency. In a later publication, Ely (1952) emphasized the fact that his experiments were carried on for 10 to 12 weeks. At this time, in many cases, the weight responses were of a different order from those at 3, 6 or 8 weeks. Ely also found that of the 15 classes of surfactants tested, four appeared to be superior in producing growth responses. Two of these four classes, quartenary ammonium compounds and an alkyl aryl sulfonate, were TABLE 4.-
Diet No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
-Experiment 3. First feeding trial with crossbred chicks
Supplement t o basal diet
Level.
Mean Increase wt. a t over 27 days basal
%
ppm.' gNone 292 F a t t y acid monoglyceride 1,000 303 4 sodium sulphate F a t t y acid monoglyceride 5,000 301 3 sodium sulphate As #2; saturated fatty acid 1,000 297 1 As #2; saturated fatty acid 5,000 308 6 Quarternary ammonium C* 100 298 2 Quarternary ammonium C 1,000 277 -5 2.2 1 methylenebis-4-chloro25 303 4 phenol 308 2.2 1 methylenebis-4-chloro100 6 phenol 292 2,2* methylenebis-4-cbloro- 1,000 0 phenol Dehydroacetic acid 100 294 0 Dehydroacetic acid 1,000 236 -20 5 327 12 Diamine penicillin Standard error 9.86
•Quarternary ammonium C=para diisobutyl cresoxyethoxyethyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Carleton University on June 27, 2015
The experiments in which Ely (1951) obtained growth responses to detergents were conducted with a basal diet apparently deficient in vitamin B12. Equal
T A B L E 3.—Experiment 2. Feeding trial White Olympian chicks
28
NEWS AND NOTES TABLE 5.—Experiment 4. Second feeding trial with crossbred chicks
Die!: No.
Supplement to basal diet
Level
Mean Increase wt. at over 27 days basal
-3
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
1,000
305
-3
100 1,000 100 1,000 500 100 1,000 100
295 298 312 306 315 319 278 310
-6 -5 0 -3 0 2 -12 -1
1,000
288
-8
The authors wish to thank Lever Bros., Inc., Dow Chemical Co., Rohm and Haas, Inc., Colgate-Palmolive-Peet, Inc., and I. E. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc. for supplying many of the materials used in this study.
5 336 7 Standard error 3.60
fed in the feeding trials reported here and were without effect on growth. The four week experimental period might be insufficient to demonstrate the growth-promoting response, though, in view of Ely's results on 10 and 12 week weights. SUMMARY
Various detergents and germicides were added to a chick basal diet at various levels. Either procaine or diamine penicillin was used as a positive control to obtain comparative effects of the supplements on growth. In every feeding trial, only penicillin produced a significant
REFERENCES Ely, G. M., 1951. Chick-growth stimulation produced by surfactants. Science, 114: 523-524. Ely, G. M., 1952. Surface active agents as growth stimulators in chick rations. Feedstuffs, 24 (16): 24, 26, 28, 46-50. Harris, R. S., H. Sherman and W. W. Jetter, 1951. Nutritional and pathological effects of sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene monolaurate and polyoxyethylene monostearate when fed to rats. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 34: 249-258. Mariakulandai, A., T. Myint and J. McGinnis, 1952. Effect of terramycin and vitamin B12 on hatchability. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 79: 242-244. Whitehill, A. R., J. J. Oleson and B. L. Hutchings, 1950. Stimulatory effect of aureomycin on the growth of chicks. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 74: 11-13.
News and Notes OREGON NOTES W. T. Cooney, member of the staff of the Poultry Department, Oregon State College, Corvallis, has been appointed Assistant Dean of the School of Agriculture. UTAH NOTES Dr. L. Morris has been appointed Professor of Animal Husbandry in charge of Poultry Production at Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah. He was formerly with the Utah Poultry and Farmers Cooperative, Salt Lake City, where he was in charge of
the educational program and membership relations work. He served as Extension Poultryman at the Utah State Agricultural College and at Oklahoma A. & M. College. WASHINGTON NOTES Dr. J. Browne has joined the staff of the Diagnostic Laboratory at the Western Washington Experiment Station, Puyallup. He succeeds Dr. D. Fluharty who has been appointed to the staff of the College of Veterinary Medicine, The State College of Washington, Pullman.
(Continued on page 38)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Carleton University on June 27, 2015
g. 314 305
%
100
ppm. 1 None 2 4,4'-isopropylidene bis 2isopropyl phenol 3 4,4i-isopropylidene bis 2isopropyl phenol 4 2+4 chloro-o-phenylphenol 5 2 + 4 chloro-o-phenylphenol 6 O-phenylphenol 7 O-phenylphenol 8 O-phenylphenol, sodium salt 9 2,4,5 trichlorphenol 10 2,4,5 trichlorophenol 11 2,4,5 trichlorophenol sodium salt 12 2,4,5 trichlorophenol sodium salt 13 Diamine penicillin
growth response. The detergents and germicides either produced no significant growth response or, in some cases when fed at high levels, depressed growth.