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Comparative study of vegetable based and conventional cutting fluids in machining of copper alloys
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Comparative study of vegetable based and conventional cutting fluids in machining of copper alloys Mundrathi Saikiran a, G. Ravali a, Pankaj kumar b,⇑ a b
S R Engineering College, Ananthasagar, Warangal 506371, India Centre for Materials and Manufacturing, S R Engineering College, Ananthasagar, Warangal 506371, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 11 July 2019 Accepted 3 August 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Miscible cutting fluid Cutting force Vegetable based cutting fluid Conventional process
a b s t r a c t Machining process is an essential process in manufacturing system. It involves in various parameters that influence machining part and tool life. The parameters that influence machined part are material remove rate, surface roughness. These parameters get affected by friction. In order to reduce friction, cutting fluids are used during machining process. Cutting fluids play an important role in machining of the material. While machining process there arises friction between the mating parts. To reduce the friction between mating parts cutting fluids are used. Cutting fluid reduces friction in between mating parts that improves good surface roughness, do not alter material properties due to heat generated during machining, and also improves tool life. In this experiment there are two types of cutting fluids, one is vegetable based and another is conventional cutting fluid and by using these fluids surface roughness, material removal rate, relative machining parameters, effect of cutting fluid, cutting forces at various conditions have been investigated. In this experiment, the data of investigated parameters of machining process are been compared in order to conclude for optimize cutting fluid that has better performance in generating optimized machining parameters among two cutting fluids. By comparing both the cutting fluids vegetable based cutting fluid is the optimized machining process with low surface finish and better material removal rate. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Manufacturing, Material Science and Engineering.
1. Introduction Comparison study of machining system helps in sorting of optimistic machining out comes and machining boundary conditions. It provides a lot of information about the machining capabilities and the factors afforded to attain unique state. There are a lot of machining varieties performed by relatively specific machine. It looks simpler to express terminology, but it really required a lot of attention to acquire practical skills. In manufacturing system, it is most important to perform machining more economical with desired parameters of the product. For this, comparison study is more helpful in selecting and executing with required machining conditions. Having knowledge of factors that influencing machining system and effecting product is most important. In these modern days machining process and their conditions are accounted with economical and perfectional. Time has primary key role which effects outcomes of the machining. Lot of informa⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (P. kumar).
tion encrypted by many experiments. On studying few of other research works, here experiments are carried out to get practical view on the factor that are affected by the influence of vegetable based cutting fluid and conventional cutting fluid. Even though cutting fluid made out of mineral oil or petroleum by products gives their best in machining operations but results in affecting environment. These are non-neutralizable fluids, thus causes pollutions in various ways. These are also harmful to life of living beings unless it is neutralized or dilute its concentration. Organic cutting fluid is the only solution for this problem. These are also bio degradable in nature [1,2]. For this reason, most of the cutting fluids are prepared out of edible oils. Few are experimentally illustrated that such ecofriendly cutting fluids are also can be prepared out of non-edible oils. Preparing formulation is quite simple and economical. Cutting fluid is emulsified by the combination of water and oil [1,3]. For more economical state of machining and to improve the integrity if producing a part by machining effective supply of lubrication in limited and with more optimal job. This is expressed as minimum quantity lubrication. To achieve economical supply of lubrication during machining by
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.08.077 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Manufacturing, Material Science and Engineering.
Please cite this article as: M. Saikiran, G. Ravali and P. kumar, Comparative study of vegetable based and conventional cutting fluids in machining of copper alloys, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.08.077
2
M. Saikiran et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Table 1 Machining parameters using vegetable (ground nut oil) based cutting fluid. S. No
Rotational speed (RPM)
Depth of cut (mm)
Cutting time (min)
cutting speed (mm/min)
Material removal rate (mm3/min)
Avg. surface roughness (mm)
1 2 3 4 5 6
500 500 500 835 835 835
1.5 1 0.5 1.5 1 0.5
0.177167 0.175 0.17 0.176 0.181667 0.182167
52.12 52.12 52.12 87.05 87.05 87.05
6669.214 5046.805 2662.424 6713.423 4861.602 2484.605
0.572 0.678 0.795 0.543 0.592667 0.668333
Table 2 Machining parameters using conventional cutting fluid. S. No
Rotational speed (RPM)
Depth of cut (mm)
Cutting time (min)
Cutting speed (mm/min)
Material removal rate (mm3/min)
Avg. surface roughness (mm)
1 2 3 4 5 6
500 500 500 835 835 835
1.5 1 0.5 1.5 1 0.5
0.153833 0.171833 0.1575 0.099167 0.0945 0.0945
48.43 49.39 50.74 80.89 82.48 84.74
9039.832 5588.956 3172.895 14023.13 10162.63 5288.159
0.593 0.769 0.841667 0.547333 0.607333 0.708333
Table 3 Cutting forces acting on tool and specimen by using ground nut oil. S. No
Rotational speed (RPM)
Fx (kgf)
Fy (kgf)
Fz (kgf)
Actual force (Fa) (kgf)
Resultant force (F) (kgf)
1 2 3 4 5 6
500 500 500 835 835 835
5.5 4.5 3.5 14.5 12 5.5
28 22.5 19.5 33.5 25 20
25.5 23 21 22 20.5 23
28.53507 22.94559 19.81161 36.50342 27.73085 20.74247
38.26879 32.48846 28.8704 42.62042 34.4855 30.97176
Table 4 Cutting forces acting on tool and specimen by conventional oil. S. No
Rotational speed (RPM)
Fx (kgf)
Fy (kgf)
Fz (kgf)
Actual force (Fa) (kgf)
Resultant force (F) (kgf)
1 2 3 4 5 6
500 500 500 835 835 835
4.5 3 2.5 4 2.5 1.5
24 17 16 20 16 11
16 12.5 13 14 13 11
24.41823 17.26268 16.19413 20.39608 16.19413 11.1018
29.19332 21.31314 20.76656 24.73863 20.76656 15.6285
tains part surface integrity. It gives almost similar results to that of massive lubricating system and performs better than other kind of systems with optimal machining outcomes. It improves machining environment. With the ecofriendly lubricating cutting fluid it is nontoxic to the life and safe to environment [4,5]. 1.1. Experimental set up
Fig. 1. Experimental setup.
spraying air and vegetable oil together in a more effective way. Minimum quantity lubrication supports best machining parameters. It helps in enhancing tool life by reducing tool wear and main-
Machining tests are carried by all geared lathe machine on the copper alloy specimen of respective composition in cylindrical form 100 mm long and 32 mm in diameter with the help of High-speed steel. Each test was carried out at two different spindle speeds of 500 and 835 rpm and a power rating of AC motor rated power 5 HP. In this experiment work the three process parameters at two levels have been carried out on the specimen with two different cutting fluids. These experimental tests are performed for the analytical data of machining parameters over different specimen materials and the effect of these on surface roughness of the specimen. The data collected are analyzed by experimental procedure and theoretical explanation to show the optimal machining parameters. The tool inserted was made of High-speed steel material for the machining operation. Cutting fluid used was prepared
Please cite this article as: M. Saikiran, G. Ravali and P. kumar, Comparative study of vegetable based and conventional cutting fluids in machining of copper alloys, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.08.077
M. Saikiran et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
3
Fig. 2. (a) Graph plot of MRR Vs Ra of vegetable oil-based cutting fluid at 500 RPM and 835 RPM. (b) Graph plot of MRR Vs Ra of conventional cutting fluid at 500 RPM and 835 RPM.
Fig. 3. (c) Comparative graph plot of MRR Vs Ra at 500 RPM. (d) Comparative graph plot of MRR Vs Ra at 835 RPM.
out of vegetable oil-based cutting fluids and other is of conventional cutting fluid. Surface roughness of the specimen is measured by using Taly surf equipment.
2. Experimentation Set up the lathe machine. Set the spindle speed at 500 rpm and by using the cutting fluid as groundnut oil, depth of cut as 1.5 mm, 1.0 mm, 0.5 mm turning is done and cutting time is measured and cutting forces are noted. Set the spindle speed at 835 rpm and by using the cutting fluid as conventional oil, depth of cut as 1.5 mm, 1.0 mm, 0.5 mm turning is done and cutting time is measured and cutting forces are noted. After completion of turning the work piece is removed material removal rate and surface roughness is measured. This surface roughness measurement is carried out by using tally surf equipment.
Properties of materials are most important criteria in machining operations. Scrutinizing these integrated properties of desired specifications of material is foremost step to be considered for optimized and effective machining operations. While machining processes two types of cutting fluids are used. One is vegetable based and another is conventional cutting fluid. Experimental outcomes are recorded and presented below in the form of tables. These experimental evidence in the form of recorded outcomes are informative data for the comparison between groundnut oil cutting fluid and conventional cutting fluid. Tables 1 and 2 represents informative data about rotational speed, depth of cut, cutting time, cutting speed, material remove rate and average roughness related to groundnut oil-based cutting fluid and conventional cutting fluid respectively. Tables 3 and 4 discloses about respective cutting forces during machining, actual force and resultant forces. 2.2. Experimental out comes of machining parameters
2.1. Experimental outcome Most of the machines can perform multi tasks but the selection of a particular machine depends on economic activities. Machining process is the process of transforming the input into output. It refers to the sequence of operations performed by the machines on raw materials to convert in to partial or final part that depends on utilization. Choosing machining operation is based on effective performance cost also known as manufacturing cost, work piece material, application of finished part. Most of the machining processes are material removal processes, which can create a variety of features on a part by cutting away the unwanted material.
2.3. Forces acting on tool and specimen
3. Results and discussion Graph plot from Fig. 1 shows that with increase in speed material remove rate increases by the time it achieves least surface roughness of the work piece. Gradually with continuous increase
Please cite this article as: M. Saikiran, G. Ravali and P. kumar, Comparative study of vegetable based and conventional cutting fluids in machining of copper alloys, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.08.077
4
M. Saikiran et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
in material remove rate it affects surface integrity. So, optimal conditions to be obtained for fine material remove rate and better surface integrity. Graph plot from Fig. 2 shows the comparative representation of experimental machining data of groundnut oil-based cutting fluid and conventional cutting fluid. From the above Fig. 2 graph it illustrates visual evidence about best performance presented by groundnut oil-based cutting fluid than that of conventional cutting fluid. Even at 500 RPM and 835 RPM groundnut oil-based cutting fluid gives out its better performance in achieving better machining parameters and fine surface integrity Fig. 3. 4. Conclusion From the above machining parametric values, the optimistic machining process is to be found. Cutting fluid is one of the important factors to optimize the machining parameters i.e., minimized surface roughness, required material removal rate in order to reduce material wastage. Ground nut oil is taken as the key ingredient in vegetable based cutting fluid and conventional cutting fluid is of miscible type. From the overall observation the optimized machining process is by using conventional cutting fluid as it reaches the optimistic machining parameters with low surface roughness and better material removal rate. But when compared with ground nut oil-based cutting fluid material remove rate is high in conventional cutting fluid. Here MRR is not only the factor which decides optimized machining parameters so that conventional cutting fluid is used for optimized machining parameters.
When compared to cutting forces, the groundnut oil-based cutting fluid has an optimized cutting force parameter. It helps in increasing tool life and also rate of production with optimized machining parameters. References [1] R. Katna, K. Singh, N. Agrawal, S. Jain, Green manufacturing – performance of a biodegradable cutting fluid, Mater. Manuf. Process. 32 (13) (2017) 1522–1527. [2] J. Kundrák, A.G. Mamalis, K. Gyáni, A. Markopoulos, Environmentally friendly precision machining, Mater. Manuf. Process. 21 (1) (2006) 29–37. [3] S.A. Lawal, I.A. Choudhury, Y. Nukman, Evaluation of vegetable and mineral oilin-water emulsion cutting fluids in turning AISI 4340 steel with coated carbide tools, J. Cleaner Prod. 66 (2014) 610–618. [4] M.M.A. Khan, M.A.H. Mithu, N.R. Dhar, Effects of minimum quantity lubrication on turning AISI 9310 alloy steel using vegetable oil-based cutting fluid, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 209 (15–16) (2009) 5573–5583. [5] A.K. Sharma, A.K. Tiwari, A.R. Dixit, Effects of Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) in machining processes using conventional and nanofluid based cutting fluids: a comprehensive review, J. Cleaner Prod. 127 (2016) 1–18.
Further reading [6] R. Padmini, P.V. Krishna, G.K.M. Rao, Effectiveness of vegetable oil based nanofluids as potential cutting fluids in turning AISI 1040 steel, Tribol. Int. 94 (2016) 490–501. [7] P. Rapeti, V.K. Pasam, K.M.R. Gurram, R.S. Revuru, Performance evaluation of vegetable oil based nano cutting fluids in machining using grey relational analysis – a step towards sustainable manufacturing, J. Cleaner Prod. 172 (2018) 2862–2875. [8] M.S. Najiha, M.M. Rahman, K. Kadirgama, Performance of water-based TiO2 nanofluid during the minimum quantity lubrication machining of aluminium alloy, AA6061-T6, J. Cleaner Prod. 135 (2016) 1623–1636.
Please cite this article as: M. Saikiran, G. Ravali and P. kumar, Comparative study of vegetable based and conventional cutting fluids in machining of copper alloys, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.08.077
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Comparative study of vegetable based and conventional cutting fluids in machining of copper alloys Mundrathi Saikiran a, G. Ravali a, Pankaj kumar b,⇑ a b
S R Engineering College, Ananthasagar, Warangal 506371, India Centre for Materials and Manufacturing, S R Engineering College, Ananthasagar, Warangal 506371, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 11 July 2019 Accepted 3 August 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Miscible cutting fluid Cutting force Vegetable based cutting fluid Conventional process
a b s t r a c t Machining process is an essential process in manufacturing system. It involves in various parameters that influence machining part and tool life. The parameters that influence machined part are material remove rate, surface roughness. These parameters get affected by friction. In order to reduce friction, cutting fluids are used during machining process. Cutting fluids play an important role in machining of the material. While machining process there arises friction between the mating parts. To reduce the friction between mating parts cutting fluids are used. Cutting fluid reduces friction in between mating parts that improves good surface roughness, do not alter material properties due to heat generated during machining, and also improves tool life. In this experiment there are two types of cutting fluids, one is vegetable based and another is conventional cutting fluid and by using these fluids surface roughness, material removal rate, relative machining parameters, effect of cutting fluid, cutting forces at various conditions have been investigated. In this experiment, the data of investigated parameters of machining process are been compared in order to conclude for optimize cutting fluid that has better performance in generating optimized machining parameters among two cutting fluids. By comparing both the cutting fluids vegetable based cutting fluid is the optimized machining process with low surface finish and better material removal rate. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Manufacturing, Material Science and Engineering.
1. Introduction Comparison study of machining system helps in sorting of optimistic machining out comes and machining boundary conditions. It provides a lot of information about the machining capabilities and the factors afforded to attain unique state. There are a lot of machining varieties performed by relatively specific machine. It looks simpler to express terminology, but it really required a lot of attention to acquire practical skills. In manufacturing system, it is most important to perform machining more economical with desired parameters of the product. For this, comparison study is more helpful in selecting and executing with required machining conditions. Having knowledge of factors that influencing machining system and effecting product is most important. In these modern days machining process and their conditions are accounted with economical and perfectional. Time has primary key role which effects outcomes of the machining. Lot of informa⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (P. kumar).
tion encrypted by many experiments. On studying few of other research works, here experiments are carried out to get practical view on the factor that are affected by the influence of vegetable based cutting fluid and conventional cutting fluid. Even though cutting fluid made out of mineral oil or petroleum by products gives their best in machining operations but results in affecting environment. These are non-neutralizable fluids, thus causes pollutions in various ways. These are also harmful to life of living beings unless it is neutralized or dilute its concentration. Organic cutting fluid is the only solution for this problem. These are also bio degradable in nature [1,2]. For this reason, most of the cutting fluids are prepared out of edible oils. Few are experimentally illustrated that such ecofriendly cutting fluids are also can be prepared out of non-edible oils. Preparing formulation is quite simple and economical. Cutting fluid is emulsified by the combination of water and oil [1,3]. For more economical state of machining and to improve the integrity if producing a part by machining effective supply of lubrication in limited and with more optimal job. This is expressed as minimum quantity lubrication. To achieve economical supply of lubrication during machining by
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.08.077 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Manufacturing, Material Science and Engineering.
Please cite this article as: M. Saikiran, G. Ravali and P. kumar, Comparative study of vegetable based and conventional cutting fluids in machining of copper alloys, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.08.077
2
M. Saikiran et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Table 1 Machining parameters using vegetable (ground nut oil) based cutting fluid. S. No
Rotational speed (RPM)
Depth of cut (mm)
Cutting time (min)
cutting speed (mm/min)
Material removal rate (mm3/min)
Avg. surface roughness (mm)
1 2 3 4 5 6
500 500 500 835 835 835
1.5 1 0.5 1.5 1 0.5
0.177167 0.175 0.17 0.176 0.181667 0.182167
52.12 52.12 52.12 87.05 87.05 87.05
6669.214 5046.805 2662.424 6713.423 4861.602 2484.605
0.572 0.678 0.795 0.543 0.592667 0.668333
Table 2 Machining parameters using conventional cutting fluid. S. No
Rotational speed (RPM)
Depth of cut (mm)
Cutting time (min)
Cutting speed (mm/min)
Material removal rate (mm3/min)
Avg. surface roughness (mm)
1 2 3 4 5 6
500 500 500 835 835 835
1.5 1 0.5 1.5 1 0.5
0.153833 0.171833 0.1575 0.099167 0.0945 0.0945
48.43 49.39 50.74 80.89 82.48 84.74
9039.832 5588.956 3172.895 14023.13 10162.63 5288.159
0.593 0.769 0.841667 0.547333 0.607333 0.708333
Table 3 Cutting forces acting on tool and specimen by using ground nut oil. S. No
Rotational speed (RPM)
Fx (kgf)
Fy (kgf)
Fz (kgf)
Actual force (Fa) (kgf)
Resultant force (F) (kgf)
1 2 3 4 5 6
500 500 500 835 835 835
5.5 4.5 3.5 14.5 12 5.5
28 22.5 19.5 33.5 25 20
25.5 23 21 22 20.5 23
28.53507 22.94559 19.81161 36.50342 27.73085 20.74247
38.26879 32.48846 28.8704 42.62042 34.4855 30.97176
Table 4 Cutting forces acting on tool and specimen by conventional oil. S. No
Rotational speed (RPM)
Fx (kgf)
Fy (kgf)
Fz (kgf)
Actual force (Fa) (kgf)
Resultant force (F) (kgf)
1 2 3 4 5 6
500 500 500 835 835 835
4.5 3 2.5 4 2.5 1.5
24 17 16 20 16 11
16 12.5 13 14 13 11
24.41823 17.26268 16.19413 20.39608 16.19413 11.1018
29.19332 21.31314 20.76656 24.73863 20.76656 15.6285
tains part surface integrity. It gives almost similar results to that of massive lubricating system and performs better than other kind of systems with optimal machining outcomes. It improves machining environment. With the ecofriendly lubricating cutting fluid it is nontoxic to the life and safe to environment [4,5]. 1.1. Experimental set up
Fig. 1. Experimental setup.
spraying air and vegetable oil together in a more effective way. Minimum quantity lubrication supports best machining parameters. It helps in enhancing tool life by reducing tool wear and main-
Machining tests are carried by all geared lathe machine on the copper alloy specimen of respective composition in cylindrical form 100 mm long and 32 mm in diameter with the help of High-speed steel. Each test was carried out at two different spindle speeds of 500 and 835 rpm and a power rating of AC motor rated power 5 HP. In this experiment work the three process parameters at two levels have been carried out on the specimen with two different cutting fluids. These experimental tests are performed for the analytical data of machining parameters over different specimen materials and the effect of these on surface roughness of the specimen. The data collected are analyzed by experimental procedure and theoretical explanation to show the optimal machining parameters. The tool inserted was made of High-speed steel material for the machining operation. Cutting fluid used was prepared
Please cite this article as: M. Saikiran, G. Ravali and P. kumar, Comparative study of vegetable based and conventional cutting fluids in machining of copper alloys, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.08.077
M. Saikiran et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
3
Fig. 2. (a) Graph plot of MRR Vs Ra of vegetable oil-based cutting fluid at 500 RPM and 835 RPM. (b) Graph plot of MRR Vs Ra of conventional cutting fluid at 500 RPM and 835 RPM.
Fig. 3. (c) Comparative graph plot of MRR Vs Ra at 500 RPM. (d) Comparative graph plot of MRR Vs Ra at 835 RPM.
out of vegetable oil-based cutting fluids and other is of conventional cutting fluid. Surface roughness of the specimen is measured by using Taly surf equipment.
2. Experimentation Set up the lathe machine. Set the spindle speed at 500 rpm and by using the cutting fluid as groundnut oil, depth of cut as 1.5 mm, 1.0 mm, 0.5 mm turning is done and cutting time is measured and cutting forces are noted. Set the spindle speed at 835 rpm and by using the cutting fluid as conventional oil, depth of cut as 1.5 mm, 1.0 mm, 0.5 mm turning is done and cutting time is measured and cutting forces are noted. After completion of turning the work piece is removed material removal rate and surface roughness is measured. This surface roughness measurement is carried out by using tally surf equipment.
Properties of materials are most important criteria in machining operations. Scrutinizing these integrated properties of desired specifications of material is foremost step to be considered for optimized and effective machining operations. While machining processes two types of cutting fluids are used. One is vegetable based and another is conventional cutting fluid. Experimental outcomes are recorded and presented below in the form of tables. These experimental evidence in the form of recorded outcomes are informative data for the comparison between groundnut oil cutting fluid and conventional cutting fluid. Tables 1 and 2 represents informative data about rotational speed, depth of cut, cutting time, cutting speed, material remove rate and average roughness related to groundnut oil-based cutting fluid and conventional cutting fluid respectively. Tables 3 and 4 discloses about respective cutting forces during machining, actual force and resultant forces. 2.2. Experimental out comes of machining parameters
2.1. Experimental outcome Most of the machines can perform multi tasks but the selection of a particular machine depends on economic activities. Machining process is the process of transforming the input into output. It refers to the sequence of operations performed by the machines on raw materials to convert in to partial or final part that depends on utilization. Choosing machining operation is based on effective performance cost also known as manufacturing cost, work piece material, application of finished part. Most of the machining processes are material removal processes, which can create a variety of features on a part by cutting away the unwanted material.
2.3. Forces acting on tool and specimen
3. Results and discussion Graph plot from Fig. 1 shows that with increase in speed material remove rate increases by the time it achieves least surface roughness of the work piece. Gradually with continuous increase
Please cite this article as: M. Saikiran, G. Ravali and P. kumar, Comparative study of vegetable based and conventional cutting fluids in machining of copper alloys, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.08.077
4
M. Saikiran et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
in material remove rate it affects surface integrity. So, optimal conditions to be obtained for fine material remove rate and better surface integrity. Graph plot from Fig. 2 shows the comparative representation of experimental machining data of groundnut oil-based cutting fluid and conventional cutting fluid. From the above Fig. 2 graph it illustrates visual evidence about best performance presented by groundnut oil-based cutting fluid than that of conventional cutting fluid. Even at 500 RPM and 835 RPM groundnut oil-based cutting fluid gives out its better performance in achieving better machining parameters and fine surface integrity Fig. 3. 4. Conclusion From the above machining parametric values, the optimistic machining process is to be found. Cutting fluid is one of the important factors to optimize the machining parameters i.e., minimized surface roughness, required material removal rate in order to reduce material wastage. Ground nut oil is taken as the key ingredient in vegetable based cutting fluid and conventional cutting fluid is of miscible type. From the overall observation the optimized machining process is by using conventional cutting fluid as it reaches the optimistic machining parameters with low surface roughness and better material removal rate. But when compared with ground nut oil-based cutting fluid material remove rate is high in conventional cutting fluid. Here MRR is not only the factor which decides optimized machining parameters so that conventional cutting fluid is used for optimized machining parameters.
When compared to cutting forces, the groundnut oil-based cutting fluid has an optimized cutting force parameter. It helps in increasing tool life and also rate of production with optimized machining parameters. References [1] R. Katna, K. Singh, N. Agrawal, S. Jain, Green manufacturing – performance of a biodegradable cutting fluid, Mater. Manuf. Process. 32 (13) (2017) 1522–1527. [2] J. Kundrák, A.G. Mamalis, K. Gyáni, A. Markopoulos, Environmentally friendly precision machining, Mater. Manuf. Process. 21 (1) (2006) 29–37. [3] S.A. Lawal, I.A. Choudhury, Y. Nukman, Evaluation of vegetable and mineral oilin-water emulsion cutting fluids in turning AISI 4340 steel with coated carbide tools, J. Cleaner Prod. 66 (2014) 610–618. [4] M.M.A. Khan, M.A.H. Mithu, N.R. Dhar, Effects of minimum quantity lubrication on turning AISI 9310 alloy steel using vegetable oil-based cutting fluid, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 209 (15–16) (2009) 5573–5583. [5] A.K. Sharma, A.K. Tiwari, A.R. Dixit, Effects of Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) in machining processes using conventional and nanofluid based cutting fluids: a comprehensive review, J. Cleaner Prod. 127 (2016) 1–18.
Further reading [6] R. Padmini, P.V. Krishna, G.K.M. Rao, Effectiveness of vegetable oil based nanofluids as potential cutting fluids in turning AISI 1040 steel, Tribol. Int. 94 (2016) 490–501. [7] P. Rapeti, V.K. Pasam, K.M.R. Gurram, R.S. Revuru, Performance evaluation of vegetable oil based nano cutting fluids in machining using grey relational analysis – a step towards sustainable manufacturing, J. Cleaner Prod. 172 (2018) 2862–2875. [8] M.S. Najiha, M.M. Rahman, K. Kadirgama, Performance of water-based TiO2 nanofluid during the minimum quantity lubrication machining of aluminium alloy, AA6061-T6, J. Cleaner Prod. 135 (2016) 1623–1636.
Please cite this article as: M. Saikiran, G. Ravali and P. kumar, Comparative study of vegetable based and conventional cutting fluids in machining of copper alloys, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.08.077