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Comparative study on floristic diversity of protected and unprotected Forests of Sathan Gali, District Mansehra, KP, Pakistan
Acta Ecologica Sinica xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx
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Comparative study on floristic diversity of protected and unprotected Forests of Sathan Gali, District Mansehra, KP, Pakistan Khalid Rasheed Khan a,b,⁎, Zafar Iqbal a, Jan Alam a, Muhammad Farooq b, Abbas Hussain Shah b, Manzoor Hussain a, Ghulam Mujaba Shah a, Danish Ali b a b
Botany Department, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan Botany Department, Government Post Graduate College, Mansehra, Pakistan
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 20 May 2018 Received in revised form 26 September 2018 Accepted 27 September 2018 Available online xxxx Keywords: Protected Unprotected Sathan Gali Mansehra Species diversity
a b s t r a c t This first ever study was carried out to explore the floristic composition of protected and unprotected forests of Sathan Gali, District Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. The study area being the part of the Western Himalayas harbours rich floristic diversity. In the current investigation, an effort was made to record primary data about floral diversity of the area. The study area was visited recurrently during 2013 and 2014. Plants were collected from different sampling sites, identified, preserved and deposited in Herbarium of Hazara University, Mansehra. A total of 127 plants species including 59 common and 68 different were found in 13 stands of reserved forest. The different species were only confined with this forest whereas common plant species were distributed in both forests. The dominant family was Asteraceae (13 species, 10.7%) followed by Labiateae (10 species, 7.75%), Poaceae and Rosaceae (8 species, 6.2%) each, Polygonaceae and Pteridaceae by (5 species, 3.87%) each. Angiosperms were represented by 118 (92.91%), plant species, Pteridophytes 5(3.93%) species and Gymnosperms 4 (3.14%) species were recorded in reserved forest. Only single species of climber was documented. The number of herbs, shrubs and trees species recorded were 73.64%, 13.17% and 10.07% respectively. A total of 103 plant species of 55 families including 61 common in both forest types and 42 species different to guzara Forest. These plant species were recorded from 22 sampling stands. Angiosperms by (92.3%) plant species, Gymnosperms (2.88%) and Pteridophytes (4.8%) were recorded. The dominant family was Poaceae by 11 plant species followed by Asteraceae and Rosaceae each represented by 10 species and Pteridaceae by 5 plant species. Habit wise 69.23% were herbs, 14.42% shrubs and 16.34% species of tree were reported. This study will assist ecologists, botanists, taxonomist, conservationists and policy makers to mend, and manage the current vegetation status and sustainability for upcoming generations. The present investigation will also serves as base line for future researches on the Himalaya regions. © 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Ecological Society of China.
1. Introduction
1.1. Unprotected forest
Sathan Gali lies in District Mansehra which is situated from 34°-14′ to 35°-11´ North latitude and 72°-49′ to 74°-08′ East longitude. Administratively, this District has three tehsils; Mansehra, Oghi, and Balakot. Mansehra makes its boundary on the North to Kohistan and Battagram Districts, on the East surrounding by Muzaffarabad District of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, on the South to Abbottabad and Haripur Districts and on the West to Shangla and Buner Districts [3]. Unprotected and protected forests fall in Himalaya moist temperate forests types [2].
This forest is situated between 34°-34′ to 34°-42´ North latitude and 73°-07′ to 72°-12′ East longitudes, spreading over Hilkot Range of Siran Forest Division. The tract is surrounded on North by mountains of Hillan, on East by Bhaleja ridge and forests of Upper Siran Range, on its South by Hilkot Village Chattar Plain whereas on west the forest is bounded by mountains ranges of Battagram. The tract is mountainous and the elevation varies from 3000 to 7850 ft above the sea level [4].These forests are under the administrative control of Forest Department, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. As per planned procedure, the guzara forests are exploited. The Deputy Commissioner of the district headed a committee with representatives of the Forest Department and inhabitants of the area for all the important matters of the forest. Most of the offenses in these forests are dealt with under the Hazara Forest Act 1937 (WWF–P, 2004).
⁎ Corresponding author at: Botany Department, Government Post Graduate College, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan. E-mail address: [email protected] (K.R. Khan).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2018.09.016 1872-2032/© 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Ecological Society of China.
Please cite this article as: K.R. Khan, et al., Comparative study on floristic diversity of protected and unprotected Forests of Sathan Gali, District Mansehra, KP, Pakistan, Acta Ecologica Sinica (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2018.09.016
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K.R. Khan et al. / Acta Ecologica Sinica xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx
1.2. Protected forest Protected forest is located between 34°-23′ and 34°-34´ North latitude and 72°-54′ and 73°-21′East longitude. The area is surrounded on East by Kunhar stream, on the North by the timberlands of Upper Siran pasture and amalgamated tribal zones Nilishang and Hillan, on the West by the non-amalgamated regions of the Hasan Zai Akazai communities and on the South by the areas of Shergarh and Pakhli Plain. The band is hilly and the altitude ranges from 3500 to 7800 ft [1]. Protected forests are those forests in which any anthropological disruption is forbidden unless allowed by the Government. All income from sales of protected forest goes to the Government funds and the KP Forest Department is accountable for the conservation and control of these forests. These forests are currently managed according to
selection system of forestry and there are definite areas within protected forests that are subject to specific rights offered to native society. These privileges and rights are applicable to use of way, opportunity to use water, chance of grazing, collection of fodder, timber and fuelwood. Nowadays, owing to the increase in population and proliferation in demand, people are unlawfully exploiting the resources of these woodlands and some portions of the national park. Individuals often misuse the privileges given to them and thus cause severe losses on the forest via illegitimate logging, grazing and fodder gathering. Penalties for all offenses have administered according to the Pakistan Forest Act 1927 (WWF–P, 2004) (Figs. 1–4, 7). Biodiversity is the diversity of life on globe consisting of differences at all stages of organic organization from DNA to individual to ecosystems. Due to the devastation of habitats plant biodiversity declining
Fig. 1. Map of the study area.
Please cite this article as: K.R. Khan, et al., Comparative study on floristic diversity of protected and unprotected Forests of Sathan Gali, District Mansehra, KP, Pakistan, Acta Ecologica Sinica (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2018.09.016
K.R. Khan et al. / Acta Ecologica Sinica xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx
3
Fig. 2. Map of the study sites with stands selected for study in Reserved and Guzara forests.
owing to which species become extinct. Biodiversity differs greatly across the sphere as well as within areas. The tropical areas are rich in biodiversity in relation to Polar Areas. Ecological variables such as temperature, rainfall, elevation, and edaphic effect biodiversity [5]. Over exploitation of biodiversity leads to extinction of many species from the earth [6]. Vegetational structure is an expression of physical appearance, floristic diversity, biological and biotic pressures. Thus, there is an urgent and intense requirement to array a comprehensive plant list from taxonomic, ecological, and wild life point to launch baseline information. Biodiversity is the direct assessment of the effect of anthropological and grazing animals disturbances on the forest ecosystem [7,8].
2. Materials and methods Frequent visits and surveys were conducted for two consecutive years; 2012 and 2014 to collect the flora of the study area. Plant specimens were collected, dried, poisoned, preserved and mounted on standard herbarium sheets (11.5″ × 17.5″). The specimens were poisoned using poison solution by dissolving mercuric chloride 2 g, copper sulphate 10 g, phenol crystal 10 g, in one litter alcohol. The plants were identified with the help of the Flora of Pakistan [9,10]. A complete floristic list was compiled along with their respective families. The voucher
Fig. 4. A scenic view of reserved forest.
specimens were deposited in the Herbarium Hazara University (HUP), Mansehra (Tables 1, 5). 3. Results 3.1. Comparison between species diversity of protected and unprotected forests 3.1.1. Protected forest A total of 127 plants species including 59 common and 68 different were found in 13 stands of protected forest (Tables 2 and 3). The different species were only confined with this forest whereas common plant species were distributed in both forests. The dominant family was
Table 1 Habit wise classification of vegetation of protected forest.
Fig. 3. A view of Guzara forest of Sathan Gali, District Mansehra.
S. No
Habit
No
Percentage
1 2 3 4
Climber Herb shrub Tree
1 94 17 15
0.77% 74.01% 13.17% 10.07%
Please cite this article as: K.R. Khan, et al., Comparative study on floristic diversity of protected and unprotected Forests of Sathan Gali, District Mansehra, KP, Pakistan, Acta Ecologica Sinica (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2018.09.016
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K.R. Khan et al. / Acta Ecologica Sinica xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx
Table 2 Florestic diversity of protected forest of Sathan Gali.
Table 2 (continued)
S. No
Botanical name
Family
Habit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Arisaema jacquemontii Blume Abies pindrow (Royle ex D. Don) Royle Achillea millefolium L. Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Adiantum caudatum L. Aegopodium burttii Nasir Aesculus indica (Wall. ex Cambess.) Hook Ajuga integrifolia Buch.-Ham. Ajuga parviflora Benth. Anagallis arvensis L. Anaphalis busua (Buch.-Ham.) DC. Leptopus cordifolius Decne. Müll.Arg. Androsace rotundifolia Hardw. Apluda sp. Aquilegia pubiflora Wall. ex Royle Arisaema utile Hook. f. ex. Schott Aristida sp. Arum sp. Asparagus filicinus Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Aster himalaicus C.B. Clarke Berberis lycium Royle Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. Persicaria amplexicaulis (D.Don) Ronse Decr. Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf. Buddleja crispa Benth. Bupleurum lanceolatum Wall. ex DC. Clinopodium umbrosum (M.Bieb.) Kuntze Caltha palustris var. alba (Cambess.) Hook.f. & Thomson Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) G.Don Celtis australis L. Clinopodium vulgare L. Erigeron canadensis L. Crotalaria sp. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Cyperus sp. Daphne papyracea Wall. ex G. Don Desmodium elegans DC. Deutzia staminea R.Br. ex Wall. Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees Digitaria nodosa Parl. Diospyros lotus L. Dryopteris stewartii Fraser-Jenk. Duchesnea indica (Jacks.) Focke Elymus sp. Erigeron multiradiatus (Lindl. ex DC.) Benth. & Hook.f. Fagopyrum sp. Fragaria nubicola (Lindl. ex Hook.f.) Lacaita Gentiana pedicellata (D.Don) Wall. Geranium rotundifolium L. Geranium wallichianum D.Don ex Sweet Hedera nepalensis K. Koch Heteropogon contortus (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. Hypericum perforatum L. Impatiens bicolor Royle Indigofera heterantha Brandis Isodon rugosus (Wall. ex Benth.) Codd Jasminum humile L. Juglans regia L. Lactuca sp. Lamium album L. Lamium amplexicaule L. Leontopodium brachyactis Gand. Leonurus cardiaca L. Lonicera sp. Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill Nepeta cataria L. Oenothera rosea L'Hér. ex Aiton Onychium japonicum (Thunb.) Kunze Origanum vulgare L. Oxalis corniculata L. Paeonia emodi Royle Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana (Decne.) Rehder
Araceae Pinaceae Asteraceae Pteridaceae Pteridaceae Apiaceae Sapindaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Primulaceae Asteraceae Phyllanthaceae Primulaceae Poaceae Ranunculaceae Araceae Poaceae Araceae Asparagaceae Asteraceae Berberidaceae Saxifragaceae Polygonaceae Poaceae Plantaginaceae Apiaceae Lamiaceae Ranunculaceae
Herb Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Shrub Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Shrub Herb Herb Herb Shrub Herb Herb Herb
Pinaceae Cannabaceae Lamiaceae Asteraceae Leguminosae Poaceae Cyperaceae Thymelaeaceae Leguminosae Hydrangeaceae Acanthaceae Poaceae Ebenaceae Pteridaceae Rosaceae Poaceae Asteraceae
Tree Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Shrub Shrub Shrub Herb Herb Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb
Polygonaceae Rosaceae Gentianaceae Geraniaceae Geraniaceae Araliaceae Poaceae
Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb
Hypericaceae Balsaminaceae Leguminosae Lamiaceae Oleaceae Juglandanceae Asteraceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Asteraceae Lamiaceae Adoxaceae Boraginaceae Lamiaceae Onagraceae Pteridaceae Lamiaceae Oxalidaceae Paeoniaceae Hamamelidaceae
Herb Herb Herb Shrub Shrub Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Shrub Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Shrub
29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72
S. No
Botanical name
Family
Habit
73
Phlomoides rotata (Benth. ex Hook.f.) Mathiesen Picea smithiana (Wall.) Boiss. Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude Pinus wallichiana A. B. Jacks. Plantago lanceolata L. Plantago major L. Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) T.S.Ying Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. Potentilla nepalensis Hook. Potentilla sp. Primula denticulata Sm. Prunella vulgaris L. Prunus cornuta (Wall. ex Royle) Steud. Pteridium sp. Pteris sp. Pteris vittata L. Quercus floribunda Lindl. ex A.Camus Ranunculus hirtellus Royle Ranunculus muricatus L. Rhamnus virgata Roxb. Rhododendron arboreum Sm. Rubus fructicosus Hook. f. Rumex dentatus L. Rumex hastatus D. Don. Rumex nepalensis Spreng. Salvia mukerjeei Bennet & Raizada Sarcococca pruniformis Lindl. Sauromatum venosum (Dryand. ex Aiton) Kunth Scutellaria chamaedrifolia Hedge & A.J.Paton Senicio sp. Silene conidea L. Skimmia laureola Franch Solanum surattense Burm. f. Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi Solidago virgaurea L. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Spiraea vaccinifolia D. Don. Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Swertia ciliata (D. Don ex G. Don) B. L. Burtt. Taraxacum campylodes G.E.Haglund Taxus wallichiana Zucc. Themeda anathera (Nees ex Steud.) Hack. Trifolium repens L. Tussilago farfara L. Ulmus villosa Brandis ex Gamble Urtica dioica L. Vaccaria sp. Valeriana jatamansi Jones. Veronica persica Poir. Viburnum cotinifolium D. Don Viburnum grandiflorum Wall. ex DC. Viola canescens Wall Viola odorata L. Vitis jacquemontii R. Parker Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz
Lamiaceae
Herb
Pinaceae Ericaceae Pinaceae Plantaginaceae Plantaginaceae Podophyllaceae Asparagaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Primulaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Pteridaceae Pteridaceae Pteridaceae Fagaceae Ranunculaceae Ranunculaceae Rhamnaceae Ericaceae Rosaceae Polygonaceae Polygonaceae Polygonaceae Lamiaceae Buxaceae Araceae
Tree Tree Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Tree Herb Herb Herb Tree Herb Herb Tree Tree Shrub Herb Shrub Herb Herb Shrub Herb
Lamiaceae Asteraceae Caryophyllaceae Rutaceae Solanaceae Cucurbitaceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Rosaceae Caryophyllaceae Gentianaceae Asteraceae Taxaceae Poaceae Leguminosae Asteraceae Ulmaceae Araceae Caryophyllaceae Adoxaceae Plantaginaceae Adoxaceae Adoxaceae Violaceae Violaceae Vitaceae Lythraceae
Herb Herb Herb Shrub Herb Herb Herb Herb Shrub Herb Herb Herb Tree Herb Herb Herb Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Shrub Shrub Herb Herb Climber Herb
74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127
Asteraceae (13 species, 10.7%) followed by Labiateae (10 species, 7.75%), Poaceae and Rosaceae (8 species, 6.2%) each, Polygonaceae and Pteridaceae by (5 species, 3.87%) each (Fig. 5). Angiosperms were represented by 118 (92.91%) plant species, Pteridophytes 5(3.93%) species and Gymnosperms 4 (3.14%) species were recorded in Reserved forest. Only single species of climber was documented. The number of herbs, shrubs and trees species recorded were 73.64%, 13.17% and 10.07% respectively. (Fig. 6). 3.1.2. Floristic diversity of unprotected forest A total of 103 plant species of 55 families including 61 common in both forest types and 42 species different to unprotected Forest
Please cite this article as: K.R. Khan, et al., Comparative study on floristic diversity of protected and unprotected Forests of Sathan Gali, District Mansehra, KP, Pakistan, Acta Ecologica Sinica (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2018.09.016
K.R. Khan et al. / Acta Ecologica Sinica xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx Table 3 Different plant species of protected forest of Sathan Gali.
12
Botanical name
Family
Habit
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Abies pindrow (Royle ex D.Don) Royle Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Aegopodium burttii Nasir Aesculus indica (Wall. ex Cambess.) Hook Ajuga integrifolia Buch.-Ham. Ajuga parviflora Benth. Anagallis arvensis L. Aquilegia pubiflora Wall. ex Royle Arisaema utile Hook. fex. Schott Aristida sp. Arum sp. Aster himalaicus C.B.Clarke Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf Buddleja crispa Benth. Bupleurum lanceolatum Wall.ex DC. Clinopodium umbrosum (M.Bieb.) Kuntze Celtis australis L. Crotolaria sp. Cyperus sp. Daphne papyracea Wall. ex Steud. Desmodium elegans DC. Deutzia staminea R. Br. ex Wall. Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees Erigeron multiradiatus (Lindl. ex DC.) Benth. & Hook.f. Fagopyrum sp. Gentiana pedicellata (D.Don) Wall. Geranium rotundifolium L. Hypericum perforatum L. Jasminum humile L. Lactuca serriola L. Lamium album L. Lamium amplexicaule L. Leontopodium brachyactis Gand. Leonurus cardiaca L. Lonicera sp. Nepeta cataria L. Origanum vulgare L. Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana (Decne.) Rehder Phlomoides rotata (Benth. ex Hook.f.) Mathiesen Picea smithiana (Wall.) Boiss. Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) T.S.Ying Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. Potentilla nepalensis Hook. Primula denticulata Sm. Prunus cornuta (Wall. ex Royle) Steud. Quercus floribunda Lindl. ex A.Camus Rhamnus virgata Roxb. Rhododendron arboreum Sm. Rumex dentatus L. Rumex hastatus D. Don Rumex nepalensis Spreng. Salvia mukerjeei Bennet & Raizada Scutellaria chamaedrifolia Hedge & A.J.Paton Senicio sp. Silene conidea L. Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi Solidago virgaurea L. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Swertia ciliata (D. Don ex G. Don) B.L. Burtt. Taxus wallichiana Zucc. Tussilago farfara L. Ulmus villosa Brandis ex Gamble Valeriana jatamansi Jones. Veronica persica Poir. Viola odorata L. Vitis jacquemontii R. Parker Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz
Pinaceae Pteridaceae Apiaceae Sapindaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Primulaceae Ranunculaceae Araceae Poaceae Araceae Asteraceae Poaceae Plantaginaceae Apiaceae Labiateae Cannabaceae Leguminosae Cyperaceae Thymelaeaceae Leguminosae Hydrangeaceae Acanthaceae Asteraceae
Tree Herb Herb Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Shrub Herb Herb Tree Herb Herb Shrub Shrub Shrub Herb Herb
8
Polygonaceae Gentianaceae Geraniaceae Hypericaceae Oleaceae Asteraceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Asteraceae Lamiaceae Adoxaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Hamamelidaceae Lamiaceae
Herb Herb Herb Herb Shrub Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Shrub Herb Herb Shrub Herb
Pinaceae Ericaceae Berberidaceae Asparagaceae Rosaceae Primulaceae Rosaceae Fagaceae Rhamnaceae Ericaceae Polygonaceae Polygonaceae Polygonaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Asteraceae Caryophyllaceae Cucurbitaceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Gentianaceae Taxaceae Asteraceae Ulmaceae Adoxaceae Plantaginaceae Violaceae Vitaceae Lythraceae
Tree Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Tree Tree Tree Tree Herb Shrub Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Tree Herb Tree Herb Herb Herb Climber Herb
40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68
(Tables. 6 and 7). These plant species were recorded from 22 sampling stands. Angiosperms by (92.3%) plant species Gymnosperms (2.88%) and Pteridophytes (4.8%) were recorded. The dominant family was Poaceae by 11 plant species followed by Asteraceae and Rosaceae each
10.7 7.75 6.2
6.2
6
3.87
3.87
4 2 0
Families
Fig. 5. Classification of leading families of plant species of protected forest.
94 100 90 80
Number
70 60 50 40 30
17
15
20
1
10 0 Herb
shrub
Tree
Climber
Habit
Fig. 6. Graphical representation of plant species habit wise of protected forest of Sathan Gali.
12
10.57 9.61
9.61 10
Percentage
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
Percentage
S. No
5
8 4.8
6 4 2 0 Poaceae
Asteraceae
Rosaceae
Pteridaceae
Families
Fig. 7. Graphical representation of leading families of unprotected forest of Sathan Gali.
represented by 10 species and Pteridaceae by 5 plant species (Table 4). Habit wise 69.23% were herbs, 14.42% shrubs and 16.34% species of tree were reported (Fig. 8). 4. Discussion All over the world, the protected forests are considered to be the hotspots of plant biodiversity. The protected forests have intact habitats and showing least anthropogenic disturbances. The protected forest showed rich floristic diversity as compared to Guzara forest. In the current study a total of 127 plants species consisting of 59 common and 68 different were found in 13 stands of reserved forest. Angiosperms were represented by 118 (92.91%), plant species Pteridophytes 5(3.93%)
Please cite this article as: K.R. Khan, et al., Comparative study on floristic diversity of protected and unprotected Forests of Sathan Gali, District Mansehra, KP, Pakistan, Acta Ecologica Sinica (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2018.09.016
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K.R. Khan et al. / Acta Ecologica Sinica xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx Table 6 (continued) 72
80 70
Percentage
60
50 40 30
17
15
20 10 0 Herb
shrub
Tree
Plant habit
Fig. 8. Habit-wise classification of plant species of unprotected forest of Sathan Gali.
Table 4 Dominant families of unprotected forest of Sathan Gali. S. No
Family
No
Percentage %
1 2 3 4
Poaceae Asteraceae Rosaceae Pteridaceae
11 10 10 5
10.57% 9.61% 9.61% 4.80%
Table 5 Habit wise classification of plants of unprotected forest of Sathan Gali. S. No
Habit
No
Percentage %
1 2 3
Herb Shrub Tree
72 15 17
69.23% 14.42% 16.34%
Table 6 List of plant diversity recorded from unprotected forest of Sathan Gali. S. No
Botanical name
Family
Habit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Arisaema jacquemontii Blume Achillea millefolium L. Adiantum caudatum L. Agrostis stolonifera L. Alianthus althesema (Mill.) Swingle Alnus nitida (Spach.) Endl. Anaphalis busua (Buch.-Ham.) DC. Leptopus cordifolius Decne. Androsace rotundifolia Hardw. Apluda sp. Arisaema flavum (Forssk.) Schott Artemisia absinthium L. Asparagus filicinus Bunch -Ham.ex.D.Don Bauhinia variegata L. Berberis lycium Royle Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. Persicaria amplexicaulis (D.Don) Ronse Decr. Bromus japonicus Thunb. Calendula arvensis M.Bieb. Caltha palustris var. alba (Cambess.) Hook.f. & Thomson Cannabis sativa L. Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) G.Don Chenopodium ambrosiodes L. Chenopodium album L. Cichorium intybus L. Clinopodium vulgare L. Convolvulus arvensis L. Erigeron canadensis L. Cotoneaster sp. Cynodon dactylon (L.)Pers.
Araceae Asteraceae Pteridaceae Poaceae Simaroubaceae Betulaceae Asteraceae Euphorbiaceae Primulaceae Poaceae Araceae Asteraceae Asparagaceae Leguminosae Berberidaceae Saxifragaceae Polygonaceae Poaceae Asteraceae Ranunculaceae
Herb Herb Herb Herb Tree Tree Herb Shrub Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Tree Shrub Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb
Cannabinaceae Pinaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Asteraceae Lamiaceae Convolvulaceae Asteraceae Rosaceae Poaceae
Herb Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Shrub Herb
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
S. No
Botanical name
Family
Habit
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
Digitaria nodosa Parl. Diospyros lotus L. Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. Dryopteris stewartii Fraser-Jenk. Duchesnea indica (Jacks.) Focke Elymus sp. Ficus carica Forsk. Fragaria nubicola (Lindl. ex Hook.f.) Lacaita Fumaria indica (Husskn.) H·N Gallium aparine L. Geranium wallichianum D.Don ex Sweet Hedera nepalensis K.Koch Heteropogon contortus (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. Impatiens bicolor Royle Imprita cylindrica (L.). P.Beaiev. Indigofera heterantha Brandis Inula coppa L. Isodon rugosus (Wall. ex Benth.) Codd Juglans regia L. Leontopodium brachyactis Gand. Malva neglecta Wallr. Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke Medicago polymorpha L. Melia azedarach L. Micromeria biflora (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Benth. Morus alba L. Morus nigra L. Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill Myrsine africana L. Oenothera rosea L'Hér. ex Aiton Onychium japonicum (Thunb.) Kunze Oxalis corniculata L. Paeonia emodi Royle Parthenium hysteroforus L. Pinus roxburghii Sarg. Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks. Plantago lanceolata L. Plantago major L. Platanus orientalis L. Poa sp. Populus alba L. Potentilla sp. Primula denticulata Sm. Prunella vulgaris L. Pteridium sp. Pteris cretica L. Pteris vittata L. Pulicaria crispa Sch.Bip Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Quercus incana Bartram Ranunculus hirtellus Royle Ranunculus muricatus L. Robinia pseudocacia L. Rosa moschata Herrm. Rubus fructicosus Hook.f. Sarcococca pruniformis Lindl. Sauromatum venosum (Dry ex Aiton) Kunth Skimmia laureola Franch Solanum surattense Burm. f. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Sorbaria tomentosa (Lindl.) Rehder Spiraea vaccinifolia D. Don. Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Taraxacum campylodes G.E.Haglund Themeda anathera (Nees ex Steud.) Hack. Trifolium repens L. Urtica dioica L. Vaccaria sp. Verbascum thapsus L. Viburnum cotinifolium D. Don Viburnum grandiflorum Wall. ex DC. Kuchh Viola canescens Wall Ziziphus jujuba Mill.
Poaceae Ebenaceae Sapindaceae Pteridaceae Rosaceae Poaceae Moraceae Rosaceae Fumaraceae Rubiaceae Geraniaceae Araliaceae Poaceae
Herb Tree Shrub Herb Herb Herb Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb
Balsaminaceae Poaceae Leguminosae Asteraceae Lamiaceae Juglandanceae Asteraceae Malvaceae Malvaceae Papilionaceae Meliaceae Lamiaceae Moraceae Moraceae Boraginaceae Primulaceae Onagraceae Pteridaceae Oxalidaceae Paeoniaceae Asteraceae Pinaceae Pinaceae Plantaginaceae Plantaginaceae Platanaceae Poaceae Salicacae Rosaceae Primulaceae Rosaceae Pteridaceae Pteridaceae Pteridaceae Asteraceae Rosaceae Fagaceae Ranunculaceae Ranunculaceae Leguminosae Rosaceae Rosaceae Buxaceae Araceae Rutaceae Solanaceae Asteraceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Caryophyllaceae Asteraceae Poaceae Leguminosae Araceae Caryophyllaceae Plantaginaceae Adoxaceae Adoxaceae Violaceae Rhamnaceae
Herb Herb Herb Herb Shrub Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Tree Herb Tree Tree Herb Shrub Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Tree Tree Herb Herb Tree Herb Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Tree Tree Herb Herb Tree Shrub Shrub Shrub Herb Shrub Herb Herb Shrub Shrub Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Shrub Shrub Herb Shrub
44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Please cite this article as: K.R. Khan, et al., Comparative study on floristic diversity of protected and unprotected Forests of Sathan Gali, District Mansehra, KP, Pakistan, Acta Ecologica Sinica (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2018.09.016
K.R. Khan et al. / Acta Ecologica Sinica xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx Table 7 Different plant Species recorded from unprotected forest. S. No Botanical name
Family
Habit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Poaceae Simaroubaceae Betulaceae Araceae Asteraceae Leguminosae Poaceae Asteraceae Cannabinaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Asteraceae Convolvulaceae Rosaceae Sapindaceae Moraceae Fumaraceae Rubiaceae Poaceae Asteraceae Malvaceae Malvaceae Papilionaceae Meliaceae Lamiaceae
Herb Tree Tree Herb Herb Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Shrub Shrub Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Tree Herb
Moraceae Moraceae Primulaceae Asteraceae Pinaceae Platanaceae Poaceae Salicacae Asteraceae Rosaceae Fagaceae Leguminosae Rosaceae Asteraceae Rosaceae Scrophulariaceae Rhamnaceae
Tree Tree Shrub Herb Tree Tree Herb Tree Herb Tree Tree Tree Shrub Herb Shrub Herb Shrub
26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
Agrostis stolonifera L. Alianthus althesema (Mill.) Swingle Alnus nitida (Spach.) Endl. Arisaema flavum (Forssk.) Schott Artemisia absinthium L. Bauhinia variegata L. Bromus japonicus Thunb. Calandula arvensis L. Cannabis sativa L. Chenopdium ambrosiodes L. Chenopodium album L. Cichorium intybus L. Convolvulus arvensis L. Cotoneaster sp. Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. Ficus carica Forsk. Fumaria indica (Husskn.) H·N Gallium aparine L. Imprita cylindrica (L.). P.Beaiev. Inula coppa L. Malva neglecta Wallr. Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke Medicago polymorpha L. Melia azedarach L. Micromeria biflora (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Benth. Morus alba L. Morus nigra L. Myrsine africana L. Parthenium hysteroforous L. Pinus roxburghii Sarg. Platanus orientalis L. Poa sp Populus alba L. Pulicaria crispa Sch.Bip. Pyrus pashia Ham. ex D. Don Quercus incana Bartram Robinia pseudocacia L. Rosa moschata Herrm. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Sorbaria tomentosa (Lindl.) Rehder Verbascum thapsus L. Ziziphus jujube Mill.
species and Gymnosperms 4 (3.14%) species were recorded in protected forest. Only single species of climber was documented. The dominant family was Asteraceae (13 species, 10.7%) followed by Labiateae (10 species, 7.75%), Poaceae and Rosaceae (8 species, 6.2%) each, Polygonaceae and Pteridaceae by (5 species, 3.87%) each. Habit wise categorization showed 96 herbs, 17 shrubs, 15 species of trees and only single species of climber. Our results are similar with Cosmas Mligo (2015), who recorded 315 plant species, 151 in unprotected area and 52 were recorded in protected area and 111 species were common between the protected and unprotected forest. Yavari and Shahgolzari [12] explored 213 plant species having 164 genera and 45 families of Khan-Gormaz protected area in Hamadan Province, Iran. Asteraceae with 24 genera was the leading family in reserved
7
forest. Shinwari and Khan [11] conducted similar study on Margalla Hill and reported diverse plant communities in three different sites of same location and more floristic diversity was recorded in protected forest as compared to unprotected forest. They clearly indicate that species diversity among different forest types is the clear reflection of anthropogenic influences. The influence of anthropogenic effects is minimum in the reserved forest. Our results are in agreement with Shinwari and Khan [11], they reported two different plant communities from Reserved and two unreserved forest. Rich floral diversity, species richness and maturity were recorded in reserved forest as compared to unreserved forest. A total of 103 plant species of 55 families including 61 common in both forest types and 42 species different to unprotected Forest. These plant species were recorded from 22 sampling stands. Angiosperms by (92.3%) plant species Gymnosperms (2.88%) and Pteridophytes (4.8%) were recorded. The dominant family was Poaceae by 11 plant species followed by Asteraceae and Rosaceae each represented by 10 species and Pteridaceae by 5 plant species. Habit wise 71 plant species were herbs, 15 shrubs and 17 trees. Our findings are similar with Cosmas Mligo (2015), who recorded 315 plant species, 151 in unprotected area and 52 were recorded in protected areas and 111 species were common between the protected and unprotected areas in the Serengeti Ecosystem. This forest showing highly disturbed habitat, which may be the main cause of scarcity of species diversity. Our findings show greater tree diversity in unprotected forest as compared to protected Forest. This may be explained as the tree diversity of the reserved forest reaching at climax through ecological succession. Only selected trees species exist in the reserved forest. Many tree species disappeared during the process of ecological succession. Moreover, in unprotected forest a variety of trees of human interest are cultivated. This ultimately increases the number of species in the area. Guzara forest also has agriculture land that support farmland associated tree diversity such as Ficus carica, Morus alba, Morus nigra, Melia azedarach.
References [1] M.R. Ahmad, Working Plan for Lower Siran and Agror Reserve Forests, Working Plan Forest Division, Abbottabad, 1990. [2] G.H. Champion, S.K. Seth, G.M. Khattack, Forest Types of Pakistan, Forest Institute, Peshawar, 1965 (233 pp). [3] M. Fiaz, Species Diversity of Basidiomycetes of District Mansehra, PhD thesis Hazara University Mansehra, KPK, Pakistan, 2012. [4] A.Q.K. Saddozai, Working Plan for the Hilkot range Guzara Forests, NWFP, Forestry Pre-Investment Centre Peshawar, 1996. [5] F. Haq, H. Ahmed, Z. Iqbal, Vegetation composition and ecological gradients of subtropical-moist temperate ecotonal forests of Nandiar Khuwar catchment, Pakistan, Bangladesh J. Bot. 44 (2) (2015) 267–276. [6] R.H. Grove, Green Imperialism, vol. 540, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge U.K, 1995 8–21. [7] G. Stirling, B. Wilsey, Empirical relationships between species richness, evenness, and proportional diversity, Am. Nat. 158 (3) (2001) 286–299. [8] B. Schuster, M. Diekmann, Species richness and environmental correlates in deciduous forests of Northwest Germany, Forest Ecol. & Manag. 206 (2005) (1973-205). [9] S.I. Ali, M. Qaiser (Eds.),Flora of Pakistan. No. 194-220. Karachi, 1995–2016. [10] S.I. Ali, Y.J. Nasir, Flora of Pakistan. No. 191-193. Islamabad, Karachi, 1990–1993. [11] M.I. Shinwari, M.A. Khan, Folk use of medicinal herbs of Margalla Hills National Park, Islamabad, J. Ethnopharmacol. 69 (2000) 45–56. [12] A. Yavari, S.M. Shahgolzari, Floristic study of Khan-Gormaz protected area in Hamadan Province, Iran, Int. J. Agric. Biol. 12 (2010) 271–275.
Please cite this article as: K.R. Khan, et al., Comparative study on floristic diversity of protected and unprotected Forests of Sathan Gali, District Mansehra, KP, Pakistan, Acta Ecologica Sinica (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2018.09.016
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Comparative study on floristic diversity of protected and unprotected Forests of Sathan Gali, District Mansehra, KP, Pakistan Khalid Rasheed Khan a,b,⁎, Zafar Iqbal a, Jan Alam a, Muhammad Farooq b, Abbas Hussain Shah b, Manzoor Hussain a, Ghulam Mujaba Shah a, Danish Ali b a b
Botany Department, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan Botany Department, Government Post Graduate College, Mansehra, Pakistan
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 20 May 2018 Received in revised form 26 September 2018 Accepted 27 September 2018 Available online xxxx Keywords: Protected Unprotected Sathan Gali Mansehra Species diversity
a b s t r a c t This first ever study was carried out to explore the floristic composition of protected and unprotected forests of Sathan Gali, District Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. The study area being the part of the Western Himalayas harbours rich floristic diversity. In the current investigation, an effort was made to record primary data about floral diversity of the area. The study area was visited recurrently during 2013 and 2014. Plants were collected from different sampling sites, identified, preserved and deposited in Herbarium of Hazara University, Mansehra. A total of 127 plants species including 59 common and 68 different were found in 13 stands of reserved forest. The different species were only confined with this forest whereas common plant species were distributed in both forests. The dominant family was Asteraceae (13 species, 10.7%) followed by Labiateae (10 species, 7.75%), Poaceae and Rosaceae (8 species, 6.2%) each, Polygonaceae and Pteridaceae by (5 species, 3.87%) each. Angiosperms were represented by 118 (92.91%), plant species, Pteridophytes 5(3.93%) species and Gymnosperms 4 (3.14%) species were recorded in reserved forest. Only single species of climber was documented. The number of herbs, shrubs and trees species recorded were 73.64%, 13.17% and 10.07% respectively. A total of 103 plant species of 55 families including 61 common in both forest types and 42 species different to guzara Forest. These plant species were recorded from 22 sampling stands. Angiosperms by (92.3%) plant species, Gymnosperms (2.88%) and Pteridophytes (4.8%) were recorded. The dominant family was Poaceae by 11 plant species followed by Asteraceae and Rosaceae each represented by 10 species and Pteridaceae by 5 plant species. Habit wise 69.23% were herbs, 14.42% shrubs and 16.34% species of tree were reported. This study will assist ecologists, botanists, taxonomist, conservationists and policy makers to mend, and manage the current vegetation status and sustainability for upcoming generations. The present investigation will also serves as base line for future researches on the Himalaya regions. © 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Ecological Society of China.
1. Introduction
1.1. Unprotected forest
Sathan Gali lies in District Mansehra which is situated from 34°-14′ to 35°-11´ North latitude and 72°-49′ to 74°-08′ East longitude. Administratively, this District has three tehsils; Mansehra, Oghi, and Balakot. Mansehra makes its boundary on the North to Kohistan and Battagram Districts, on the East surrounding by Muzaffarabad District of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, on the South to Abbottabad and Haripur Districts and on the West to Shangla and Buner Districts [3]. Unprotected and protected forests fall in Himalaya moist temperate forests types [2].
This forest is situated between 34°-34′ to 34°-42´ North latitude and 73°-07′ to 72°-12′ East longitudes, spreading over Hilkot Range of Siran Forest Division. The tract is surrounded on North by mountains of Hillan, on East by Bhaleja ridge and forests of Upper Siran Range, on its South by Hilkot Village Chattar Plain whereas on west the forest is bounded by mountains ranges of Battagram. The tract is mountainous and the elevation varies from 3000 to 7850 ft above the sea level [4].These forests are under the administrative control of Forest Department, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. As per planned procedure, the guzara forests are exploited. The Deputy Commissioner of the district headed a committee with representatives of the Forest Department and inhabitants of the area for all the important matters of the forest. Most of the offenses in these forests are dealt with under the Hazara Forest Act 1937 (WWF–P, 2004).
⁎ Corresponding author at: Botany Department, Government Post Graduate College, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan. E-mail address: [email protected] (K.R. Khan).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2018.09.016 1872-2032/© 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Ecological Society of China.
Please cite this article as: K.R. Khan, et al., Comparative study on floristic diversity of protected and unprotected Forests of Sathan Gali, District Mansehra, KP, Pakistan, Acta Ecologica Sinica (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2018.09.016
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K.R. Khan et al. / Acta Ecologica Sinica xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx
1.2. Protected forest Protected forest is located between 34°-23′ and 34°-34´ North latitude and 72°-54′ and 73°-21′East longitude. The area is surrounded on East by Kunhar stream, on the North by the timberlands of Upper Siran pasture and amalgamated tribal zones Nilishang and Hillan, on the West by the non-amalgamated regions of the Hasan Zai Akazai communities and on the South by the areas of Shergarh and Pakhli Plain. The band is hilly and the altitude ranges from 3500 to 7800 ft [1]. Protected forests are those forests in which any anthropological disruption is forbidden unless allowed by the Government. All income from sales of protected forest goes to the Government funds and the KP Forest Department is accountable for the conservation and control of these forests. These forests are currently managed according to
selection system of forestry and there are definite areas within protected forests that are subject to specific rights offered to native society. These privileges and rights are applicable to use of way, opportunity to use water, chance of grazing, collection of fodder, timber and fuelwood. Nowadays, owing to the increase in population and proliferation in demand, people are unlawfully exploiting the resources of these woodlands and some portions of the national park. Individuals often misuse the privileges given to them and thus cause severe losses on the forest via illegitimate logging, grazing and fodder gathering. Penalties for all offenses have administered according to the Pakistan Forest Act 1927 (WWF–P, 2004) (Figs. 1–4, 7). Biodiversity is the diversity of life on globe consisting of differences at all stages of organic organization from DNA to individual to ecosystems. Due to the devastation of habitats plant biodiversity declining
Fig. 1. Map of the study area.
Please cite this article as: K.R. Khan, et al., Comparative study on floristic diversity of protected and unprotected Forests of Sathan Gali, District Mansehra, KP, Pakistan, Acta Ecologica Sinica (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2018.09.016
K.R. Khan et al. / Acta Ecologica Sinica xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx
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Fig. 2. Map of the study sites with stands selected for study in Reserved and Guzara forests.
owing to which species become extinct. Biodiversity differs greatly across the sphere as well as within areas. The tropical areas are rich in biodiversity in relation to Polar Areas. Ecological variables such as temperature, rainfall, elevation, and edaphic effect biodiversity [5]. Over exploitation of biodiversity leads to extinction of many species from the earth [6]. Vegetational structure is an expression of physical appearance, floristic diversity, biological and biotic pressures. Thus, there is an urgent and intense requirement to array a comprehensive plant list from taxonomic, ecological, and wild life point to launch baseline information. Biodiversity is the direct assessment of the effect of anthropological and grazing animals disturbances on the forest ecosystem [7,8].
2. Materials and methods Frequent visits and surveys were conducted for two consecutive years; 2012 and 2014 to collect the flora of the study area. Plant specimens were collected, dried, poisoned, preserved and mounted on standard herbarium sheets (11.5″ × 17.5″). The specimens were poisoned using poison solution by dissolving mercuric chloride 2 g, copper sulphate 10 g, phenol crystal 10 g, in one litter alcohol. The plants were identified with the help of the Flora of Pakistan [9,10]. A complete floristic list was compiled along with their respective families. The voucher
Fig. 4. A scenic view of reserved forest.
specimens were deposited in the Herbarium Hazara University (HUP), Mansehra (Tables 1, 5). 3. Results 3.1. Comparison between species diversity of protected and unprotected forests 3.1.1. Protected forest A total of 127 plants species including 59 common and 68 different were found in 13 stands of protected forest (Tables 2 and 3). The different species were only confined with this forest whereas common plant species were distributed in both forests. The dominant family was
Table 1 Habit wise classification of vegetation of protected forest.
Fig. 3. A view of Guzara forest of Sathan Gali, District Mansehra.
S. No
Habit
No
Percentage
1 2 3 4
Climber Herb shrub Tree
1 94 17 15
0.77% 74.01% 13.17% 10.07%
Please cite this article as: K.R. Khan, et al., Comparative study on floristic diversity of protected and unprotected Forests of Sathan Gali, District Mansehra, KP, Pakistan, Acta Ecologica Sinica (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2018.09.016
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K.R. Khan et al. / Acta Ecologica Sinica xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx
Table 2 Florestic diversity of protected forest of Sathan Gali.
Table 2 (continued)
S. No
Botanical name
Family
Habit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Arisaema jacquemontii Blume Abies pindrow (Royle ex D. Don) Royle Achillea millefolium L. Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Adiantum caudatum L. Aegopodium burttii Nasir Aesculus indica (Wall. ex Cambess.) Hook Ajuga integrifolia Buch.-Ham. Ajuga parviflora Benth. Anagallis arvensis L. Anaphalis busua (Buch.-Ham.) DC. Leptopus cordifolius Decne. Müll.Arg. Androsace rotundifolia Hardw. Apluda sp. Aquilegia pubiflora Wall. ex Royle Arisaema utile Hook. f. ex. Schott Aristida sp. Arum sp. Asparagus filicinus Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Aster himalaicus C.B. Clarke Berberis lycium Royle Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. Persicaria amplexicaulis (D.Don) Ronse Decr. Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf. Buddleja crispa Benth. Bupleurum lanceolatum Wall. ex DC. Clinopodium umbrosum (M.Bieb.) Kuntze Caltha palustris var. alba (Cambess.) Hook.f. & Thomson Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) G.Don Celtis australis L. Clinopodium vulgare L. Erigeron canadensis L. Crotalaria sp. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Cyperus sp. Daphne papyracea Wall. ex G. Don Desmodium elegans DC. Deutzia staminea R.Br. ex Wall. Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees Digitaria nodosa Parl. Diospyros lotus L. Dryopteris stewartii Fraser-Jenk. Duchesnea indica (Jacks.) Focke Elymus sp. Erigeron multiradiatus (Lindl. ex DC.) Benth. & Hook.f. Fagopyrum sp. Fragaria nubicola (Lindl. ex Hook.f.) Lacaita Gentiana pedicellata (D.Don) Wall. Geranium rotundifolium L. Geranium wallichianum D.Don ex Sweet Hedera nepalensis K. Koch Heteropogon contortus (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. Hypericum perforatum L. Impatiens bicolor Royle Indigofera heterantha Brandis Isodon rugosus (Wall. ex Benth.) Codd Jasminum humile L. Juglans regia L. Lactuca sp. Lamium album L. Lamium amplexicaule L. Leontopodium brachyactis Gand. Leonurus cardiaca L. Lonicera sp. Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill Nepeta cataria L. Oenothera rosea L'Hér. ex Aiton Onychium japonicum (Thunb.) Kunze Origanum vulgare L. Oxalis corniculata L. Paeonia emodi Royle Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana (Decne.) Rehder
Araceae Pinaceae Asteraceae Pteridaceae Pteridaceae Apiaceae Sapindaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Primulaceae Asteraceae Phyllanthaceae Primulaceae Poaceae Ranunculaceae Araceae Poaceae Araceae Asparagaceae Asteraceae Berberidaceae Saxifragaceae Polygonaceae Poaceae Plantaginaceae Apiaceae Lamiaceae Ranunculaceae
Herb Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Shrub Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Shrub Herb Herb Herb Shrub Herb Herb Herb
Pinaceae Cannabaceae Lamiaceae Asteraceae Leguminosae Poaceae Cyperaceae Thymelaeaceae Leguminosae Hydrangeaceae Acanthaceae Poaceae Ebenaceae Pteridaceae Rosaceae Poaceae Asteraceae
Tree Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Shrub Shrub Shrub Herb Herb Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb
Polygonaceae Rosaceae Gentianaceae Geraniaceae Geraniaceae Araliaceae Poaceae
Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb
Hypericaceae Balsaminaceae Leguminosae Lamiaceae Oleaceae Juglandanceae Asteraceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Asteraceae Lamiaceae Adoxaceae Boraginaceae Lamiaceae Onagraceae Pteridaceae Lamiaceae Oxalidaceae Paeoniaceae Hamamelidaceae
Herb Herb Herb Shrub Shrub Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Shrub Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Shrub
29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72
S. No
Botanical name
Family
Habit
73
Phlomoides rotata (Benth. ex Hook.f.) Mathiesen Picea smithiana (Wall.) Boiss. Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude Pinus wallichiana A. B. Jacks. Plantago lanceolata L. Plantago major L. Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) T.S.Ying Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. Potentilla nepalensis Hook. Potentilla sp. Primula denticulata Sm. Prunella vulgaris L. Prunus cornuta (Wall. ex Royle) Steud. Pteridium sp. Pteris sp. Pteris vittata L. Quercus floribunda Lindl. ex A.Camus Ranunculus hirtellus Royle Ranunculus muricatus L. Rhamnus virgata Roxb. Rhododendron arboreum Sm. Rubus fructicosus Hook. f. Rumex dentatus L. Rumex hastatus D. Don. Rumex nepalensis Spreng. Salvia mukerjeei Bennet & Raizada Sarcococca pruniformis Lindl. Sauromatum venosum (Dryand. ex Aiton) Kunth Scutellaria chamaedrifolia Hedge & A.J.Paton Senicio sp. Silene conidea L. Skimmia laureola Franch Solanum surattense Burm. f. Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi Solidago virgaurea L. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Spiraea vaccinifolia D. Don. Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Swertia ciliata (D. Don ex G. Don) B. L. Burtt. Taraxacum campylodes G.E.Haglund Taxus wallichiana Zucc. Themeda anathera (Nees ex Steud.) Hack. Trifolium repens L. Tussilago farfara L. Ulmus villosa Brandis ex Gamble Urtica dioica L. Vaccaria sp. Valeriana jatamansi Jones. Veronica persica Poir. Viburnum cotinifolium D. Don Viburnum grandiflorum Wall. ex DC. Viola canescens Wall Viola odorata L. Vitis jacquemontii R. Parker Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz
Lamiaceae
Herb
Pinaceae Ericaceae Pinaceae Plantaginaceae Plantaginaceae Podophyllaceae Asparagaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Primulaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Pteridaceae Pteridaceae Pteridaceae Fagaceae Ranunculaceae Ranunculaceae Rhamnaceae Ericaceae Rosaceae Polygonaceae Polygonaceae Polygonaceae Lamiaceae Buxaceae Araceae
Tree Tree Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Tree Herb Herb Herb Tree Herb Herb Tree Tree Shrub Herb Shrub Herb Herb Shrub Herb
Lamiaceae Asteraceae Caryophyllaceae Rutaceae Solanaceae Cucurbitaceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Rosaceae Caryophyllaceae Gentianaceae Asteraceae Taxaceae Poaceae Leguminosae Asteraceae Ulmaceae Araceae Caryophyllaceae Adoxaceae Plantaginaceae Adoxaceae Adoxaceae Violaceae Violaceae Vitaceae Lythraceae
Herb Herb Herb Shrub Herb Herb Herb Herb Shrub Herb Herb Herb Tree Herb Herb Herb Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Shrub Shrub Herb Herb Climber Herb
74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127
Asteraceae (13 species, 10.7%) followed by Labiateae (10 species, 7.75%), Poaceae and Rosaceae (8 species, 6.2%) each, Polygonaceae and Pteridaceae by (5 species, 3.87%) each (Fig. 5). Angiosperms were represented by 118 (92.91%) plant species, Pteridophytes 5(3.93%) species and Gymnosperms 4 (3.14%) species were recorded in Reserved forest. Only single species of climber was documented. The number of herbs, shrubs and trees species recorded were 73.64%, 13.17% and 10.07% respectively. (Fig. 6). 3.1.2. Floristic diversity of unprotected forest A total of 103 plant species of 55 families including 61 common in both forest types and 42 species different to unprotected Forest
Please cite this article as: K.R. Khan, et al., Comparative study on floristic diversity of protected and unprotected Forests of Sathan Gali, District Mansehra, KP, Pakistan, Acta Ecologica Sinica (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2018.09.016
K.R. Khan et al. / Acta Ecologica Sinica xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx Table 3 Different plant species of protected forest of Sathan Gali.
12
Botanical name
Family
Habit
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Abies pindrow (Royle ex D.Don) Royle Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Aegopodium burttii Nasir Aesculus indica (Wall. ex Cambess.) Hook Ajuga integrifolia Buch.-Ham. Ajuga parviflora Benth. Anagallis arvensis L. Aquilegia pubiflora Wall. ex Royle Arisaema utile Hook. fex. Schott Aristida sp. Arum sp. Aster himalaicus C.B.Clarke Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf Buddleja crispa Benth. Bupleurum lanceolatum Wall.ex DC. Clinopodium umbrosum (M.Bieb.) Kuntze Celtis australis L. Crotolaria sp. Cyperus sp. Daphne papyracea Wall. ex Steud. Desmodium elegans DC. Deutzia staminea R. Br. ex Wall. Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees Erigeron multiradiatus (Lindl. ex DC.) Benth. & Hook.f. Fagopyrum sp. Gentiana pedicellata (D.Don) Wall. Geranium rotundifolium L. Hypericum perforatum L. Jasminum humile L. Lactuca serriola L. Lamium album L. Lamium amplexicaule L. Leontopodium brachyactis Gand. Leonurus cardiaca L. Lonicera sp. Nepeta cataria L. Origanum vulgare L. Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana (Decne.) Rehder Phlomoides rotata (Benth. ex Hook.f.) Mathiesen Picea smithiana (Wall.) Boiss. Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) T.S.Ying Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. Potentilla nepalensis Hook. Primula denticulata Sm. Prunus cornuta (Wall. ex Royle) Steud. Quercus floribunda Lindl. ex A.Camus Rhamnus virgata Roxb. Rhododendron arboreum Sm. Rumex dentatus L. Rumex hastatus D. Don Rumex nepalensis Spreng. Salvia mukerjeei Bennet & Raizada Scutellaria chamaedrifolia Hedge & A.J.Paton Senicio sp. Silene conidea L. Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi Solidago virgaurea L. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Swertia ciliata (D. Don ex G. Don) B.L. Burtt. Taxus wallichiana Zucc. Tussilago farfara L. Ulmus villosa Brandis ex Gamble Valeriana jatamansi Jones. Veronica persica Poir. Viola odorata L. Vitis jacquemontii R. Parker Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz
Pinaceae Pteridaceae Apiaceae Sapindaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Primulaceae Ranunculaceae Araceae Poaceae Araceae Asteraceae Poaceae Plantaginaceae Apiaceae Labiateae Cannabaceae Leguminosae Cyperaceae Thymelaeaceae Leguminosae Hydrangeaceae Acanthaceae Asteraceae
Tree Herb Herb Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Shrub Herb Herb Tree Herb Herb Shrub Shrub Shrub Herb Herb
8
Polygonaceae Gentianaceae Geraniaceae Hypericaceae Oleaceae Asteraceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Asteraceae Lamiaceae Adoxaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Hamamelidaceae Lamiaceae
Herb Herb Herb Herb Shrub Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Shrub Herb Herb Shrub Herb
Pinaceae Ericaceae Berberidaceae Asparagaceae Rosaceae Primulaceae Rosaceae Fagaceae Rhamnaceae Ericaceae Polygonaceae Polygonaceae Polygonaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Asteraceae Caryophyllaceae Cucurbitaceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Gentianaceae Taxaceae Asteraceae Ulmaceae Adoxaceae Plantaginaceae Violaceae Vitaceae Lythraceae
Tree Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Tree Tree Tree Tree Herb Shrub Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Tree Herb Tree Herb Herb Herb Climber Herb
40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68
(Tables. 6 and 7). These plant species were recorded from 22 sampling stands. Angiosperms by (92.3%) plant species Gymnosperms (2.88%) and Pteridophytes (4.8%) were recorded. The dominant family was Poaceae by 11 plant species followed by Asteraceae and Rosaceae each
10.7 7.75 6.2
6.2
6
3.87
3.87
4 2 0
Families
Fig. 5. Classification of leading families of plant species of protected forest.
94 100 90 80
Number
70 60 50 40 30
17
15
20
1
10 0 Herb
shrub
Tree
Climber
Habit
Fig. 6. Graphical representation of plant species habit wise of protected forest of Sathan Gali.
12
10.57 9.61
9.61 10
Percentage
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
Percentage
S. No
5
8 4.8
6 4 2 0 Poaceae
Asteraceae
Rosaceae
Pteridaceae
Families
Fig. 7. Graphical representation of leading families of unprotected forest of Sathan Gali.
represented by 10 species and Pteridaceae by 5 plant species (Table 4). Habit wise 69.23% were herbs, 14.42% shrubs and 16.34% species of tree were reported (Fig. 8). 4. Discussion All over the world, the protected forests are considered to be the hotspots of plant biodiversity. The protected forests have intact habitats and showing least anthropogenic disturbances. The protected forest showed rich floristic diversity as compared to Guzara forest. In the current study a total of 127 plants species consisting of 59 common and 68 different were found in 13 stands of reserved forest. Angiosperms were represented by 118 (92.91%), plant species Pteridophytes 5(3.93%)
Please cite this article as: K.R. Khan, et al., Comparative study on floristic diversity of protected and unprotected Forests of Sathan Gali, District Mansehra, KP, Pakistan, Acta Ecologica Sinica (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2018.09.016
6
K.R. Khan et al. / Acta Ecologica Sinica xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx Table 6 (continued) 72
80 70
Percentage
60
50 40 30
17
15
20 10 0 Herb
shrub
Tree
Plant habit
Fig. 8. Habit-wise classification of plant species of unprotected forest of Sathan Gali.
Table 4 Dominant families of unprotected forest of Sathan Gali. S. No
Family
No
Percentage %
1 2 3 4
Poaceae Asteraceae Rosaceae Pteridaceae
11 10 10 5
10.57% 9.61% 9.61% 4.80%
Table 5 Habit wise classification of plants of unprotected forest of Sathan Gali. S. No
Habit
No
Percentage %
1 2 3
Herb Shrub Tree
72 15 17
69.23% 14.42% 16.34%
Table 6 List of plant diversity recorded from unprotected forest of Sathan Gali. S. No
Botanical name
Family
Habit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Arisaema jacquemontii Blume Achillea millefolium L. Adiantum caudatum L. Agrostis stolonifera L. Alianthus althesema (Mill.) Swingle Alnus nitida (Spach.) Endl. Anaphalis busua (Buch.-Ham.) DC. Leptopus cordifolius Decne. Androsace rotundifolia Hardw. Apluda sp. Arisaema flavum (Forssk.) Schott Artemisia absinthium L. Asparagus filicinus Bunch -Ham.ex.D.Don Bauhinia variegata L. Berberis lycium Royle Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. Persicaria amplexicaulis (D.Don) Ronse Decr. Bromus japonicus Thunb. Calendula arvensis M.Bieb. Caltha palustris var. alba (Cambess.) Hook.f. & Thomson Cannabis sativa L. Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) G.Don Chenopodium ambrosiodes L. Chenopodium album L. Cichorium intybus L. Clinopodium vulgare L. Convolvulus arvensis L. Erigeron canadensis L. Cotoneaster sp. Cynodon dactylon (L.)Pers.
Araceae Asteraceae Pteridaceae Poaceae Simaroubaceae Betulaceae Asteraceae Euphorbiaceae Primulaceae Poaceae Araceae Asteraceae Asparagaceae Leguminosae Berberidaceae Saxifragaceae Polygonaceae Poaceae Asteraceae Ranunculaceae
Herb Herb Herb Herb Tree Tree Herb Shrub Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Tree Shrub Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb
Cannabinaceae Pinaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Asteraceae Lamiaceae Convolvulaceae Asteraceae Rosaceae Poaceae
Herb Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Shrub Herb
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
S. No
Botanical name
Family
Habit
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
Digitaria nodosa Parl. Diospyros lotus L. Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. Dryopteris stewartii Fraser-Jenk. Duchesnea indica (Jacks.) Focke Elymus sp. Ficus carica Forsk. Fragaria nubicola (Lindl. ex Hook.f.) Lacaita Fumaria indica (Husskn.) H·N Gallium aparine L. Geranium wallichianum D.Don ex Sweet Hedera nepalensis K.Koch Heteropogon contortus (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. Impatiens bicolor Royle Imprita cylindrica (L.). P.Beaiev. Indigofera heterantha Brandis Inula coppa L. Isodon rugosus (Wall. ex Benth.) Codd Juglans regia L. Leontopodium brachyactis Gand. Malva neglecta Wallr. Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke Medicago polymorpha L. Melia azedarach L. Micromeria biflora (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Benth. Morus alba L. Morus nigra L. Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill Myrsine africana L. Oenothera rosea L'Hér. ex Aiton Onychium japonicum (Thunb.) Kunze Oxalis corniculata L. Paeonia emodi Royle Parthenium hysteroforus L. Pinus roxburghii Sarg. Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks. Plantago lanceolata L. Plantago major L. Platanus orientalis L. Poa sp. Populus alba L. Potentilla sp. Primula denticulata Sm. Prunella vulgaris L. Pteridium sp. Pteris cretica L. Pteris vittata L. Pulicaria crispa Sch.Bip Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Quercus incana Bartram Ranunculus hirtellus Royle Ranunculus muricatus L. Robinia pseudocacia L. Rosa moschata Herrm. Rubus fructicosus Hook.f. Sarcococca pruniformis Lindl. Sauromatum venosum (Dry ex Aiton) Kunth Skimmia laureola Franch Solanum surattense Burm. f. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Sorbaria tomentosa (Lindl.) Rehder Spiraea vaccinifolia D. Don. Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Taraxacum campylodes G.E.Haglund Themeda anathera (Nees ex Steud.) Hack. Trifolium repens L. Urtica dioica L. Vaccaria sp. Verbascum thapsus L. Viburnum cotinifolium D. Don Viburnum grandiflorum Wall. ex DC. Kuchh Viola canescens Wall Ziziphus jujuba Mill.
Poaceae Ebenaceae Sapindaceae Pteridaceae Rosaceae Poaceae Moraceae Rosaceae Fumaraceae Rubiaceae Geraniaceae Araliaceae Poaceae
Herb Tree Shrub Herb Herb Herb Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb
Balsaminaceae Poaceae Leguminosae Asteraceae Lamiaceae Juglandanceae Asteraceae Malvaceae Malvaceae Papilionaceae Meliaceae Lamiaceae Moraceae Moraceae Boraginaceae Primulaceae Onagraceae Pteridaceae Oxalidaceae Paeoniaceae Asteraceae Pinaceae Pinaceae Plantaginaceae Plantaginaceae Platanaceae Poaceae Salicacae Rosaceae Primulaceae Rosaceae Pteridaceae Pteridaceae Pteridaceae Asteraceae Rosaceae Fagaceae Ranunculaceae Ranunculaceae Leguminosae Rosaceae Rosaceae Buxaceae Araceae Rutaceae Solanaceae Asteraceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Caryophyllaceae Asteraceae Poaceae Leguminosae Araceae Caryophyllaceae Plantaginaceae Adoxaceae Adoxaceae Violaceae Rhamnaceae
Herb Herb Herb Herb Shrub Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Tree Herb Tree Tree Herb Shrub Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Tree Tree Herb Herb Tree Herb Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Tree Tree Herb Herb Tree Shrub Shrub Shrub Herb Shrub Herb Herb Shrub Shrub Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Shrub Shrub Herb Shrub
44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Please cite this article as: K.R. Khan, et al., Comparative study on floristic diversity of protected and unprotected Forests of Sathan Gali, District Mansehra, KP, Pakistan, Acta Ecologica Sinica (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2018.09.016
K.R. Khan et al. / Acta Ecologica Sinica xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx Table 7 Different plant Species recorded from unprotected forest. S. No Botanical name
Family
Habit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Poaceae Simaroubaceae Betulaceae Araceae Asteraceae Leguminosae Poaceae Asteraceae Cannabinaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Asteraceae Convolvulaceae Rosaceae Sapindaceae Moraceae Fumaraceae Rubiaceae Poaceae Asteraceae Malvaceae Malvaceae Papilionaceae Meliaceae Lamiaceae
Herb Tree Tree Herb Herb Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Shrub Shrub Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Tree Herb
Moraceae Moraceae Primulaceae Asteraceae Pinaceae Platanaceae Poaceae Salicacae Asteraceae Rosaceae Fagaceae Leguminosae Rosaceae Asteraceae Rosaceae Scrophulariaceae Rhamnaceae
Tree Tree Shrub Herb Tree Tree Herb Tree Herb Tree Tree Tree Shrub Herb Shrub Herb Shrub
26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
Agrostis stolonifera L. Alianthus althesema (Mill.) Swingle Alnus nitida (Spach.) Endl. Arisaema flavum (Forssk.) Schott Artemisia absinthium L. Bauhinia variegata L. Bromus japonicus Thunb. Calandula arvensis L. Cannabis sativa L. Chenopdium ambrosiodes L. Chenopodium album L. Cichorium intybus L. Convolvulus arvensis L. Cotoneaster sp. Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. Ficus carica Forsk. Fumaria indica (Husskn.) H·N Gallium aparine L. Imprita cylindrica (L.). P.Beaiev. Inula coppa L. Malva neglecta Wallr. Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke Medicago polymorpha L. Melia azedarach L. Micromeria biflora (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Benth. Morus alba L. Morus nigra L. Myrsine africana L. Parthenium hysteroforous L. Pinus roxburghii Sarg. Platanus orientalis L. Poa sp Populus alba L. Pulicaria crispa Sch.Bip. Pyrus pashia Ham. ex D. Don Quercus incana Bartram Robinia pseudocacia L. Rosa moschata Herrm. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Sorbaria tomentosa (Lindl.) Rehder Verbascum thapsus L. Ziziphus jujube Mill.
species and Gymnosperms 4 (3.14%) species were recorded in protected forest. Only single species of climber was documented. The dominant family was Asteraceae (13 species, 10.7%) followed by Labiateae (10 species, 7.75%), Poaceae and Rosaceae (8 species, 6.2%) each, Polygonaceae and Pteridaceae by (5 species, 3.87%) each. Habit wise categorization showed 96 herbs, 17 shrubs, 15 species of trees and only single species of climber. Our results are similar with Cosmas Mligo (2015), who recorded 315 plant species, 151 in unprotected area and 52 were recorded in protected area and 111 species were common between the protected and unprotected forest. Yavari and Shahgolzari [12] explored 213 plant species having 164 genera and 45 families of Khan-Gormaz protected area in Hamadan Province, Iran. Asteraceae with 24 genera was the leading family in reserved
7
forest. Shinwari and Khan [11] conducted similar study on Margalla Hill and reported diverse plant communities in three different sites of same location and more floristic diversity was recorded in protected forest as compared to unprotected forest. They clearly indicate that species diversity among different forest types is the clear reflection of anthropogenic influences. The influence of anthropogenic effects is minimum in the reserved forest. Our results are in agreement with Shinwari and Khan [11], they reported two different plant communities from Reserved and two unreserved forest. Rich floral diversity, species richness and maturity were recorded in reserved forest as compared to unreserved forest. A total of 103 plant species of 55 families including 61 common in both forest types and 42 species different to unprotected Forest. These plant species were recorded from 22 sampling stands. Angiosperms by (92.3%) plant species Gymnosperms (2.88%) and Pteridophytes (4.8%) were recorded. The dominant family was Poaceae by 11 plant species followed by Asteraceae and Rosaceae each represented by 10 species and Pteridaceae by 5 plant species. Habit wise 71 plant species were herbs, 15 shrubs and 17 trees. Our findings are similar with Cosmas Mligo (2015), who recorded 315 plant species, 151 in unprotected area and 52 were recorded in protected areas and 111 species were common between the protected and unprotected areas in the Serengeti Ecosystem. This forest showing highly disturbed habitat, which may be the main cause of scarcity of species diversity. Our findings show greater tree diversity in unprotected forest as compared to protected Forest. This may be explained as the tree diversity of the reserved forest reaching at climax through ecological succession. Only selected trees species exist in the reserved forest. Many tree species disappeared during the process of ecological succession. Moreover, in unprotected forest a variety of trees of human interest are cultivated. This ultimately increases the number of species in the area. Guzara forest also has agriculture land that support farmland associated tree diversity such as Ficus carica, Morus alba, Morus nigra, Melia azedarach.
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Please cite this article as: K.R. Khan, et al., Comparative study on floristic diversity of protected and unprotected Forests of Sathan Gali, District Mansehra, KP, Pakistan, Acta Ecologica Sinica (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2018.09.016