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Comparison of Brachial Venous and Mixed Venous Blood Gas Tensions and pH Values in the Chicken
Comparison of Brachial Venous and Mixed Venous Blood Gas Tensions and pH Values in the Chicken JOHN C. RICHARDI and THOMAS E. NIGHTINGALE1 US Department of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration, Agricultural Research, Poultry Research Laboratory, RD 2, Box 600, Georgetown, Delaware 19947 (Received for publication October 9, 1980)
1981 Poultry Science 60:1558-1560 INTRODUCTION Many investigators use brachial venous b l o o d (BVB) for b l o o d gas and p H d e t e r m i n a t i o n s in chickens (Jukes, 1 9 7 1 ; Edens and Siegel, 1 9 7 5 ; V o et al, 1 9 7 8 ) and t u r k e y s ( K o h n e and Jones, 1 9 7 5 ) . However, Besch et al. ( 1 9 7 1 ) r e p o r t e d significant differences b e t w e e n jugular and BVB pC>2 values, while p C 0 2 and p H d a t a were t h e same for b o t h sampling sites, indicating t h a t sampling site m a y m a k e a difference in d e t e r m i n a t i o n of b l o o d gases. Similarly, Nightingale and Richardi ( 1 9 7 7 ) f o u n d significant differences in pCC>2 and pH b e t w e e n p u l m o n a r y arterial b l o o d (PAB) a n d right atrial b l o o d . These results p r o b a b l y reflect t h e fact t h a t venous b l o o d , o b t a i n e d from either t h e p u l m o nary a r t e r y or t h e right ventricle, is a m i x t u r e from all c o m p a r t m e n t s of t h e b o d y ( R a h n and Fenn, 1 9 5 5 ; Piiper et al, 1970) a n d , therefore, represents a c o m p o s i t e sample, whereas BVB values reflect local metabolism and blood flow from only t h e wing.
'Present address: Enviro Control, Inc., 11300 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852. 2 Mention of a trade name, proprietary product, or vendor does not constitute a guarantee or warranty by the US Department of Agriculture and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products or vendors that may be suitable.
Methods of obtaining mixed venous blood range from catheterization of either t h e brachial or jugular veins and extension of t h e catheter t o t h e right atrium and on i n t o t h e right ventricle or p u l m o n a r y a r t e r y (Kiley et al, 1 9 8 0 ; Piiper et al, 1970) or by direct insertion into t h e p u l m o n a r y artery after surgical procedure (Burton et al, 1 9 6 8 ; Nightingale and Richardi, 1 9 7 7 ) ; however, these m e t h o d s are often t o o difficult and unreliable t o be considered as routine procedures (Bredeck, 1 9 6 0 ) . Therefore, t h e purpose of this e x p e r i m e n t was t o relate values of pC>2, p C 0 2 , and p H in BVB t o those in PAB, a relationship t h a t could be used t o estimate mixed v e n o u s b l o o d gas and pH values from b l o o d samples t a k e n from t h e brachial vein. MATERIALS AND METHODS Each of nine adult male White Leghorn chickens weighing 1.9 t o 2.4 kg was anesthetized with Equithesin 2 (Jensen-Salsbury Labs, 2.5 ml/kg im) and secured in dorsal r e c u m b e n c y . Rectal t e m p e r a t u r e was m o n i t o r e d and maintained at 4 0 ± 1 C by a heating pad and an infrared l a m p . T h e thoracic cavity was opened, and t h e thoracic and cervical air sacs were incised. T h e trachea was exposed, cannulated midcervically, a n d a t t a c h e d t o a unidirectional ventilator so t h a t w a r m e d , humidified gas passed through t h e lungs ( F e d d e et al, 1 9 6 9 ) .
1558
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at North Dakota State University on June 10, 2015
ABSTRACT Differences in blood gas tensions and pH between brachial venous blood (BVB) and mixed venous blood obtained from the pulmonary artery (PAB) were compared in anesthetized male White Leghorn chickens to determine if BVB as obtained in routine venipuncture could be used to estimate mixed venous values of p 0 2 , p C 0 2 , and pH. When paired samples were compared over the range of 25 to 68 mm Hg, brachial p 0 2 was 5.7 mm Hg higher (P<.001) than PAB p 0 2 . Brachial pCO, was 4.25 mm Hg higher (P<.001) than PAB pCOj over the range of 17 to 56 mm Hg. Brachial pH was .066 units lower (P<.001) than comparable values for PAB over the range of 7.2—7.6 pH units. Regression equations are given for estimating mixed venous blood gas tensions and pH values from blood samples taken from the brachial vein. (Key words: blood gases, blood pH, brachial venous blood, mixed venous blood, pulmonary arterial blood)
1559
VENOUS BLOOD GASES IN THE CHICKEN
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The pC>2 of BVB was an average of 5.7 mm Hg higher (P<.001) than that of PAB over a range of 25 to 68 mm Hg (Fig. 1). Although the slope of the regression line, .859, was different from unity (P<.01), the inclusion of data points from the lower end of the physiological range could explain this effect. Indeed, if the 52 data pairs in which brachial p 0 2 is above 3 5 mm Hg are analyzed, the slope of the regression line is not significantly different from unity (P<.05). The resulting equations^ are: Y = - . 0 8 9 + .878X, r = .890, and X - Y = 6.7 ± .55 mmHg(P<.001). The p C 0 2 of BVB was an average of 4.25 mm Hg higher (P<.001) than that of PAB over a range of 17—56 mm Hg (Fig. 2). The regression
80 h
Y«.96+.859X r>.935 X-Y-5.7 ±.48mmHg(P<.00l)
"5> X E
Q.
>CC UJ
I 40 cc
<
' -• •
1 20 y
3
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40 60 20 BRACHIAL VEIN p0 2 (mmHg)
80
FIG. 1. Relationship between paired brachial venous and pulmonary arterial blood pO, values. X — Y = mean difference values ± SE. Dashed line represents the theoretical line of unity (slope = 1); solid line is the calculated regression line.
equation was Y = - 3 . 6 0 + .983X, and the slope was not significantly different from unity. The pH of BVB was an average of .066 units lower (P<.001) than that of PAB over the range of 7.2-7.6 pH units (Fig. 3). The slope was
80 •
Y ' - 3.60 +.983X
f.947
~& X _E e
X-- Y . 4 . 2 5 ±.43mmHg(P<.00l)
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20 40 60 BRACHIAL VEIN pC02 (mmHg)
80
FIG. 2. Relationship between paired brachial venous and pulmonary arterial blood pC0 2 values. Statistical abbreviations as in Figure 1.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at North Dakota State University on June 10, 2015
One polyethylene cannula (Clay Adams PE 60) was inserted into the exposed pulmonary artery from which PAB could be withdrawn. The BVB was obtained by inserting another cannula (Clay Adams PE 50) into a branch of the cutaneous ulnar vein and passed centrally to lie in the brachial vein at a point corresponding to the middle of the humerus. Care was taken to insure that this sampling site did not interfere with brachial blood flow. The birds were initially given 200 units of heparin and the cannulae were frequently flushed with heparinized saline. The ventilating gas composition was altered by varying the mixture of air, nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide so that a range of brachial and mixed venous p 0 2 , p C 0 2 , and pH values were obtained. The total ventilating gas flow rate was maintained at 4 liters/min and 5 min was allowed for equilibration at each gas mixture before sampling. Paired 1-ml samples of BVB and PAB were drawn and immediately analyzed on an Instrumentation Laboratories blood gas system (Model 127) at 40 C. No temperature corrections were made, because body temperatures of all birds were within .5 C of the electrodes. Electrodes were calibrated immediately before trials with analyzed and humidified gases and with blood pH standards. A Corning Model 160 digital meter was used for readout. The blood was returned to the bird after analysis. A total of 64 paired samples were analyzed by linear regression of BVB data on PAB data and by difference analysis of each data pair. Statements of significance were based on the t-test for paired data.
1560
RICHARDI AND NIGHTINGALE Y-.244 + .976X r-.858 X - Y - - . 0 6 6 ±.006 units (P<.00l)
could estimate mixed venous blood gas and pH values in blood sampled from the brachial vein of quiet birds.
I 7.7 V ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Q.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the secretarial assistance of Patricia Palmer and Barbara McClafferty.
>UJ
h-
7.5
REFERENCES
< 7.3 o 2
_i =3
II
7.3 7.5 7.7 BRACHIAL VEIN pH (units)
FIG. 3. Relationship between paired brachial venous and pulmonary arterial blood pH values. Statistical abbreviations as in Figure 1.
not significantly different from unity, with a regression equation of Y = .244 + .976X. These results are similar to those reported by Nightingale and Richardi (1977) when blood gas tensions of right atrial and PAB were compared. At that time we reported regression equations for pCC>2 and pH almost identical to those found in the present study. Right atrial blood pCC>2 was higher than PAB by 2 to 3 mm Hg over the range of 30 to 50 mm Hg, and right atrial blood pH was lower than PAB by .05 to .08 units. The slope and intercept of p 0 2 data between these two reports were significantly different, probably due to the fact that right atrial blood more closely represents mixed venous blood, while BVB is obtained from the upper extremity alone. Trials in this report were conducted with resting birds, and any increase in temperature or movement of the limb may result in differences in metabolism and blood flow, thereby changing the local blood gas tensions in the brachial vein. Although there were significant differences found between BVB and PAB, application of the regression equations presented
Besch, E. L., R. R. Burton, and A. H. Smith, 1971. Influence of chronic hypoxia on blood gas tensions and pH in domestic fowl. Amer. J. Physiol. 220:1379-1382. Bredeck, H. E., 1960. Intraventricular blood pressure in the chicken. Amer. J. Physiol. 198:153—154. Burton, R. R., E. L. Besch, and A. H. Smith, 1968. Effect of chronic hypoxia on the pulmonary arterial blood pressure of the chicken. Amer. J. Physiol. 214:1438-1442. Edens, F. W., and H. S. Siegel, 1975. Short-term effects of sodium pentobarbital on blood gases and chemistry in young chickens. Poultry Sci. 54:301-304. Fedde, M. R., P. D. DeWet, and R. L. Kitchell, 1969. Motor unit recruitment pattern and tonic activity in respiratory muscles of Callus domesticus. J. Neurophysiol. 32:995-1004. Jukes, M.G.M., 1971. Transport of blood gases. Pages 187—196 in Physiology and biochemistry of the domestic fowl. Vol. 1. D. J. Bell and B. M. Freeman, ed. Academic Press, New York, NY. Kiley, J. P., W. D. Kuhlmann, and M. R. Fedde, 1980. Arterial and mixed venous blood gas tensions in exercising ducks. Poultry Sci. 59:914—917. Kohne, H. J., and J. E. Jones, 1975. Acid-base balance, plasma electrolytes and production performance of adult turkey hens under conditions of increasing ambient temperature. Poultry Sci. 54:2038— 2045. Nightingale, T. E., and J. C. Richardi, 1977. Comparison of right atrial and pulmonary arterial pOj, p C 0 2 , and pH in Gallus domesticus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 56A:169-171. Piiper, J., F. Drees, and P. Scheid, 1970. Gas exchange in the domestic fowl during spontaneous breathing and artificial ventilation. Resp. Physiol. 9: 234-245. Rahn, H., and W. O. Fenn, 1955. A graphical analysis of the respiratory gas exchange. Amer. Physiol. Soc, Washington, DC. Vo, K. V., M. A. Boone, and W. E. Johnston, 1978. Effect of three lifetime ambient temperatures on growth, feed and water consumption and various blood components in male and female Leghorn chickens. Poultry Sci. 57:798-803.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at North Dakota State University on June 10, 2015
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1981 Poultry Science 60:1558-1560 INTRODUCTION Many investigators use brachial venous b l o o d (BVB) for b l o o d gas and p H d e t e r m i n a t i o n s in chickens (Jukes, 1 9 7 1 ; Edens and Siegel, 1 9 7 5 ; V o et al, 1 9 7 8 ) and t u r k e y s ( K o h n e and Jones, 1 9 7 5 ) . However, Besch et al. ( 1 9 7 1 ) r e p o r t e d significant differences b e t w e e n jugular and BVB pC>2 values, while p C 0 2 and p H d a t a were t h e same for b o t h sampling sites, indicating t h a t sampling site m a y m a k e a difference in d e t e r m i n a t i o n of b l o o d gases. Similarly, Nightingale and Richardi ( 1 9 7 7 ) f o u n d significant differences in pCC>2 and pH b e t w e e n p u l m o n a r y arterial b l o o d (PAB) a n d right atrial b l o o d . These results p r o b a b l y reflect t h e fact t h a t venous b l o o d , o b t a i n e d from either t h e p u l m o nary a r t e r y or t h e right ventricle, is a m i x t u r e from all c o m p a r t m e n t s of t h e b o d y ( R a h n and Fenn, 1 9 5 5 ; Piiper et al, 1970) a n d , therefore, represents a c o m p o s i t e sample, whereas BVB values reflect local metabolism and blood flow from only t h e wing.
'Present address: Enviro Control, Inc., 11300 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852. 2 Mention of a trade name, proprietary product, or vendor does not constitute a guarantee or warranty by the US Department of Agriculture and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products or vendors that may be suitable.
Methods of obtaining mixed venous blood range from catheterization of either t h e brachial or jugular veins and extension of t h e catheter t o t h e right atrium and on i n t o t h e right ventricle or p u l m o n a r y a r t e r y (Kiley et al, 1 9 8 0 ; Piiper et al, 1970) or by direct insertion into t h e p u l m o n a r y artery after surgical procedure (Burton et al, 1 9 6 8 ; Nightingale and Richardi, 1 9 7 7 ) ; however, these m e t h o d s are often t o o difficult and unreliable t o be considered as routine procedures (Bredeck, 1 9 6 0 ) . Therefore, t h e purpose of this e x p e r i m e n t was t o relate values of pC>2, p C 0 2 , and p H in BVB t o those in PAB, a relationship t h a t could be used t o estimate mixed v e n o u s b l o o d gas and pH values from b l o o d samples t a k e n from t h e brachial vein. MATERIALS AND METHODS Each of nine adult male White Leghorn chickens weighing 1.9 t o 2.4 kg was anesthetized with Equithesin 2 (Jensen-Salsbury Labs, 2.5 ml/kg im) and secured in dorsal r e c u m b e n c y . Rectal t e m p e r a t u r e was m o n i t o r e d and maintained at 4 0 ± 1 C by a heating pad and an infrared l a m p . T h e thoracic cavity was opened, and t h e thoracic and cervical air sacs were incised. T h e trachea was exposed, cannulated midcervically, a n d a t t a c h e d t o a unidirectional ventilator so t h a t w a r m e d , humidified gas passed through t h e lungs ( F e d d e et al, 1 9 6 9 ) .
1558
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at North Dakota State University on June 10, 2015
ABSTRACT Differences in blood gas tensions and pH between brachial venous blood (BVB) and mixed venous blood obtained from the pulmonary artery (PAB) were compared in anesthetized male White Leghorn chickens to determine if BVB as obtained in routine venipuncture could be used to estimate mixed venous values of p 0 2 , p C 0 2 , and pH. When paired samples were compared over the range of 25 to 68 mm Hg, brachial p 0 2 was 5.7 mm Hg higher (P<.001) than PAB p 0 2 . Brachial pCO, was 4.25 mm Hg higher (P<.001) than PAB pCOj over the range of 17 to 56 mm Hg. Brachial pH was .066 units lower (P<.001) than comparable values for PAB over the range of 7.2—7.6 pH units. Regression equations are given for estimating mixed venous blood gas tensions and pH values from blood samples taken from the brachial vein. (Key words: blood gases, blood pH, brachial venous blood, mixed venous blood, pulmonary arterial blood)
1559
VENOUS BLOOD GASES IN THE CHICKEN
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The pC>2 of BVB was an average of 5.7 mm Hg higher (P<.001) than that of PAB over a range of 25 to 68 mm Hg (Fig. 1). Although the slope of the regression line, .859, was different from unity (P<.01), the inclusion of data points from the lower end of the physiological range could explain this effect. Indeed, if the 52 data pairs in which brachial p 0 2 is above 3 5 mm Hg are analyzed, the slope of the regression line is not significantly different from unity (P<.05). The resulting equations^ are: Y = - . 0 8 9 + .878X, r = .890, and X - Y = 6.7 ± .55 mmHg(P<.001). The p C 0 2 of BVB was an average of 4.25 mm Hg higher (P<.001) than that of PAB over a range of 17—56 mm Hg (Fig. 2). The regression
80 h
Y«.96+.859X r>.935 X-Y-5.7 ±.48mmHg(P<.00l)
"5> X E
Q.
>CC UJ
I 40 cc
<
' -• •
1 20 y
3
Q.
0
40 60 20 BRACHIAL VEIN p0 2 (mmHg)
80
FIG. 1. Relationship between paired brachial venous and pulmonary arterial blood pO, values. X — Y = mean difference values ± SE. Dashed line represents the theoretical line of unity (slope = 1); solid line is the calculated regression line.
equation was Y = - 3 . 6 0 + .983X, and the slope was not significantly different from unity. The pH of BVB was an average of .066 units lower (P<.001) than that of PAB over the range of 7.2-7.6 pH units (Fig. 3). The slope was
80 •
Y ' - 3.60 +.983X
f.947
~& X _E e
X-- Y . 4 . 2 5 ±.43mmHg(P<.00l)
#60
y
Q> •
cr
£ 40 cc
.-&*» yjf *
<
>*\
cc
< §20 2
/ mr
_j
3 a.
/ a /
•
/ 0 * 0
//
•
*/, •
20 40 60 BRACHIAL VEIN pC02 (mmHg)
80
FIG. 2. Relationship between paired brachial venous and pulmonary arterial blood pC0 2 values. Statistical abbreviations as in Figure 1.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at North Dakota State University on June 10, 2015
One polyethylene cannula (Clay Adams PE 60) was inserted into the exposed pulmonary artery from which PAB could be withdrawn. The BVB was obtained by inserting another cannula (Clay Adams PE 50) into a branch of the cutaneous ulnar vein and passed centrally to lie in the brachial vein at a point corresponding to the middle of the humerus. Care was taken to insure that this sampling site did not interfere with brachial blood flow. The birds were initially given 200 units of heparin and the cannulae were frequently flushed with heparinized saline. The ventilating gas composition was altered by varying the mixture of air, nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide so that a range of brachial and mixed venous p 0 2 , p C 0 2 , and pH values were obtained. The total ventilating gas flow rate was maintained at 4 liters/min and 5 min was allowed for equilibration at each gas mixture before sampling. Paired 1-ml samples of BVB and PAB were drawn and immediately analyzed on an Instrumentation Laboratories blood gas system (Model 127) at 40 C. No temperature corrections were made, because body temperatures of all birds were within .5 C of the electrodes. Electrodes were calibrated immediately before trials with analyzed and humidified gases and with blood pH standards. A Corning Model 160 digital meter was used for readout. The blood was returned to the bird after analysis. A total of 64 paired samples were analyzed by linear regression of BVB data on PAB data and by difference analysis of each data pair. Statements of significance were based on the t-test for paired data.
1560
RICHARDI AND NIGHTINGALE Y-.244 + .976X r-.858 X - Y - - . 0 6 6 ±.006 units (P<.00l)
could estimate mixed venous blood gas and pH values in blood sampled from the brachial vein of quiet birds.
I 7.7 V ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Q.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the secretarial assistance of Patricia Palmer and Barbara McClafferty.
>UJ
h-
7.5
REFERENCES
< 7.3 o 2
_i =3
II
7.3 7.5 7.7 BRACHIAL VEIN pH (units)
FIG. 3. Relationship between paired brachial venous and pulmonary arterial blood pH values. Statistical abbreviations as in Figure 1.
not significantly different from unity, with a regression equation of Y = .244 + .976X. These results are similar to those reported by Nightingale and Richardi (1977) when blood gas tensions of right atrial and PAB were compared. At that time we reported regression equations for pCC>2 and pH almost identical to those found in the present study. Right atrial blood pCC>2 was higher than PAB by 2 to 3 mm Hg over the range of 30 to 50 mm Hg, and right atrial blood pH was lower than PAB by .05 to .08 units. The slope and intercept of p 0 2 data between these two reports were significantly different, probably due to the fact that right atrial blood more closely represents mixed venous blood, while BVB is obtained from the upper extremity alone. Trials in this report were conducted with resting birds, and any increase in temperature or movement of the limb may result in differences in metabolism and blood flow, thereby changing the local blood gas tensions in the brachial vein. Although there were significant differences found between BVB and PAB, application of the regression equations presented
Besch, E. L., R. R. Burton, and A. H. Smith, 1971. Influence of chronic hypoxia on blood gas tensions and pH in domestic fowl. Amer. J. Physiol. 220:1379-1382. Bredeck, H. E., 1960. Intraventricular blood pressure in the chicken. Amer. J. Physiol. 198:153—154. Burton, R. R., E. L. Besch, and A. H. Smith, 1968. Effect of chronic hypoxia on the pulmonary arterial blood pressure of the chicken. Amer. J. Physiol. 214:1438-1442. Edens, F. W., and H. S. Siegel, 1975. Short-term effects of sodium pentobarbital on blood gases and chemistry in young chickens. Poultry Sci. 54:301-304. Fedde, M. R., P. D. DeWet, and R. L. Kitchell, 1969. Motor unit recruitment pattern and tonic activity in respiratory muscles of Callus domesticus. J. Neurophysiol. 32:995-1004. Jukes, M.G.M., 1971. Transport of blood gases. Pages 187—196 in Physiology and biochemistry of the domestic fowl. Vol. 1. D. J. Bell and B. M. Freeman, ed. Academic Press, New York, NY. Kiley, J. P., W. D. Kuhlmann, and M. R. Fedde, 1980. Arterial and mixed venous blood gas tensions in exercising ducks. Poultry Sci. 59:914—917. Kohne, H. J., and J. E. Jones, 1975. Acid-base balance, plasma electrolytes and production performance of adult turkey hens under conditions of increasing ambient temperature. Poultry Sci. 54:2038— 2045. Nightingale, T. E., and J. C. Richardi, 1977. Comparison of right atrial and pulmonary arterial pOj, p C 0 2 , and pH in Gallus domesticus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 56A:169-171. Piiper, J., F. Drees, and P. Scheid, 1970. Gas exchange in the domestic fowl during spontaneous breathing and artificial ventilation. Resp. Physiol. 9: 234-245. Rahn, H., and W. O. Fenn, 1955. A graphical analysis of the respiratory gas exchange. Amer. Physiol. Soc, Washington, DC. Vo, K. V., M. A. Boone, and W. E. Johnston, 1978. Effect of three lifetime ambient temperatures on growth, feed and water consumption and various blood components in male and female Leghorn chickens. Poultry Sci. 57:798-803.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at North Dakota State University on June 10, 2015
>oc